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Solving 2D Time Independent Schrodinger Equation Using Numerical Method

Preprint · December 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12835.99360

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 Solving 2D Time Independent Schrodinger Equation Using Numerical Method

Wong Wai Kui, Chris∗

(Dated: December 8, 2021)
The goal of this project is to solve 2D time independent Schrodinger equations using the numerical
method. The finite difference method is used to find out the eigenvalues and eigenvectors from the
time independent Schrodinger equation for an arbitrary potential energy function. For each case, the
potential function, eigenvector and eigenvalue will be drawn. Different potential functions will be
used to in this project, for example 2D infinite square wall potential, 2D simple harmonic oscillator
potential, 2D circular well, 2D inverted Gaussian well potential and 2D Hydrogen atom like potential
with convergence factor which is Yukawa potential. The main language of the code will be written
using Python3. The main python library used in this project are numpy, scipy, matplotlib.

I. INTRODUCTION
 
−2 1 0 ... ... 0
1D time independent Schrodinger equation is a well- . 
−2 1 . . . . . . .. 

1
known problem, which is an eigenvalue and eigenvector  
. 
problem. It can be solved analytical and numerically. In 1 −2 1 . . . .. 

1  0
numerical method, one of the methods is using the finite −  (4)
 ...
2∆y 2  .. .. . . 
difference method.[1]  . . . 0
 . .. .. ..
 ..

. . . 1
0 . . . . . . 0 1 −2
ℏ2 ∂ 2 ψ
− + V (x) ψ = Eψ (1) And the potential energy operator is
2m ∂x2
 
For finite difference scheme, the approximation we used V1 0 0 ... ... 0
2
for the term ∂∂xψ2 is three-point stencil. It will turn the  ..
0 V2 0 ... ... .
2
term ∂∂xψ2 form continuous wave function to discrete wave
 
 ..

2
0 0 V3 0 . . . .

function. L m
.
 (5)
 .. .. .. . . 
 . . . 0 

. .. .. ..
 ..

. . . 0 
∂2ψ ψi+1 − 2ψi + ψi−1
= (2) 0 . . . . . . 0 0 VN −1
∂x2 ∆x2
The problem now become a matrix problem, and it can
After that, the 1D time independent Schrodinger equa- be solved using computer.[2]
tion can be rewritten as
II. 2D TIME INDEPENDENT SCHRODINGER
  EQUATION
1 1
∆y 2+ L2 mV1 − 2∆y 2 0 0...
1 1 1

 − 2∆y 2 + L2 mV2 − 2∆y
∆y 2 2 0... 
 The 2D time independent Schrodinger equation can be
1
... ... ... − 2∆y
 
 2  written as
1 1
...0 0 − 2∆y 2 ∆y 2 + L2 mVN −1
ℏ2 ∂ 2 ψ ∂ 2 ψ
 
ψ1 ψ1
   
− + + V (x, y) ψ = Eψ (6)
 ψ2  2 ψ2  2m ∂x2 ∂y 2
 . . .  = L mE  . . . 


ψN −1 ψN −1 The state representation in 1D can be written as

(3)  
ψ1
Where the kinetic energy operator is
 ψ2
(7)
 
  ..
  .
ψN −1
However, the state representation in 1D is different
∗ kuchrisuk@gmail.com from the state representation in 2D, is a grid.
 2


· · · ψ1N
 ∂2ψ
ψ11 ψ12 = DΨT (14)
 ψ21 ψ22 · · · ψ2N  ∂y 2
(8)
 
 .. .. .. ..  Since matrix D is symmetric,
 . . . . 
ψN 1 ψN 2 · · · ψN N
D = DT (15)
It is necessary for us to turn the N × N matrix into a
vector with length N 2 so that Scipy can read this. To do Therefore,
so, resharp() function is used.
T
DΨT = (ΨD) (16)
 
ψ11
 .  In the end,
 .. 
 
 ψ1N  ∂2ψ ∂2ψ
+ = Dxx ⊕ Dyy (17)
 
 ψ21 
∂x2 ∂y 2
(9)
 
 .. 
 . 
 
 ψ2N 
  = Dxx ⊗ I + I ⊗ Dyy (18)
 .. 
 . 
The term Dxx ⊗ I can be written as
ψN N
 
2 2 −2I I 0 ... ... 0
To Deal with the terms of ∂∂xψ2 and ∂∂yψ2 , one of the . 
 I −2I I . . . . . . .. 

methods is to trade the problem as a discrete Laplacian  
on a regular grid.  .. 
1  0 I −2I I . . . . 
Let D is matrix where Dxx ⊗ I =  (19)
2
∆x  .
 . .. .. . . 
 . . . . 0 

 . . . .
 .. .. .. .. I 
  
−2 1 0 ... ... 0
.  0 . . . . . . 0 I −2I
−2 1 . . . . . . .. 

1

.. 
  
 1 0 0
0 1 −2 1 . . . . 
D= (10) Where I = 0 . . . 0. The term I ⊗ Dyy can be
  
 . .. .. . .
 ..

. . . 0

 . .. ..
 0 0 1
 .. .. 
. . . 1 written as
0 . . . . . . 0 1 −2
 
D 0 0 ... ... 0
.
D 0 . . . . . . .. 

0
L = Dxx ⊕ Dyy (11) 


.. 
0 0 D 0 ... . 
I ⊗ Dyy =
. .. .. . .
 (20)
 ..

 . . . 0 
. .. .. ..
 ..

= Dxx ⊗ I + I ⊗ Dyy (12) . . . 0
0 ... ... 0 0 D
Where L is the Laplacian, I is the identity matrix. The
The potential energy is also a grid, we can write down
Laplacian is the Kronecker sum of two sparse matrices
the matrix form of this
Dxx and Dyy . The relation between equation 11 and
equation 12 can be shown.[3]  
Assume that V11 0 0 ... ... 0
 ..

 0 V12 0 ... ... .

 
..
∂2ψ
 
 0 0 V13 0 ... .
(13)

DΨ = VI =  (21)
∂x2  .
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . 0 

2  . .. .. ..
To find the term ∂∂yψ2 , we can say x and y are swapped  ..

. . . 0 
that ΨT represent ψ. Therefore, 0 ... ... 0 0 VN N
 3

Using the above equation, the 2D time independent

Schrodinger equation become Plot of Eigenfunction for 0 state
1.00 0.00000

0.75 0.00135

0.00270
0.50
0.00405
0.25
ℏ2 0.00540
 
− (D ⊕ D) + V I ψ = Eψ (22) 0.00 0.00675
2m

Y
0.25 0.00810

0.00945
0.50
0.01080
2 2 2 0.75
The dimension of the E is N × N and N for ψ. For 0.01215
ℏ=1, 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 2. Plot of the eigenfunctions for ground state.

 
1
− (D ⊕ D) + m∆x V I ψ = m∆x2 Eψ
2
(23)
2

Plot of Probability Density for 0 state

1.00
0.000162
0.75
0.000144
0.50
0.000126
0.25 0.000108
III. RESULT
0.00 0.000090
Y

0.000072
0.25
A. 2D infinite square wall potential 0.000054
0.50
0.000036
0.75 0.000018
The 1st case I did is the 2D infinite square wall po-
tential. The wavefunction is confined in N × N 2D 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X
space.[4][5]

FIG. 3. Plot of the probability density for ground state.

Plot of V 1e 15 2
1.00

0.75 Plot of eigenvalues

E8 E9
0.50 16

0.25 14
E6 E7
12
0.00 0
Y

10 E4 E5
2
mE/

0.25
8 E3
0.50
6
E1 E2
0.75 4
2 E0
1.00 2
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X 0 2 4 6 8
(nx)2 + (ny)2

FIG. 1. Plot of the 2D infinite square wall potential. FIG. 4. Plot of the eigenvalues from ground state to 9th state.
 4

Plot of Eigenfunction for 1 state Plot of Probability Density for 2 state

1.00 1.00
0.0108 0.000162
0.75 0.75
0.0081 0.000144
0.50 0.50
0.0054 0.000126
0.25 0.0027 0.25 0.000108

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.000090

Y

Y
0.0027 0.000072
0.25 0.25
0.0054 0.000054
0.50 0.50
0.0081 0.000036
0.75 0.75 0.000018
0.0108
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 5. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 1st state. FIG. 8. Plot of the probability density for 2nd state.

Plot of Probability Density for 1 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.000162 0.0108
0.75 0.75
0.000144 0.0081
0.50 0.50
0.000126 0.0054
0.25 0.000108 0.25 0.0027

0.00 0.000090 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.000072 0.0027
0.25 0.25
0.000054 0.0054
0.50 0.50
0.000036 0.0081
0.75 0.000018 0.75
0.0108
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 6. Plot of the probability density for 1st state. FIG. 9. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 3rd state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 2 state Plot of Probability Density for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.0108 0.000162
0.75 0.75
0.0081 0.000144
0.50 0.50
0.0054 0.000126
0.25 0.0027 0.25 0.000108

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.000090

Y

0.0027 0.000072
0.25 0.25
0.0054 0.000054
0.50 0.50
0.0081 0.000036
0.75 0.75 0.000018
0.0108
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 7. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 2nd state. FIG. 10. Plot of the probability density for 3rd state.
 5

Plot of Eigenfunction for 4 state Plot of Probability Density for 5 state

1.00 1.00
0.0112
0.00018
0.75 0.0084 0.75
0.00016
0.50 0.0056 0.50
0.00014
0.25 0.0028 0.25 0.00012
0.0000
0.00 0.00 0.00010
Y

Y
0.0028
0.00008
0.25 0.25
0.0056
0.00006
0.50 0.0084 0.50
0.00004
0.75 0.0112 0.75 0.00002
0.0140
1.00 1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 11. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 4th state. FIG. 14. Plot of the probability density for 5th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 4 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.0002016 0.01380
0.75 0.75
0.0001792 0.01035
0.50 0.50
0.0001568 0.00690
0.25 0.0001344 0.25 0.00345

0.00 0.0001120 0.00 0.00000

Y

0.0000896 0.00345
0.25 0.25
0.0000672 0.00690
0.50 0.50
0.0000448 0.01035
0.75 0.0000224 0.75
0.01380
1.00 0.0000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 12. Plot of the probability density for 4th state. FIG. 15. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 6th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 5 state Plot of Probability Density for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.0130
0.00027
0.75 0.0104 0.75
0.00024
0.50 0.0078 0.50
0.00021
0.0052
0.25 0.25 0.00018
0.0026
0.00 0.00 0.00015
Y

0.0000
0.00012
0.25 0.0026 0.25
0.00009
0.50 0.0052 0.50
0.00006
0.75 0.0078 0.75 0.00003
0.0104
1.00 1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 13. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 5th state. FIG. 16. Plot of the probability density for 6th state.
 6

Plot of Eigenfunction for 7 state Plot of Probability Density for 8 state

1.00 1.00
0.01380 0.000234
0.75 0.75
0.01035 0.000208
0.50 0.50
0.00690 0.000182
0.25 0.00345 0.25 0.000156

0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.000130

Y

Y
0.00345 0.000104
0.25 0.25
0.00690 0.000078
0.50 0.50
0.01035 0.000052
0.75 0.75 0.000026
0.01380
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 17. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 7th state. FIG. 20. Plot of the probability density for 8th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 7 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.00027 0.0132
0.75 0.75
0.00024 0.0099
0.50 0.50
0.00021 0.0066
0.25 0.00018 0.25 0.0033

0.00 0.00015 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.00012 0.0033
0.25 0.25
0.00009 0.0066
0.50 0.50
0.00006 0.0099
0.75 0.00003 0.75
0.0132
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 18. Plot of the probability density for 7th state. FIG. 21. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 9th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 8 state Plot of Probability Density for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.0132 0.000234
0.75 0.75
0.0099 0.000208
0.50 0.50
0.0066 0.000182
0.25 0.0033 0.25 0.000156

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.000130

Y

0.0033 0.000104
0.25 0.25
0.0066 0.000078
0.50 0.50
0.0099 0.000052
0.75 0.75 0.000026
0.0132
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 19. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 8th state. FIG. 22. Plot of the probability density for 9th state.
 7

B. 2D simple harmonic oscillator potential

Plot of Probability Density for 0 state
1.00
0.003915
0.75
The 2nd case is the 2D simple harmonic oscillator po- 0.003480
tential. The wavefunction is confined in 0.50
0.003045
0.25 0.002610

0.00 0.002175

Y
0.001740
1 0.25
X2 + Y 2


V = (24) 0.001305
2 0.50
0.000870
0.75 0.000435

1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 25. Plot of the probability density for ground state.

Plot of V
1.00 0.99

0.75 0.88

0.77
0.50 Plot of eigenvalues
0.66 8 E6 E7 E8 E9
0.25
0.55
0.00
7
Y

0.44
0.25 6 E3 E4 E5
0.33
2

0.50 5
0.22
mE/

0.75 0.11 E1 E2
4
1.00 0.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 3
X

2 E0
FIG. 23. Plot of the 2D simple harmonic oscillator potential. 0 2 4 6 8
(nx)2 + (ny)2

FIG. 26. Plot of the eigenvalues from ground state to 9th

state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 0 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 1 state

1.00 0.00000 1.00

0.00675 0.0464
0.75 0.75
0.01350 0.0348
0.50 0.50
0.02025 0.0232
0.25 0.25 0.0116
0.02700
0.00 0.03375 0.00 0.0000
Y

0.25 0.04050 0.25 0.0116

0.04725 0.0232
0.50 0.50
0.05400 0.0348
0.75 0.75
0.06075 0.0464
1.00 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 24. Plot of the eigenfunctions for ground state. FIG. 27. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 1st state.
 8

Plot of Probability Density for 1 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 3 state

1.00 1.00 0.03
0.00297
0.75 0.75 0.02
0.00264
0.01
0.50 0.00231 0.50
0.00
0.25 0.00198 0.25
0.01
0.00 0.00165 0.00
Y

Y
0.02
0.00132
0.25 0.25 0.03
0.00099
0.50 0.50 0.04
0.00066
0.05
0.75 0.00033 0.75
0.06
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 28. Plot of the probability density for 1st state. FIG. 31. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 3rd state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 2 state Plot of Probability Density for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.0464 0.003915
0.75 0.75
0.0348 0.003480
0.50 0.50
0.0232 0.003045

0.25 0.0116 0.25 0.002610

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.002175

Y

0.0116 0.001740
0.25 0.25
0.0232 0.001305
0.50 0.50
0.0348 0.000870
0.75 0.75 0.000435
0.0464
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 29. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 2nd state. FIG. 32. Plot of the probability density for 3rd state.

Plot of Probability Density for 2 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 4 state

1.00 1.00
0.00297
0.04
0.75 0.75
0.00264
0.03
0.50 0.00231 0.50
0.02
0.25 0.00198 0.25
0.01
0.00 0.00165 0.00 0.00
Y

0.00132
0.25 0.25 0.01
0.00099
0.02
0.50 0.50
0.00066
0.03
0.75 0.00033 0.75
0.04
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 30. Plot of the probability density for 2nd state. FIG. 33. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 4th state.
 9

Plot of Probability Density for 4 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.00225 0.0416
0.75 0.75
0.00200 0.0312
0.50 0.50
0.00175 0.0208
0.25 0.00150 0.25 0.0104

0.00 0.00125 0.00 0.0000

Y

Y
0.00100 0.0104
0.25 0.25
0.00075 0.0208
0.50 0.50
0.00050 0.0312
0.75 0.00025 0.75
0.0416
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 34. Plot of the probability density for 4th state. FIG. 37. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 6th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 5 state Plot of Probability Density for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.04 0.00225
0.75 0.75
0.03 0.00200
0.50 0.50
0.02 0.00175
0.25 0.01 0.25 0.00150

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00125

Y

0.01 0.00100
0.25 0.25
0.02 0.00075
0.50 0.50
0.03 0.00050
0.75 0.75 0.00025
0.04
1.00 1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 35. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 5th state. FIG. 38. Plot of the probability density for 6th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 5 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 7 state

1.00 1.00
0.00216 0.0416
0.75 0.75
0.00192 0.0312
0.50 0.50
0.00168 0.0208
0.25 0.00144 0.25 0.0104

0.00 0.00120 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.00096 0.0104
0.25 0.25
0.00072 0.0208
0.50 0.50
0.00048 0.0312
0.75 0.00024 0.75
0.0416
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 36. Plot of the probability density for 5th state. FIG. 39. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 7th state.
 10

Plot of Probability Density for 7 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.00225 0.0432
0.75 0.75
0.00200 0.0324
0.50 0.50
0.00175 0.0216
0.25 0.00150 0.25 0.0108

0.00 0.00125 0.00 0.0000

Y

Y
0.00100 0.0108
0.25 0.25
0.00075 0.0216
0.50 0.50
0.00050 0.0324
0.75 0.00025 0.75
0.0432
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 40. Plot of the probability density for 7th state. FIG. 43. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 9th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 8 state Plot of Probability Density for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.0432 0.00261
0.75 0.75
0.0324 0.00232
0.50 0.50
0.0216 0.00203
0.25 0.0108 0.25 0.00174
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00145
Y

0.25 0.0108 0.00116

0.25
0.0216 0.00087
0.50 0.50
0.0324 0.00058
0.75 0.75
0.0432 0.00029
1.00 1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 41. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 8th state. FIG. 44. Plot of the probability density for 9th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 8 state

1.00
0.00261
0.75
0.00232
0.50
0.00203
0.25 0.00174

0.00 0.00145
Y

0.00116
0.25
0.00087
0.50
0.00058
0.75 0.00029

1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 42. Plot of the probability density for 8th state.

 11

C. 2D circular well
Plot of Probability Density for 0 state
1.00
0.000216
The 3nd case is the 2D circular well potential. The 0.75
0.000192
wavefunction is confined in 0.50
0.000168

0.25 0.000144

0.00 0.000120

Y
 s  0.000096
2  2 0.25
X Y 0.000072
V = 1 − 2.1 × π × +  (25)
L L 0.50
0.000048
0.75 0.000024

1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 47. Plot of the probability density for ground state.

Plot of V
1.00 396

0.75 352

308 Plot of eigenvalues

0.50 E8 E9
264 16
0.25
220 14 E6 E7
0.00
Y

176 12
0.25 E5
132 10
2

E3 E4
mE/

0.50
88 8
0.75 44 6
E1 E2
1.00 0
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 4
X
2 E0
0 2 4 6 8
FIG. 45. Plot of the 2D circular well. (nx)2 + (ny)2

FIG. 48. Plot of the eigenvalues from ground state to 9th

state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 0 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 1 state

1.00 1.00
0.01404 0.0132
0.75 0.75
0.01248 0.0099
0.50 0.50
0.01092 0.0066
0.25 0.00936 0.25 0.0033

0.00 0.00780 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.00624 0.0033
0.25 0.25
0.00468 0.0066
0.50 0.50
0.00312 0.0099
0.75 0.00156 0.75
0.0132
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 46. Plot of the eigenfunctions for ground state. FIG. 49. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 1st state.
 12

Plot of Probability Density for 1 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.000243 0.0132
0.75 0.75
0.000216 0.0099
0.50 0.50
0.000189 0.0066
0.25 0.000162 0.25 0.0033

0.00 0.000135 0.00 0.0000

Y

Y
0.000108 0.0033
0.25 0.25
0.000081 0.0066
0.50 0.50
0.000054 0.0099
0.75 0.000027 0.75
0.0132
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 50. Plot of the probability density for 1st state. FIG. 53. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 3rd state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 2 state Plot of Probability Density for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.0132 0.000234
0.75 0.75
0.0099 0.000208
0.50 0.50
0.0066 0.000182
0.25 0.0033 0.25 0.000156

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.000130

Y

0.0033 0.000104
0.25 0.25
0.0066 0.000078
0.50 0.50
0.0099 0.000052
0.75 0.75 0.000026
0.0132
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 51. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 2nd state. FIG. 54. Plot of the probability density for 3rd state.

Plot of Probability Density for 2 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 4 state

1.00 1.00
0.000243 0.0132
0.75 0.75
0.000216 0.0099
0.50 0.50
0.000189 0.0066
0.25 0.000162 0.25 0.0033

0.00 0.000135 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.000108 0.0033
0.25 0.25
0.000081 0.0066
0.50 0.50
0.000054 0.0099
0.75 0.000027 0.75
0.0132
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 52. Plot of the probability density for 2nd state. FIG. 55. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 4th state.
 13

Plot of Probability Density for 4 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.000234 0.0132
0.75 0.75
0.000208 0.0099
0.50 0.50
0.000182 0.0066
0.25 0.000156 0.25 0.0033

0.00 0.000130 0.00 0.0000

Y

Y
0.000104 0.0033
0.25 0.25
0.000078 0.0066
0.50 0.50
0.000052 0.0099
0.75 0.000026 0.75
0.0132
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 56. Plot of the probability density for 4th state. FIG. 59. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 6th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 5 state Plot of Probability Density for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.0066 0.000243
0.75 0.75
0.0033 0.000216
0.50 0.50
0.0000 0.000189
0.25 0.0033 0.25 0.000162

0.00 0.0066 0.00 0.000135

Y

0.0099 0.000108
0.25 0.25
0.0132 0.000081
0.50 0.50
0.0165 0.000054
0.75 0.0198 0.75 0.000027

1.00 0.0231 1.00 0.000000

1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 57. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 5th state. FIG. 60. Plot of the probability density for 6th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 5 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 7 state

1.00 1.00
0.000504
0.0132
0.75 0.75
0.000448
0.0099
0.50 0.000392 0.50
0.0066
0.25 0.000336 0.25 0.0033

0.00 0.000280 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.000224 0.0033
0.25 0.25
0.000168 0.0066
0.50 0.50
0.000112 0.0099
0.75 0.000056 0.75
0.0132
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 58. Plot of the probability density for 5th state. FIG. 61. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 7th state.
 14

Plot of Probability Density for 7 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.000243 0.0180
0.75 0.75
0.000216 0.0135
0.50 0.50
0.000189 0.0090
0.25 0.000162 0.25 0.0045

0.00 0.000135 0.00 0.0000

Y

Y
0.000108 0.0045
0.25 0.25
0.000081 0.0090
0.50 0.50
0.000054 0.0135
0.75 0.000027 0.75
0.0180
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 62. Plot of the probability density for 7th state. FIG. 65. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 9th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 8 state Plot of Probability Density for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.0180 0.000432
0.75 0.75
0.0135 0.000384
0.50 0.50
0.0090 0.000336
0.25 0.0045 0.25 0.000288
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.000240
Y

0.25 0.0045 0.000192

0.25
0.0090 0.000144
0.50 0.50
0.0135 0.000096
0.75 0.75
0.0180 0.000048
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 63. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 8th state. FIG. 66. Plot of the probability density for 9th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 8 state

1.00
0.000432
0.75
0.000384
0.50
0.000336
0.25 0.000288

0.00 0.000240
Y

0.000192
0.25
0.000144
0.50
0.000096
0.75 0.000048

1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 64. Plot of the probability density for 8th state.

 15

D. 2D inverted Gaussian well potential

Plot of Probability Density for 0 state
1.00
0.00783
0.75
The 4th case is the 2D inverted Gaussian well poten- 0.00696
tial. The wavefunction is confined in 0.50
0.00609

0.25 0.00522

0.00 0.00435

Y
0.00348
0.25

2 2

1
2 ( XL ) +( YL )
(26) 0.00261
V = 1 − e− 42
0.50
0.00174
0.75 0.00087

1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 69. Plot of the probability density for ground state.

Plot of V
1.00
0.9
0.75
0.8
0.50 Plot of eigenvalues
0.7 8 E6 E7 E8 E9
0.25 0.6
7
0.00 0.5
Y

0.4 6 E3 E4 E5
0.25
0.3
2

0.50 5
mE/

0.2
0.75 0.1 4 E1 E2

1.00 0.0
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 3
X

2 E0
FIG. 67. Plot of the 2D inverted Gaussian well potential. 0 2 4 6 8
(nx)2 + (ny)2

FIG. 70. Plot of the eigenvalues from ground state to 9th

state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 0 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 1 state

1.00 0.0000 1.00

0.0092 0.0648
0.75 0.75
0.0184 0.0486
0.50 0.50
0.0276 0.0324
0.25 0.25 0.0162
0.0368

0.00 0.0460 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.25 0.0552 0.25 0.0162

0.0644 0.0324
0.50 0.50
0.0736 0.0486
0.75 0.75
0.0828 0.0648
1.00 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 68. Plot of the eigenfunctions for ground state. FIG. 71. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 1st state.
 16

Plot of Probability Density for 1 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.005625 0.0810
0.75 0.75
0.005000 0.0675
0.50 0.50
0.004375 0.0540

0.25 0.003750 0.25 0.0405

0.00 0.003125 0.00 0.0270

Y

Y
0.002500 0.0135
0.25 0.25
0.001875 0.0000
0.50 0.50
0.001250 0.0135
0.75 0.000625 0.75 0.0270

1.00 0.000000 1.00 0.0405

1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 72. Plot of the probability density for 1st state. FIG. 75. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 3rd state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 2 state Plot of Probability Density for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.0648 0.00729
0.75 0.75
0.0486 0.00648
0.50 0.50
0.0324 0.00567
0.25 0.0162 0.25 0.00486

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00405

Y

0.0162 0.00324
0.25 0.25
0.0324 0.00243
0.50 0.50
0.0486 0.00162
0.75 0.75
0.0648 0.00081

1.00 1.00 0.00000

1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 73. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 2nd state. FIG. 76. Plot of the probability density for 3rd state.

Plot of Probability Density for 2 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 4 state

1.00 1.00
0.005625 0.0540
0.75 0.75
0.005000 0.0405
0.50 0.50
0.004375 0.0270
0.25 0.003750 0.25 0.0135

0.00 0.003125 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.002500 0.0135
0.25 0.25
0.001875 0.0270
0.50 0.50
0.001250 0.0405
0.75 0.000625 0.75
0.0540
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 74. Plot of the probability density for 2nd state. FIG. 77. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 4th state.
 17

Plot of Probability Density for 4 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.00405 0.0580
0.75 0.75
0.00360 0.0435
0.50 0.50
0.00315 0.0290
0.25 0.00270 0.25 0.0145

0.00 0.00225 0.00 0.0000

Y

Y
0.00180 0.0145
0.25 0.25
0.00135 0.0290
0.50 0.50
0.00090 0.0435
0.75 0.00045 0.75
0.0580
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 78. Plot of the probability density for 4th state. FIG. 81. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 6th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 5 state Plot of Probability Density for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.0540 0.00468
0.75 0.75
0.0405 0.00416
0.50 0.50
0.0270 0.00364
0.25 0.0135 0.25 0.00312

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00260

Y

0.0135 0.00208
0.25 0.25
0.0270 0.00156
0.50 0.50
0.0405 0.00104
0.75 0.75 0.00052
0.0540
1.00 1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 79. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 5th state. FIG. 82. Plot of the probability density for 6th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 5 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 7 state

1.00 1.00
0.00405 0.0580
0.75 0.75
0.00360 0.0435
0.50 0.50
0.00315 0.0290
0.25 0.00270 0.25 0.0145

0.00 0.00225 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.00180 0.0145
0.25 0.25
0.00135 0.0290
0.50 0.50
0.00090 0.0435
0.75 0.00045 0.75
0.0580
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 80. Plot of the probability density for 5th state. FIG. 83. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 7th state.
 18

Plot of Probability Density for 7 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.00468 0.052
0.75 0.75
0.00416 0.039
0.50 0.50
0.00364 0.026
0.25 0.00312 0.25 0.013

0.00 0.00260 0.00 0.000

Y

Y
0.00208 0.013
0.25 0.25
0.00156 0.026
0.50 0.50
0.00104 0.039
0.75 0.00052 0.75
0.052
1.00 0.00000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 84. Plot of the probability density for 7th state. FIG. 87. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 9th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 8 state Plot of Probability Density for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.052 0.00378
0.75 0.75
0.039 0.00336
0.50 0.50
0.026 0.00294
0.25 0.013 0.25 0.00252
0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00210
Y

0.25 0.013 0.00168

0.25
0.026 0.00126
0.50 0.50
0.039 0.00084
0.75 0.75
0.052 0.00042
1.00 1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 85. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 8th state. FIG. 88. Plot of the probability density for 9th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 8 state

1.00
0.00378
0.75
0.00336
0.50
0.00294
0.25 0.00252

0.00 0.00210
Y

0.00168
0.25
0.00126
0.50
0.00084
0.75 0.00042

1.00 0.00000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

FIG. 86. Plot of the probability density for 8th state.

 19

E. 2D Hydrogen atom like potential with

convergence factor which is Yukawa potential Plot of Eigenfunction for 0 state
1.00
0.00000
0.75
The 5th case is the 2D Hydrogen atom like potential. 0.00174
The wavefunction is confined in 0.50 0.00348

0.25 0.00522

V (r) = −1/r (27) 0.00696

0.00

Y
0.00870
However, this potential is very hard to be calculated 0.25
due to the divergent problem. One of the method is by 0.01044

adding a small ϵ which can shift the function so that the 0.50 0.01218
function can be convergent. 0.75 0.01392

1.00 0.01566
Plot of 1/x 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X
0

2000 FIG. 91. Plot of the eigenfunctions for ground state.

4000
f(x)

Plot of Probability Density for 0 state

1.00
6000
0.000234
0.75
0.000208
8000 0.50
0.000182
without eps 0.25
with eps 0.000156
10000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.00 0.000130
Y

x
0.000104
0.25
0.000078
FIG. 89. Plot of f (x) = − x1 . 0.50
0.000052
0.75 0.000026
Another method is adding a convergence factor e−αr ,
1.00 0.000000
which is the same trick as Yukawa potential.[6] 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X

e−αr
V (r) = − (28) FIG. 92. Plot of the probability density for ground state.
r

1.00
Plot of V
0
Plot of eigenvalues
12 E8 E9
0.75 60

120 10
0.50
E6 E7
180
E5
0.25 8
240
E4
2
mE/

0.00 300
Y

6 E3
0.25 360

0.50 420 4 E1 E2
480
0.75 E0
2
540
1.00 0 2 4 6 8
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 (nx)2 + (ny)2
X

FIG. 93. Plot of the eigenvalues from ground state to 9th

FIG. 90. Plot of the 2D inverted Gaussian well potential. state.
 20

Plot of Eigenfunction for 1 state Plot of Probability Density for 2 state

1.00 1.00
0.000432
0.01740
0.75 0.75
0.000384
0.01305
0.50 0.50 0.000336
0.00870
0.25 0.25 0.000288
0.00435

0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.000240

Y

Y
0.00435 0.000192
0.25 0.25
0.00870 0.000144
0.50 0.50
0.01305 0.000096
0.75 0.75 0.000048
0.01740
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 94. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 1st state. FIG. 97. Plot of the probability density for 2nd state.

Plot of Probability Density for 1 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.000432
0.01620
0.75 0.75
0.000384
0.01215
0.50 0.000336 0.50
0.00810
0.25 0.000288 0.25 0.00405

0.00 0.000240 0.00 0.00000

Y

0.000192 0.00405
0.25 0.25
0.000144 0.00810
0.50 0.50
0.000096 0.01215
0.75 0.000048 0.75
0.01620
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 95. Plot of the probability density for 1st state. FIG. 98. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 3rd state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 2 state Plot of Probability Density for 3 state

1.00 1.00
0.01740 0.0003645
0.75 0.75
0.01305 0.0003240
0.50 0.50
0.00870 0.0002835
0.25 0.00435 0.25 0.0002430

0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.0002025

Y

0.00435 0.0001620
0.25 0.25
0.00870 0.0001215
0.50 0.50
0.01305 0.0000810
0.75 0.75 0.0000405
0.01740
1.00 1.00 0.0000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 96. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 2nd state. FIG. 99. Plot of the probability density for 3rd state.
 21

Plot of Eigenfunction for 4 state Plot of Probability Density for 5 state

1.00 1.00
0.01740 0.000351
0.75 0.75
0.01305 0.000312
0.50 0.50
0.00870 0.000273
0.25 0.00435 0.25 0.000234

0.00 0.00000 0.00 0.000195

Y

Y
0.00435 0.000156
0.25 0.25
0.00870 0.000117
0.50 0.50
0.01305 0.000078
0.75 0.75 0.000039
0.01740
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 100. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 4th state. FIG. 103. Plot of the probability density for 5th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 4 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 6 state

1.00 1.00
0.000432 0.0208
0.75 0.75
0.000384 0.0156
0.50 0.50
0.000336 0.0104
0.25 0.000288 0.25 0.0052

0.00 0.000240 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.000192 0.0052
0.25 0.25
0.000144 0.0104
0.50 0.50
0.000096 0.0156
0.75 0.000048 0.75
0.0208
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 101. Plot of the probability density for 4th state. FIG. 104. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 6th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 5 state Plot of Probability Density for 6 state

1.00 0.0195 1.00
0.000585
0.75 0.0156 0.75
0.000520
0.0117
0.50 0.50
0.000455
0.0078
0.25 0.25 0.000390
0.0039
0.00 0.00 0.000325
0.0000
Y

0.000260
0.25 0.0039 0.25
0.000195
0.50 0.0078 0.50
0.000130
0.0117
0.75 0.75 0.000065
0.0156
1.00 1.00 0.000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 102. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 5th state. FIG. 105. Plot of the probability density for 6th state.
 22

Plot of Eigenfunction for 7 state Plot of Probability Density for 8 state

1.00 1.00
0.0208 0.0006075
0.75 0.75
0.0156 0.0005400
0.50 0.50
0.0104 0.0004725
0.25 0.0052 0.25 0.0004050

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0003375

Y

Y
0.0052 0.0002700
0.25 0.25
0.0104 0.0002025
0.50 0.50
0.0156 0.0001350
0.75 0.75 0.0000675
0.0208
1.00 1.00 0.0000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 106. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 7th state. FIG. 109. Plot of the probability density for 8th state.

Plot of Probability Density for 7 state Plot of Eigenfunction for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.000585
0.0208
0.75 0.75
0.000520
0.0156
0.50 0.50
0.000455 0.0104
0.25 0.000390 0.25 0.0052

0.00 0.000325 0.00 0.0000

Y

0.000260 0.0052
0.25 0.25
0.000195 0.0104
0.50 0.50
0.000130 0.0156
0.75 0.000065 0.75
0.0208
1.00 0.000000 1.00
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 107. Plot of the probability density for 7th state. FIG. 110. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 9th state.

Plot of Eigenfunction for 8 state Plot of Probability Density for 9 state

1.00 1.00
0.0208 0.0006075
0.75 0.75
0.0156 0.0005400
0.50 0.50
0.0104 0.0004725
0.25 0.0052 0.25 0.0004050

0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0003375

Y

0.0052 0.0002700
0.25 0.25
0.0104 0.0002025
0.50 0.50
0.0156 0.0001350
0.75 0.75 0.0000675
0.0208
1.00 1.00 0.0000000
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
X X

FIG. 108. Plot of the eigenfunctions for 8th state. FIG. 111. Plot of the probability density for 9th state.
 23

IV. CONCLUSION diags = np.array([diag, -2*diag, diag])

D = sparse.spdiags(diags, np.array([-1, 0,1]),
N, N)
In conclusion, the 2D time independent Schrodinger
##define energy
equation is solved by using the finite difference method. T = -1/2 * sparse.kronsum(D,D)
The eigenvalues and eigenvectors from the time inde- U = sparse.diags(V.reshape(N**2),(0))
pendent Schrodinger equation for an arbitrary potential H = T+U
energy function is found. We have solved different 2D ##Solve for eigenvector and eigenvalue
potential problem for example, 2D infinite square wall eigenvalues , eigenvectors = eigsh(H, k=10,
potential, 2D simple harmonic oscillator potential, 2D which=’SM’)
circular well, 2D inverted Gaussian well potential and
2D Hydrogen atom like potential with convergence factor def get_e(n):
which is Yukawa potential. For 2D Hydrogen atom like return eigenvectors.T[n].reshape((N,N))
potential, we introdured two different method to avoid ##number of state
for n in range (0,10):
the problem of convergence, which is by adding a small
##plot V
ϵ and convergence factor from Yukawa potential. plot0 = plt.figure(0,figsize=(8,6))
cs = plt.contourf(X,Y,V,100)
plt.colorbar()
Appendix A: Code for calculation of 2D time for c in cs.collections:
independent Schrodinger equation c.set_rasterized(True)

plt.title("Plot of V")
import numpy as np plt.xlabel(r’$X$’)
from scipy.sparse.linalg import eigsh plt.ylabel(r’$Y$’)
from scipy.sparse.linalg import eigs plt.savefig(os.path.join(my_path,
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt ’Figure_{}.{}.0.pdf’.format(p,n)))
from scipy import sparse ##plot eigenvector
from numba import jit plot1 = plt.figure(1,figsize=(8,6))
import os cs = plt.contourf(X,Y, get_e(n),300)
my_path = os.path.abspath(r"#your path") plt.colorbar()
for c in cs.collections:
##Create meshgrid for x and y c.set_rasterized(True)
N = 100
L = 2 plt.title("Plot of Eigenfunction for {}
X,Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-L/2,L/2,N, state".format(n))
dtype=float),np.linspace(-L/2,L/2,N, plt.xlabel(r’$X$’)
dtype=float)) plt.ylabel(r’$Y$’)
##potential m\deltax^2 unit plt.savefig(os.path.join(my_path,
p = ’2DHA’ ’Figure_{}.{}.1.pdf’.format(p,n)))
##plot probability density
#V = 0*X plot2 = plt.figure(2, figsize=(8,6))
cs = plt.contourf(X,Y, get_e(n)**2,300)
# SHO plt.colorbar()
#V = ((X)**2 + (Y)**2)/2 for c in cs.collections:
c.set_rasterized(True)
# Circular Well
#from scipy.signal import square plt.title("Plot of Probability Density for {}
#V = 200.0*(1.0 - state".format(n))
square(2.1*np.pi*np.sqrt((X/L)**2 + plt.xlabel(r’$X$’)
(Y/L)**2))) plt.ylabel(r’$Y$’)
plt.savefig(os.path.join(my_path,
# Inverted Gaussian Well ’Figure_{}.{}.2.pdf’.format(p,n)))
#V = (1.0 - np.exp(-0.5*((X/L)**2 + ##plot eigenvalues
(Y/L)**2)/0.25**2)) plot3 = plt.figure(3)
alpha = eigenvalues[0]/2
# 2d hydengen atom with convergence E_a = eigenvalues/alpha
factor(yukawa potential) b = np.arange(0, len(eigenvalues),1)
esp = 150 plt.scatter(b, E_a, s=1444, marker="_",
V = -(np.exp(-esp*np.sqrt((X)**2 + linewidth=2, zorder=3)
(Y)**2)))/((X)**2 + (Y)**2) plt.title("Plot of eigenvalues")
plt.xlabel(’$(n_{x})^2+(n_{y})^2$’)
##create matrix plt.ylabel(r’$mE/\hbar^2$’)
diag = np.ones([N])
 24

c = [’$E_{}$’.format(i) for i in return -1/x**2

range(0,len(eigenvalues))] def f1(x):
for i, txt in enumerate(c): return -1/(x**2+eps)
plt.annotate(txt, (np.arange(0,
len(eigenvalues),1)[i], E_a[i]), ha="center") eps=0.0003
plt.savefig(os.path.join(my_path,
’Figure_{}.{}.3.pdf’.format(p,n))) x=np.linspace(0,1,100)
plt.show()
plt.close(’all’) plt.title("Plot of $-1/x$")
plt.xlabel(’x’)
plt.ylabel(r’f(x)’)

plt.plot(x,f(x))
Appendix B: Code for 2D Hydrogen atom like plt.plot(x,f1(x))
potential
legend1=plt.legend([’without eps’,’with eps’],
loc =4)
ax = plt.gca().add_artist(legend1)
import numpy as np
plt.tight_layout()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.show()
def f(x):

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