SQL For Database Management
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Turuczko RobertSQL For Database Management
Uploaded by
Turuczko RobertGetting Started with SQL
What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language specifically designed for
managing and manipulating databases. It allows you to create, read, update, and delete database
records.
Key Concepts
Database: A collection of organized data.
Table: A structure within a database that stores data in rows and columns.
Record: A single entry in a table, also known as a row.
Field: A column in a table that contains a specific type of information.
Basic SQL Syntax
SQL statements are composed of various clauses, expressions, and predicates. Here is a simple
example of a SQL query:
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SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Setting Up a Database
To practice SQL, you need a database management system (DBMS). Popular DBMSs include
MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and Microsoft SQL Server. For simplicity, we'll use SQLite, a
lightweight, file-based database.
1. Install SQLite:
o Download and install SQLite from sqlite.org.
2. Create a Database:
o Open a terminal or command prompt.
o Run the following command to create a new database file:
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sqlite3 mydatabase.db
3. Create a Table:
o Within the SQLite prompt, create a table named users:
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CREATE TABLE users (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT,
email TEXT
);
Basic SQL Operations
Inserting Data
To add data to a table, use the INSERT INTO statement.
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INSERT INTO users (name, email)
VALUES ('Alice', 'alice@example.com');
You can insert multiple records at once:
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INSERT INTO users (name, email)
VALUES
('Bob', 'bob@example.com'),
('Charlie', 'charlie@example.com');
Querying Data
To retrieve data from a table, use the SELECT statement.
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SELECT * FROM users;
This will return all columns and rows from the users table. You can specify particular columns
to retrieve:
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SELECT name, email FROM users;
Filtering Data
To filter records, use the WHERE clause.
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SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Alice';
Updating Data
To update existing records, use the UPDATE statement.
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UPDATE users
SET email = 'alice.new@example.com'
WHERE name = 'Alice';
Deleting Data
To delete records, use the DELETE statement.
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DELETE FROM users WHERE name = 'Charlie';
SQL Functions
SQL provides various functions to perform operations on data.
Aggregate Functions
COUNT: Returns the number of rows that match a specified criterion.
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;
SUM: Returns the total sum of a numeric column.
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SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
AVG: Returns the average value of a numeric column.
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SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
MAX: Returns the maximum value of a column.
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SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;
MIN: Returns the minimum value of a column.
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SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees;
String Functions
UPPER: Converts a string to uppercase.
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SELECT UPPER(name) FROM users;
LOWER: Converts a string to lowercase.
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SELECT LOWER(name) FROM users;
LENGTH: Returns the length of a string.
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SELECT LENGTH(name) FROM users;
Advanced SQL Concepts
Joining Tables
To combine rows from two or more tables, use the JOIN clause.
INNER JOIN
Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
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SELECT users.name, orders.order_date
FROM users
INNER JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id;
LEFT JOIN
Returns all records from the left table and the matched records from the right table. The result is
NULL from the right side if there is no match.
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SELECT users.name, orders.order_date
FROM users
LEFT JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id;
Creating and Using Indexes
Indexes are used to speed up the retrieval of data.
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CREATE INDEX idx_user_name ON users (name);
Transactions
Transactions ensure that a series of SQL operations are executed as a single unit of work. Use the
BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements.
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BEGIN TRANSACTION;
UPDATE accounts
SET balance = balance - 100
WHERE user_id = 1;
UPDATE accounts
SET balance = balance + 100
WHERE user_id = 2;
COMMIT;
If something goes wrong, you can roll back the transaction:
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ROLLBACK;
Stored Procedures
Stored procedures are a collection of SQL statements that can be executed as a single procedure.
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CREATE PROCEDURE AddUser (
IN userName VARCHAR(50),
IN userEmail VARCHAR(50)
)
BEGIN
INSERT INTO users (name, email)
VALUES (userName, userEmail);
END;
Conclusion
You've now learned the basics of SQL, including how to create and manipulate databases, insert
and query data, and use advanced concepts like joins, indexes, transactions, and stored
procedures. SQL is a powerful language that forms the backbone of database management and
manipulation. Continue practicing and exploring more advanced SQL features to enhance your
database management skills.
Happy querying!
