Phy 232 Lecture 2

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Electronics and Modern
Physics for Computers
PHY 232
Lecture Note
Dr. Humphrey Ibifubara

Lecture Overview
1. D.C. Circuits
2. Kirchhoff’s Laws, sources of end and current,
3. network analysis and circuit theorems.
4. A.C. Circuits. Inductance, capacitance, the transformer, sinusoidal
wave-forms runs and peak values,
5. power, impedance and admittance series RLC circuit, Q factor,
resonance,
6. filters.
7. Electronics; Thermionic emission; vacuum tube, thermionic devices;
valves and the CRT
8. semiconductors, the pn-junction,
9. Bipolar Transistors and Field Effect Transistors
10. Characteristics and equivalent circuits,
11. Amplifiers,
12. Feedback and oscillators.
13. Exercises
LESSON 2
Kirchhoff’s Laws, sources of end and

current
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a set
of laws which deal with the conservation of current and energy
within electrical circuits. They are
1. Kirchhoff’s first law or Point law or Current law (KCL). It states
that “total current or charge entering a junction or node is
exactly equal to the charge leaving the node.
2. Kirchhoff’s second law or Mesh law or Voltage law (KVL). It
states that “in any closed loop network, the total voltage
around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops
within the same loop” or the sum of the product of the
current and resistance in a closed mesh plus the sum of the
e.m.f in that mesh is zero
Common DC Circuit Theory Terms:
• • Circuit – a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an
electrical current flows.
• • Path – a single line of connecting elements or sources.
• • Node – a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit
were two or more circuit elements are connected or joined together
giving a connection point between two or more branches. A node is
indicated by a dot.
• • Branch – a branch is a single or group of components such as
resistors or a source which are connected between two nodes.
• • Loop – a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit
element or node is encountered more than once.
• • Mesh – a mesh is a single open loop that does not have a closed
path. There are no components inside a mesh.
Kirchhoff’s first law or Point law or Current
law (KCL)
I = 0
I1 + I 2 + I 3 − I 4 − I 5 = 0
Kirchhoff’s second law or Mesh law or
Voltage law (KVL).
 IR +  e.m. f =0
Determination of Sign
• In applying Kirchhoff’s laws to specific problems, particular
attention should be given to the algebraic signs of voltage drops
and e.m.f.s; otherwise the results will be wrong.
• 1. arise in voltage is +ve
• 2. fall in voltage is -ve

• Note: the sign of the battery is independent of the direction of
the current through the branch. Current flows from higher
potential to lower potential.
Determination of Sign
• Consider the closed path • -I1R1
ABCDA in the figure below • -I2R2
• +I3R3
• -I4R4
• +E1
• -E2
− I1 R1 − I 2 R2 + I 3 R3 − I 4 R4 − E2 + E1 = 0
I1 R1 + I 2 R2 − I 3 R3 + I 4 R4 = E1 − E2
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law – Series Circuit
VTotal + (− IR1 ) + (− IR2 ) = 0
VTotal = IR1 + IR2 , VTotal = IRTotal
IRTotal = IR1 + IR2 (“I” Cancels)
n
RTotal = R1 + R2 → RTotal( series ) =  Ri
i
Here we see that applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to this loop produces the
formula for the effective resistance in a series circuit. The word effective or
equivalent means the same thing as the TOTAL.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
“The sum of the currents flowing into a junction is equal to the sum of
the currents flowing out.”
When two resistors have BOTH ends connected

together, with nothing intervening, they are
connected in PARALLEL. The drop in potential
when you go from X to Y is the SAME no
matter which way you go through the circuit.
Thus resistors in parallel have the same potential
drop.
Examples
• Find the current flowing in the R3
solution
• The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.
• Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law, KCL the equations are given as:
• At node A : I1 + I2 = I3
• At node B : I3 = I1 + I2
• Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as:
• Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R1 I1 + R3 I3 = 10I1 + 40I3
• Loop 2 is given as : 20 = R2 I2 + R3 I3 = 20I2 + 40I3
• Loop 3 is given as : 10 – 20 = 10I1 – 20I2
• As I3 is the sum of I1 + I2 we can rewrite the equations as;
• Eq. No 1 : 10 = 10I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 50I1 + 40I2
• Eq. No 2 : 20 = 20I2 + 40(I1 + I2) = 40I1 + 60I2
• “Simultaneous Equations” can be reduced to give us the values of I1 and I2
• Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143 Amps
• Substitution of I2 in terms of I1 gives us the value of I2 as +0.429 Amps
• As : I3 = I1 + I2
• The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as : -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps
• and the voltage across the resistor R3 is given as : 0.286 x 40 = 11.44 volts
Applying Kirchhoff’s Laws
Goal: Find the three unknown currents.
First decide which way you think the

current is traveling around the loop. It
is OK to be incorrect.
Red Loop → V + (− I 3 6) + (− I1 4) = 0
24 = 6 I 3 + 4 I1
Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Blue Loop → V + (− I 2 2) + (− I 3 6) = 0
12 = 2 I 2 + 6 I 3 Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law
I1 + I 2 = I 3
24 = 6 I 3 + 4 I1
12 = 2 I 2 + 6 I 3
I 3 = I1 + I 2
24 = 6( I1 + I 2 ) + 4 I1 = 6 I1 + 6 I 2 + 4 I1 = 10 I1 + 6 I 2
12 = 2 I 2 + 6( I1 + I 2 ) = 2 I 2 + 6 I1 + 6 I 2 = 6 I1 + 8I 2
24 = 10 I1 + 6 I 2 → −6(24 = 10 I1 + 6 I 2 )
12 = 6 I1 + 8 I 2 → 10(12 = 6 I1 + 8 I 2 )
− 144 = −60 I1 − 36 I 2 120 = 60 I1 + 80 I 2
− 24 = 44 I 2 A NEGATIVE current does NOT mean you are wrong. It means
you chose your current to be in the wrong direction initially.
I2 = -0.545 A
12 = 2 I 2 + 6 I 3 → 12 = 2(−0.545) + 6 I 3
I 3 = 2.18 A
24 = 6 I 3 + 4 I1 → 24 = 6(?) + 4 I1
I1 = 2.73 A
Instead of : I 3 = I1 + I 2
It should have been : I1 = I 2 + I 3

2.73 = 2.18 + 0.545
Compound (Complex) Circuits
Many times you will have series and parallel in the SAME circuit.
Solve this type of circuit from

the inside out.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL

RESISTANCE?
1 1 1
= + ; RP = 33.3
RP 100 50
Rs = 80 + 33.3 = 113 .3
1 1 1
= + ; RP = 33.3
RP 100 50
Rs = 80 + 33.3 = 113 .3
Suppose the potential difference (voltage) is equal to 120V. What is the total
current?
VT = I T RT
120 = I T (113 .3)
I T = 1.06 A
V80 = I 80 R80
V80 = (1.06)(80)
What is the VOLTAGE DROP across the 80 resistor? V80 =
84.8 V
RT = 113 .3
VT = 120V
I T = 1.06 A
V80 = 84.8V
I 80 = 1.06 A What is the current across the 100
and 50 resistor?
What is the VOLTAGE DROP across the I T ( parallel) = I 2 + I 3
100 and 50 resistor?
VT ( parallel) = V2 = V3 I T ( series ) = I1 = I 2&3
VT ( series ) = V1 + V2&3 35.2 0.352 A

I100 = =
100
120 = 84.8 + V2&3 Add to
35.2 1.06A
V2&3 = 35.2 V Each! I 50 = = 0.704 A
50

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www.trinityuniversity.edu.

Dr. Humphrey Ibifubara

Kirchhoff’s Laws, sources of end and

• 2. fall in voltage is -ve

When two resistors have BOTH ends connected

First decide which way you think the

It should have been : I1 = I 2 + I 3

Solve this type of circuit from

WHAT IS THE TOTAL

VT ( series ) = V1 + V2&3 35.2 0.352 A

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