MINISTRY OF EDUCATION science and

technology , OYO STATE OF NIGERIA

AJUMOSE LECTURE NOTES
GEOGRAPHY
COMPILED BY: Mr. A.S. Akinajo
REVIEWED BY: Dr. O.J. Taiwo (Geography Department, University of
Ibadan)
EDITED BY: Mr. D.I. Oladipo

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 (SS2)

FIRST – THIRD TERM

SUBJECT NOTES ON GEOGRAPHY

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1ST TERM SUMMARY SUBJECT NOTES ON GEOGRAPHY FOR SS2

CONTENT FOR THE FIRST TERM

A. EARTH’S EXTERNAL PROCESSES AND LANDFORM

DEVELOPMENT
1. Action of Running Water
- Stages of a River
- Characteristic, Process and Features in each stage
- Importance of River to Man

2. Action of Wind in Desert

- Types of Desert
- Action of Wind Erosion
- Features of wind erosion and deposition

3. Action of Glacier in Temperate Region

- Features of Glacier erosion in highland and lowland
- Features of Glacier deposition in lowland

4. Action of Waves in Coastal Area

- Mechanism of Waves erosion
- Features produce by wave erosion and deposition
- Types of Craft

B. CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION
1. Meaning
2. Climatic Classification
- Greek System of Climatic Classification
- Koppen Classification
3. Differences between Koppen and Greek Classification

C. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
1. Meaning
2. Types of Environmental Resources
3. Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

D. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD (PROBLEMS)

1. Meaning
2. Types of Heir Meaning, Causes, Effects and Control

E. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
1. Meaning
2. Reasons for Conservation
3. Method of Conserving, Wildlife, Water, Forest, Soil, Air and Mineral
Resources
4. Benefits of Conservation
5. Problems associated with Conservation.

SUMMARY SUBJECT NOTE

A. EART’S EXTERNAL PROCESSES AND LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT
1. ACTION OF RUNNING WATER
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Running water is one of the most important agents of dimidiation. Rivers involve
erosion, transportation and deposition.
STAGES OF A RIVER
The stages of a river include:
(i) Upper (ii) Middle and (iii) Lower course

i. Upper Course – Characteristics

1. It is the source of a river
2. It has steep side, V-Shaped valleys
3. The dominant river flows swiftly 4. Vertical erosion is dominant etc.
The Feature of the Upper Course include: Cataracts, Waterfall, Rapid, Plunge Pool, Pot
Hole, Gorge etc

ii. Middle Course – Characteristics ‘ 1. Lateral erosion is dominant

2. Wide V-Shaped/Valley
3. Presence ofRiver Clift
4. Increase in the volume of water
5. The main work here is transportation
The Features in this stage include: Meander, Wide V-Shaped Valley, Interlocking
spoor, River Clift etc

iii. Lower Course – Characteristics

1. The main work of the river at the lower courses is deposition
2. Active lateral erosion
3. Increase in volume of water
4. Drastic reduction in the speed of the river
The features at the Lower course include: Flood plains, Levees, Ox-bow lakes and
delta.

Process of River Erosion

1. Hydraulic action
2. Corrosion
3. Attrition and
4. Solutions
Processes of River Transportation
1. Solution
2. Suspension
3. Saltation
4. Traction
Importance of Rivers
1. Medium of Transportation
2. Generation of Hydro Electric power HEP
3. Provision of water for irrigation
4. Formation of flood plain by rivers provide fertile soil for agricultural
5. Provision of food
6. Provision of employment
7. Provision of water for domestic and industrial uses
8. For political boundaries
9. Centres of tourist attraction
10. Promotion of sports
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11. For animal uses (e.g. cattle, sheep etc)

12. Source of Mineral (eg gold, diamond)
2. ACTION OF WIND IN THE DESERT
The action of wind is dominant in desert and semi desert regions of low rainfall, high
temperature, cold currents and high evaporation.

TYPES OF DESERT
1. Sandy/Erg
2. Hamada/Rocky
3. Reg/Stony
4. Badlands and
5. Mountain desert

ACTIONS OF WIND EROSION

1. Deflation: The lifting and blowing away of loose sand and pebbles by wind.
2. Abrasion: Sand particle are used by wind to blast or wear away rock surfaces.
3. Attrition: Wind borne particles collide with one another resulting in wearing away of
one another.

Features of Wind Erosion

1. Rock pedestal
2. Zeugen
3. Yardanges
4. Mesas and buttes
5. Isenberg
6. Ventifacts and Dreckanter
7. Deflation hollow

Features of Wind Deposition in Deserts

1. Sand dunes
2. Barchans dunes
3. Longitudinal or self dunes
4. Loess

3. ACTIONS OF GLACIER IN TEMPERATE REGIONS

The actions of glacier as an important agent of erosion, transportation and deposition of
materials are confirmed to mountainous and temperate regions of the world. The action
includes:

i. Sappin:-The breaking up of rocks by alternate freezing and thawing of water.

ii. Plucking:-The tearing away of blocks or rocks which have become frozen in the sides
or bottom of a glacier
iii. Abrasion: The wearing away of rocks beneath a glacier

Features of Glacier Erosion in the Highland Areas:

i. Striations ii. Corries and Cirque iii.
Arete
iv. Pyramidal peak v. Bergschund
vi. V-shaped valley or trough
vii. Hanging Valley viii.
Rock Basin and Rock step ix.
Moraines
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Features of Glacier Erosion in Lowland Areas:

i. Roche Moutonnee ii.
Crag and tail

Features of Glacier Deposition in Lowland

i. Boulder Clay ii. Terminal
Moraine iii. Outwash Plain

4. ACTION OF WAVES IN COASTAL REGION

The action of wave as an important agent of erosion, transportation and deposition of
material is confined to the coast of seas and ocean.

Mechanism of Waves Erosion

i. Corrosion: The wearing down of the base of the Clift by wave action.
ii. Attrition: The breaking down of materials like pebble, boulders etc against each other
during the wave action into smaller particles.
iii. Hydraulic Action: The fast moving wave forces itself into crack and cavities within
the base of the Clift.
iv. Solvent Action: This involves disintegration of rock materials such as limestone in the
coast by chemical action of the sea.

Features produced by Wave Erosion

i. Capes and bays ii. Cliffs iii.
Coastal Cave iv. Arch
v. Steak vi. Stump vii. Cue viii. Blowhole

Features of Coastal Deposition i.

Beaches ii. Spits iii. Sand
bar iv. Marine dune and
dune belts

Types of Coasts
a. Coastlines of Submergence: They are the coasts that are formed as a result of the
sinking of the land or the rise of the sea. These are: (i) Ria Coast (ii) Fiord Coast (iii)
Estuarine Coast (iv) Dalmatian Coast.
b. Coastal of Emergence: These are formed as a result of uplift of land or a fall in the
sea level. They include: (i) Uplift Lowland Coast (ii) Emergent Upland Coast

B. CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification of climate is a conscious attempt of grouping different climates with
similar characteristics together. The system of classification include the Greek and
Koppen classification.

1. The Greek System of Classification: The basis of this classification is temperature.

It divides the world into three (3) climatic zones. Viz:
(i) Torrid (ii) Temperate and (iii) Frigid zone
i. Torrid Zone: This zone is found within the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn where
sunray is vertically overhead throughout the year, resulting in high temperature
throughout the year.
ii. Temperate Zone: The zone is found between the Torrid and Frigid Zone, it is referred
to as middle latitude where sun is never overhead resulting in moderate temperature.
iii. Frigid Zone: The zone is located at the polar area (Artic and Antarctic). It is cold
throughout the year, and having lost of ice-caps.
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Advantage of Greek Classification:

i. It is very simple to understand ii. It is still in use today with some modification
where necessary

Criticism of Greek Classification: i.

Based on temperature only
ii. Too simple
iii. Ignores the influence of latitude, altitude, presence of vegetation and wind system iv.
It does not recognize the climates in humid and desert region

The Koppen System of Classification: The system identifies five major climatic groups which
correspond with five principal vegetation groups. The summary of the groups are: i. A type =
Tropical rainy climates ii. B type = Dry climates
iii. C type = Warm temperature rainy climate
iv. D type = Sunny and cold climate v. E
type = Polar climate

The sub groups in small letters that reflect propagations pattern are:
f = no dry season generally s = no dry season in summer w = no
dry season in winter m = moderate dry season

The capital letters that show the division of dry climate are:

S = Stepee or semi desert

W = Desert or arid

In Polar climates are:

T = means Tundra
F = means Ice-caps

The three sub-group of “A” are:

Af = Tropical rainforest climate
Am= Tropical monsoon climate
Aw = Tropical grassland climate

The sub-group of “B”are:

Bs = Semi desert
Bw = Desert

The sub-groups of “C” are:

Cf = Mild humid climate – no dry season
Cw = Mild humid climate – dry winter
Cs = Mild humid climate – dry summer

The sub-group of “D” are:

Df = Snowy forest climate – no dry season
Dw = Snowy forest climate – dry winter

The sub-group of “E”are:

Et = Tundra climate
Ef = Continuous frost climate

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Advantage of Koppen’s Classification: i. Simple to

understand ii. It is objective iii. Numerical values are
used therefore it is quantitative iv. Used in teaching at
various educational level

Disadvantage of Koppen’s Classification:

i. Fail to consider highland climate ii.
Letter used are too many
iii. There is no clear distinction of one climate from another

Difference between Greek and Koppen System

i. Greek system is based on temperature while koppen is
based on climate and vegetation.
ii. Greek system has three belts while koppen has five iii.
Greek system is descriptive while koppen is quantitative.
iv. Greek system does not have subgroup while koppen does

C. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
Environmental resources refer to any useful item in the environments. They are living
and non-living things occurring naturally within a particular geographical location.

Types of Environmental Resources i.

Atmosphere
ii. Water
iii. Vegetative iv.
Human
v. Mineral and vi.
Land resources

i. Atmosphere Resources: These are the elements that are found in the atmosphere. These
include: (a) Atmospheric gases (e.g. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon-dioxide, Water vapour,
Ozone layer, and some inert gases like neon, argon and helium), (b) Wind (c) Rain (d)
Solar energy.

ii. Water Resources: Sources of water include: oceans, rivers, lakes, rain, springs,
reservoir, well and boreholes.

iii. Vegetable Resources: These include all the resources one can get from the forest and
savanna from which man and animal benefit. These are: timber, roots, and leaves, bark
of trees, latex, fruits, fiber, firewood and wild animal.

Importance of Vegetation resources

i. Sources of timber ii.
Medicinal herbs iii. Sources
of food supply iv. Sources
of firewood
v. Development of game resources
vi. Employment
vii. Prevention of Erosion
viii. Provision of furniture ix. Tourism

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x. Industrial use vi. Human Resources: All the resources of environment are
usually organized by man for optimum use. The ability of man to make best use of the
resources depends on education technology and culture.

Factors which determine the size of Human Resources

i. Birth rate ii. Death rate iii. Migration iv.
Fertility level
v. Medical facilities vi.
Education vii.
Technology viii. Climate
and ix. Political stability
Importance of Human Resources i.
Labour supply ii. Control over
other resources
iii. Defence iv.
Development v.
Power

v. Mineral Resources: Mineral resources are grouped into

i. Mineral fuel (e.g. petroleum, coal, natural, gas etc) ii. Ferrous and Non-
ferrous metals (e.g. iron, copper, tin, aluminium load and zinc) iii. Individual metal
(e.g. gold, mercury, diamond, silver, graphite and limestone) iv. Ornamental mineral
(e.g. gold, silver etc)

Importance of Mineral Resources

i. Sources of fuel ii.
Construction purposes iii.
Industrial development iv.
Sources of ornamental
v. Sources of foreign exchange vi.
Provision of employment
vii. Provision of raw materials for industries

vi. Removable and Non-removable Resources:

a. Removable natural resources are those that are removable e.g. rain, animals, water, air,
food and soil.
b. Non-removable are those that cannot be recovered after being exhausted e.g. mineral
resources like petroleum, coalition, copper etc.
D. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS (PROBLEMS)
Environmental problems can be referred to as any natural or human-induced event which
poses a serious danger or risk to the live and properties of people in their environment.

Types Environmental Problems

i. Volcanic Eruption ii.
Earthquakes iii.
Drought iv.
Encroachment v.
Pollution vi.
Deforestation vii. Soil
Erosion viii. Coastal Erosion
ix. Flooding
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x. Tornadoes xi.
Hurricane xii.
Blizzards xiii.
Lightning
xiv. Oil spillage xv.
Hail xvi. Mass
wasting xvii. Mining

1. SOIL EROSION: This may be described as the process whereby the top soil is gradually
being removed. The agencies responsible for this include water, wind and ice.

Causes of Soil Erosion i. Bush

burning ii. Overgrazing iii.
Cultivation along stone iv.
Excessive rainfall in wind v. Shifting
cultivation vi. Population
pressure on land vii. Mining and
constructions viii. Natural
composition of the soil ix. Absence
of cover crop

Effects of Soil Erosion

i. Removal of top soil ii.
Loss of farmlands iii. Loss
of lives and properties iv.
Damage of roads
v. Environmental in-balance vi.
Water pollution
vii. Decline in agricultural production

Control of Soil Erosion i.

Afforestation ii.
Reafforestation iii.
Controlled grazing iv.
Contour ploughing
v. Cover cropping vi.
Terracing vii. Improve farming
method viii. Legislation ix.
Enlightenment programs
x. Shelter belts (wind break)

2. FLOODING: Flooding is defined as the occurrence of excessive volume of water in areas

not usually water logged. It mostly occurs when there is heavy rainfall,when it occurs in
the cities it is regarded as urban flooding

Causes of Flooding
i. Excessive rainfall ii.
Refuse dumping iii. Poor
drainage
iv. Settlement establishment along river channel
v. Breakdown of dams vi Poor urban
planning vii. Strong tidal wave

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Effects of Flooding
i. Loss of lives and properties ii.
Breakdown of socio-economic iii. Difficulty in
human and vehicular movement iv. Health hazard v.
Pollution
vi. Washing away of road and rail
vii. Displacement of people viii.
Spread of water borne disease ix.
Destruction of farmland

Control of Flooding
i. Constructions of culvet ii. Avoidance of
refuse dumping in water channel iii. Proper
channelization of floods from city centre iv.
Constructions of dams v. Public enlightenment vi.
Legislation ii. Proper urban planning viii.
Regular clearance of drainage

E. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Conservation is defined as the planned, control exploitation or judicious use of natural
resources to ensure their continuous availability and to preserve the quality and original
natural environments

Need or Reason for Conservation

i. Prevention of destructions of natural resources ii.
Preservation of naturally beautiful sceneries
iii. Preservation or rare and valuable species of plants and animals iv.
Promotion of the recycling of some mineral resources e.g. water v.
Prevention if destruction of natural E-Systems
vi. Forest must be conserved for continuous provision of medical herbs, wild life
and other valuable.

Natural resources that need to be coserved

i. Wildlife ii. Water iii. Forest
iv. Soil v. Air
vi. Mineral resources

Method of Conserving Wildlife

i. Establishment of games reserves ii.
Establishment of zoological garden
iii. Controlled hunting
iv. Prohibition of killing of animals in game reserves
v. Prohibition of bush burning vi. Prohibition
of indiscriminate cutting of trees
vii. Public enlightenment

2ND TERM SUMMARY SUBJECT NOTES ON GEOGRAPHYFOR SS2

CONTENT FOR THE SECOND TERM

A. AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA
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- Meaning
- Types of Agriculture
- Important crops produced in Nigeria
- Importance of Agriculture
- Problems of Agriculture
- Solutions
- Fishing in Nigeria
- Lumbering in Nigeria
- Cattle rearing in Nigeria

B. TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA
- Meaning
- Contributions of transportation to economic development of Nigeria
- Types of transportation
- Problems of transportation

C. COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA - Meaning

- Traditional means of Communication
- Telecommunication
- Mass media (Meaning)
- Introduction to the internet
- Importance of Communication
- Problems

D. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

- Meaning
- Classification
- Factor affecting location of industries
- Contribution of industrial sector to economic development of Nigeria - Problems
and Solution

E. COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

- Meaning
- Types of commercial activities
- Internal Trade
- Stock exchange
- Money market
- Capital market
- Foreign exchange market
- Importance of commercial activities

F. MAP WORK
- Direction and Bearing
- Representation and reflections on photographical map

G. WORLD POPULATION
- Meaning
- Populations concepts
- Factors affecting birth rate
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Overpopulation
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- Factors of population growth

SUMMARY SUBJECT NOTE

A. AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA
Agriculture is defined as the art of cultivation of crops and rearing of animals for man’s
use

Types of Agriculture
- Plantation (mechanized) agriculture
- Subsistence agriculture
- Mixed farming
- Intensive agriculture
- Crop rotation
- Shifting cultivation
- Pastural farming

Important crops produced in Nigeria

a. Food Crops: These are (i) Grain and (ii) Tuber Crops
Grains include millet, rice, guinea corn while tuber include yam, cocoyam,
cassava etc
b. Cash Crops: These are Cocoa, oil palm, groundnut etc.

Importance of Agriculture
i. Provision of food
ii. Employment iii.
Sources of
income iv.
Foreign
exchange earning
v. Provision of clothing and shelter
vi. Provision of market for industrial good
vii. Development of town
viii. Provision of raw materials for
industries etc.

Problems of Agriculture
i. Inadequate capital ii.
Poor transportation system iii. Poor
storage facilities iv. Land tenure
system
v. Poor instructural facilities vi.
Inadequate agricultural extension services vii.
Problems of pest and disease ix.
Unpredictable climate

Solutions to the Problem

i. Provision of loan
ii. Construction of roads
iii. Provision of storage facilities
iv. Utilization of improved fertilizer
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v. Use of irrigation system

vi. Use of modern farm implements etc
Lumbering: Lumbering is defined as the selling of economic trees in the forestfor
domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.

Lumbering areas in Nigeria include: Benin Sapele, Ondo, Port Harcourt and Calabar.

Fishing: Fishing involves the catering of some fishes in rivers, lakes, pond or ocean
either for local consumption, sale or for exports

Fishing in Nigeria is three types

i. Inland Fishing: River Niger, Benue, Ogun Lake chard and Kanji
ii. Lagoon and Creek Fishing: Along coastal area of Nigeria iii.
Deep Sea (Ocean) Fishing: This is done in the ocean

Cattle Rearing: Cattle rearing is practiced in Northern part of Nigeria like Kano,
Sokoto, Maiduguri, Yobe, Katsina etc. The consumption area is in the Southern part of
Nigeria like Lagos, Ibadan, Benin, Port Harcourt and Enugu.

B. TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA
Transportation is defined as the movement of people, goods and services
(commodities) from one place to another.

Contribution of Transportation to the Economic Development of Nigeria. These are: (i)

Movement of goods and services (ii) Movement of people (iii) National and
international trade (iv) Opening up of new areas and lands (v)National integration (vi)
Diffusion of Ideas and technology (vii) Access to national development (viii)
Development of tourism (ix) Employment (x) Generation of revenue etc

Types of Transportation
i. Land transportation:
Human porterage,
Animal porterage,
Road transport,rail
transport
ii. Air transport and iii.
Water
transport

Problems of Transportation
a. Problems associated with physical factors
ii. Presence of highland ii. Distance
iii. Presence of marshy areas
iv. Presence of many rivers
v. Soil
erosion vi.
Poor visibility

b. Problems associated with human factors

i. Inadequate capital ii.
Low technology know-low

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iii. Inadequate spare parts

iv. Low
patronage

C. COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA
Communication is the process through which meaningful
information, feelings,opinion and ideas are being transmitted from one person to
another. It involves sending and receiving messages.

Traditional Media Communication

- Wooden/talking drum
- Town criers
- Metal gong
- Palm frond
- Smoke signal
- Gun blast etc

Telecommunication: This involves the use of telephone services, cellular phones,

voice mail etc.

Other Communication Network in Nigeria include: Postal service, Radio, Newspaper,

Internets, Satellite, courier services etc.

Mass Media: This involves the transmission of message through special media of
communication to the public it include: (i) Electronic media (ii) Print media

Introduction of Internet: Internet is a global network of computer and communication

devices. It is a public network that connects several computer communication devices
and smaller network into a global network. Internet basic include: (i) WWW – World
Wide Web (ii) Website (iii) E-mail (iv) Chatting (v) Video conferencing (vi) Computer
conferencing (vii) Electronic fund transfer

Importance of Communications
i. Promotion of commercial activities ii.
Enhances settlement of international indebtedness iii.
Creation of awareness for goods and services iv.
Reduction in cost and risk of transport
v. Facilitates contact between businessmen
vi. Communication enhances international trade
vii. It facilitates mail order business viii.
Provides information for Government policies

Problems of Communication
i. Inadequate infrastructure
ii. Inadequate personnel iii.
Poor services iv. Poor network
dimensioning v. High tariff
vi. Inadequate body vii. Call
failure viii. Vandalization of
equipment

D. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

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Manufacturing industry is defined as the turning of raw material into new productsby
mechanical or chemical process at home (cottage) or in the factory.

Classification of Industries
a. Light: (i) Consumer goods and (ii) Heavy industries
b. Primary (ii) Secondary and (iii) Tertiary industries

Factors affecting location of industries

i. Proximity to sources of raw material
ii. Nearness to market
iii. Nearness to sources of power
iv. Availability of capital
v. Availability of labour
vi. Adequate transport network
vii. Political stability
Contributions of Industrial Sector to economic development of Nigeria
i. Increase in gross domestic products (GDP)
ii. Employment opportunity iii.
Improvement of balance of trade iv.
Stimulation of other sector v. Inflation
control vi. Infrastructural
development vii. Diversification of
economy

Problems of Manufacturing Industries

i. Shortage of raw materials
ii. Insufficient capital
iii. High degree of foreign dependence
iv. Poor quality of industrial labour
v. Low purchasing power
vi. Inadequate power supply
vii. Competition of foreign good
viii. Shortage of entrepreneur
ix. Poor management etc

Solutions
i. Acquisition of skill
ii. Good Government policies
iii. Active government participation
iv. Incentives to local industries
v. Provision of transport facilities etc

E. COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

Commercial activities involve the buying, selling and distribution of goods and services
in Nigeria.

Types of Commercial Activities i.

Trade
ii. Transportation and iii.
Communication
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Trade: Trade in Nigeria involves the buying and selling or exchange of goods and services
between one region of Nigeria and another.

Types of Trade
i. Local Trade: This involves buying and selling of goods in the local market in villages
and town
ii. International Trade: Buying and selling of goods and services within the country.
iii. Stock Exchange: This is a highly organized market where investors can buy and sell
existing securities like shares, stocks, debentures, gilt edge cite.
Importance of Stock Exchange
i. Avenue for raising capital ii.
Employment opportunity iii.
Provision of information to investors
iv. Market for investment
v. Parameter for measuring performance of companies
iv. Money Market: Money Market can be defined as a market for short term loan.

Instruments used in money market are:

i. Treasury bill ii. Bill of
exchange iii. Call money fund

Institutions involve include:

Central Bank, Commercial Banks, Acceptance Houses, Finance Houses, Discount Houses and
Insurance Companies.
• Capital Market: It is market for medium and short term loan, instrument include
stocks and shares. The institution includes issuing house, development bank, stock
exchange, agricultural bank, etc.
• Forex Exchange Market: The foreign exchange market is a global decentralized
market for the trading of currencies.

F MAP WORK
Measurement of direction and bearing
Direction is the relationship between two locations in compass points – North, South,
West, East, North East, North West, South East and South West (Four and Eight cardinal
points). Bearing is based on the degrees in the compass measure from the North clock-
wisely. North (0º, 360º), East (90º), South (180º) and West (270º).

Methods of Representation of reliefs in Topographical Map

i. Contour
ii. Form lines
iii. Contour layering iv. Hill
shading
v. Hatchures
vi. Spot height
vii. Trigonometrical station viii.
Bench mark

Reliefs represented by Contour

i. Valleys ii. Spur
iii. Conical hill iv. Round top hill
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v. Isolated hill vi. Knoll

vii. Ridge viii. Col or Saddle
ix. Pass or gap x. Plateau
xi. Escarpment/Cuesta xii. Gorge
xiii. Water shed xiv. Undulating island
xv. Flood plain

Slopes: Uniform, gentle, steep, concave and convex slope.

G WORLD POPULATION
Population is the total number of people in an area at a particular time. Therefore world
population is the whole total of people inhabiting the earth. The world population in
1804 was 1billion, 1927 was 2billion, in 1960 was 3billion, in 1974 was 4billion, in
1987 was 5billion and 6billion in 1999. 7billion was projected in 2011 while it is
estimated to be 8billion by 2025-2030.

Population Concept
i. Overpopulation ii. Under
population iii. Optimum
population iv. Population
density

Factors affecting Birth rate i.

Early marriage ii. Desire for
large families iii. Religion
belief iv. Improved medical
service v. Government aids vi.
Improved standard of living

Advantages of Overpopulation
i. Large labour ii.
Large market iii. Effective
planning iv.
Togetherness
v. Quick information dissemination vi.
Defence

Disadvantages of Overpopulation
i. Pressure on natural resources ii.
Increase in crime wave
iii. Insufficient fund iv.
Unemployment
v. Inadequate housing vi.
Traffic congestion vii.
Environmental pollution viii.
Pressure on social amenities ix.
Inadequate health services
x. Development of slum & ghettos

Factors influencing population growth a.

Physical Factors: These are
i. Climate
ii. Relief
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iii. Availability of water

iv. Soil
v. Presence of minerals

b. Human Factors: These are

i. Agriculture ii. Religion
belief iii. Industry iv.
Immigration
v. Transportation network
vi. Improved social facilities

3RD TERM SUMMARY SUBJECT NOTES ON GEOGRAPHY FOR SS2

CONTENTS FOR THIRD TERM
A. HUMAN SETTLEMENT
- Meaning
- Classification
- Urbanization
B. LAND RECLAMATION
- Meaning
- Reasons for land reclamation
- Methods and importance
C. GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
- Meaning of Data
- GIS Data source
D. AFRICA
i. Location, Position and Size
ii. Physical settings of Africa -
Relief & Drainage

THE SUMMARY NOTE FOR THIRD TERM SS2

A. Human Settlement: Human settlement can be defined as the collection of buildings with
people living in them.

Classification of Settlement
Settlement could be classified based on (a) Types (b) Density/Size (c) Pattern and (d) Function
(a) By Types: (i) Rural and (ii) Urban Settlement
(b) By Density/Size; (i) Homestead (ii) Farmstead (iii) Hamlet (iv) Village
(v) Town (vi) City (vii) Conurbation (viii) Megalopolis
(c) By Pattern: (i) Linear (ii) Dispersed (iii) Nucleated and (iv) Nodal settlement
(d) By Function: (i) Market town (ii) Industrial town (iii) Commercial town (iv)
Administrative town (v) Mining town (vi) Holiday resort (vii) Educational town (viii)
Ecclesiastical or religious town (ix) Royal town (x) Satellite town (xi) Ports e.g. Sea
port, Entre port, Rocket station out port and river port.

Urbanization
Urbanization means a change in the functions of a settlement from a rural character to an urban
character.Urbanization is as a result of increase in the physical size of a town. Examples or
Urban centres are New York, London, Paris, Moscow, Lagos, Accra, Ibadan, Kano, Enugu and
Pretoria.

Factors of Urbanization
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(i) Accessibility
(ii) Economic activities
(iii) Administration
(iv) Social Amenities
(v) Nature of soils
(vi) Absence of disaster
(vii) Relief
(viii) Climate

B. LAND RECLAMATION
Land reclamation is the process of recovering bad or wasteful land and turning it to a
useful or beneficial one.In Nigeria, land reclamation is common around coastline area
like Victoria Island, Ajah, Ikoyi, Lekki all in Lagos State, Warri in Delta State,
PortHarcourt in Rivers State, Calabar in Cross River State and Uyo in Akwa-Ibom State.

Reasons for Land Reclamation

(i) Insufficient land
(ii) Population pressure
(iii) For pleasure purposes
(iv) For residential purposes
(v) For commercial purposes
(vi) For industrial purposes (vii) For social cultural purposes

Methods of Land Reclamation

(i) Afforestation
(ii) Construction of barriers
(iii) Sand filling
(iv) Emboldening
(v) Construction of drainages (vi) Control of erosion

Importance of Land Reclamation

(i) Increase in land area
(ii) Promotion of agriculture
(iii) It encourages tourism (iv) Natural preservation of farms (v) Environmental
quality etc.

C. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (DATA SOURCE)

Data Input refer to the procedure of automatization of the data and the conversion into
forms that can be stored and analyzed in computer.
Sources of GIS Data
(i) Land surveying
(ii) Remote sensing
(iii) Map digitizing
(iv) Field investigation (v) Tabular data

D. AFRICA
Location: Africa is located between latitude 37ºN and 35ºS of the Equator and between 17ºW
and 51ºE of the Greenwich Meridian. Longitude 0º passes through near Accra, Ghana.

Position: Africa is bordered in the North by the Mediterranean sea, in the South by Atlantic
ocean, in the East by Indian ocean, in the North East by Suez canal, the Red sea and the Gulf of
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Aden which separated Africa from Asia. Africa is the most tropical of all the continents about
43% lies between the Tropic of cancer and Capricorn.

Size: Africa is the second largest continent after Asia. It is a large continent occupying the total
land area of the world. It covers approximately 30.3million square kilometre, stretching for
about 8,000km North to South and 7,500km East to West.

Political Divisions: Africa consists of about 48mainland countries and several islands. Some
islands on Indian Ocean include Malagasy (the largest in the world), Zanzibar, Gmoro, Mauritus
etc. On Atlantic ocean are Sau Tome, Cape Verde, Principe canary and Equatorial Guinea.

Relief and Drainage of Africa

Relief of Africa can be grouped into the following:
(a) East – Partly Mountain
(b) West – Partly Highland
(c) South – Mainly Plateaux and
(d) North – Mainly Range
- In East Africa are Kilimanjaro Mt (895m), Cameroon Mt, Ethiopian Mt, Elgon Mt,
Ruwensori and Mt. Kenya.
- In West Africa are Fouta D’Jellin Highland, Adamawa Highland and Jos Plateau. -
In the South Africa is Drakensberg Mt.
- In the North Africa are Ahaggar, Tasilli, Tibesti, Dafur and Atlas mountains.

Drainage
There are many large rivers in Africa. Out of these may rivers, five are outstanding, these are:
River Nile (6,600km) the longest river, River Niger (4,200km) sourced from Fouta D’Jellin
Highland, Guinea River Zambeji (2,400km), River Orange (1,600km) and River Congo (Zaire).
Others are Limpopo, Volta, Senega, Gambia, etc.

Characteristics of African Rivers

i. Change in Volume with season ii.
Presence of rapid, cataract and falls iii.
Presence of debris iv. Short course into
high speed v. Shallowness vi.
Development of sand bank vii.
Change in colour with season

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