Module 3 Population

ORIENT ISLAMIC SCHOOL
Grade 10
MODULE 3
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY
NAME: _____________________________________
GRADE: __________________
1|Page ndawood/population/gr10
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY
Population Geography
 Population geography is all about people, where they live and why.
 Information about population is collected during a census.
 A census is a questionnaire issued by governments, usually every ten years.
Population distribution
 Describes how people are spread out on the earth.
Population density
 Is the measurement of how many people there are in an area?
 Population distribution means the pattern in which people are spread out
across the world’s surface. World population distribution is uneven.
 Places which are sparsely populated are
where few people live.
 Places which are densely populated are where many people live.
 Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live.
 These are usually places with hostile environments e.g. Antarctica.
 Places which are densely populated, are habitable environments e.g. Europe.
 The population of the world is spread out unevenly and changes over time.
 Population distribution is shown in a map by using dots
 Population density is a measurement of the number of people in an area.

 It is an average number.
 Population density is calculated by dividing the number of people by the area.
 Population density is usually shown as the number of people per square
kilometer.
 The population density can vary from one province to another province in a
country.
 A country’s density is an overall density calculated by the total population
divided by
the total area of the country.
 The population distribution and density normally have a very similar pattern in
the
World.
THE FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY.
The factors influencing population distribution is divided into main factors namely
physical and human factors.
Soil fertility: History:
What is the impact on people and environment?
 Population distribution and density is depended on the basic natural
resources of the
world.
 If there are too many people in a particular region, the natural resources, e.g.
water and land are under stress, which can lead to a scarcity of either water,
land or
food.
 A large concentration of people and their activities leads to pollution of air and
land
due to the different activities. These activities already led to climate change
that we
are currently experiencing.
 The issues of food scarcity and lack of land could be addressed by using
technology,
but the scarcity of water resources could not be resolved yet.
 There has been attempts to transfer water from a less populated area to
areas with a larger and denser population. This process does not solve the
problem when the whole region or
country is subjected to drought conditions.
 All the people in the world must take responsibility for the population growth.
We must ensure that our children live in a world where they can sustain
themselves with food, land and water.
POPULATION STRUCTURE
POPULATION INDICATERS
1. Birth rates
The birth rate (BR) refers to the total number of live births for every 1000 people of
the
population in a country per year.
NUMBER OF BIRTHS
Birth Rate¿ TOTAL POPULATION x1000
2. Death rates
The death rate (DR), sometimes called the mortality rate, is the number of deaths
per
1000 people of the population in a country per year.
number of deaths
Death rate= total population
x 1 000
3. Life expectancy
Life expectancy (LE) is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect
to live
in a particular country if death rates remain the same.
4. Fertility rate
The fertility rate is the average number of births per 1000 women of child-bearing
age,
5. Natural increase
Natural increase refers to all the factors that cause a population to increase
naturally.
birth rate−deathrate
NI = 1 000
x 100
10 | P a g e ndawood/population/gr10
Population structure
1. Age structure
• The way people are distributed across age groups within a population.
• Reflects the birth, death and life expectancy ratio.
• If for example the birth rates are high a lot of the population will be in the
lowest age groups.
• This information is used by planners, e.g. if the population is young, there will
be a need for daycare and primary schools, if the population is old, there will
be a need for old-age homes.
2) The dependency ratio

• Dependency ratio- The proportion of the population that is economically
dependent on the economically active members of a population.
• Economically dependent- people who do not work and rely on other people
or support
• Economically active- people who work
• Youth and middle aged (15-64) are economically active
• Children under 15 and the elderly over 64 years old are economically
dependent.
• Calculating the dependency ratio:
adults
number of children ( 0−14 ) +
Dependency ratio = 65 x 100
number of adults aged 15−64
3) Sex structure
• Sex structure- the number of males and females in different ages.
• Sex ratio- is the number of males for each female.
• The sex structure differs with different societies, but worldwide there are more
females than males.
• In some societies boys are favored over girls.
• Men die in wars which lead to a lower sex ratio.
Population Geography:
Consolidation: Activity 1 Term 3 Week 2 Lesson 2
1) Write one of the following four words in each of the spaces in the table below.
LOW, HIGH, INCREASING, DECREASING
2) What do you think are the two main reasons for low life expectancy rates in
LEDC’s?
3) Provide reasons for the following:
3.1) Birth rate is lower in highly developed countries
3.2) Death rate is higher in less developed countries
4) Explain how an increase in education, particularly amongst women, can lead to a
decrease in birth and fertility rates.
Population pyramids
A special kind of graph, which shows how men and women are distributed across
different age groups in a population, population pyramid therefore shows the age-sex
structure of the population .
Interpreting a population pyramid

• Birth rate- look at the width of the base compared with the rest of the
pyramid. The wider the base the higher the birth rate.
• Death rate- look at the size of the step between one age group and the next.
A big step shows a high death rate.
• Life expectancy- look at how wide the top is compared with the base. If the
top is much narrower than the base, giving a triangular shape, then the death
rate is high and the life expectancy is low.
What does the shape of population pyramid indicate
Rapid growth, expanding population
• Similar data of males and females

• Triangular or symmetrical shape
• High birth rates and death rates
• High infant mortality rates
• Many young people
• Low life expectancy
• Few older people
• High natural increase
Slow growth, gradually expanding population
• Pyramid is bell shaped

• Decrease in birth rate and death rate
• Birth rate is slightly greater than the death rate
• More middle-aged people
• Longer life expectancy for females
• Low natural increase
Stable, static population
• Bell shaped
• Birth rates and death rates are declining and are almost equal
• Longer life expectancy
• Longer life expectancy for females
• Natural increase is 0%
Declining, diminishing population
• Birth rates and death rates are low

• Death rates can exceed birth rates
• More middle aged and older people than young people
• Life expectancy is longer
• The population is shrinking
• Negative population increase
Population growth
World population growth over time.
What is it?
Population numbers change over time. The total population of an area is a balance
between two forces of change: natural growth and migration.
Natural growth is the difference between births and deaths.
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another
Population growth in Developing and developed Countries

Less Economically Developing Countries (LEDC)
• The fastest population growth;
• Population increases six times faster than in MEDC’s.
• 86% of the world population lives in Africa, Asia and South America.
• 99% of the total natural increase is found here;
• Accommodates 81% of the world's population.
• 90% of the world's annual births occur here;
• Higher infant mortality
More Economically Developing Countries (MEDC)
• Very slow population growth.
• Some countries in north western Europe have a zero growth rate.
• Europe's population is declining by 1 million people a year.
• Australia, Japan, New Zealand and North America experience a natural growth of
about 2.1 million people a year.
• The average natural increase is 1.4%.
• The world population has grown more over the past 65 years than the previous 200
years - this rapid increase in the world population is known as a population explosion.
Reasons for population explosion:
• Industrial revolution (1830) brought new advances in science and technology
• Increased food production and distribution
• Improvement in public health services, water and sanitation.
• Advances in medical technology (vaccines and antibiotics)
• Decrease in the death rate
• Improvement in education and standards of living
Overpopulation
 Occurs when there are too many people for the available land and resources
to maintain.
 Implies that the carrying capacity of the area is insufficient for the number of
people living there.
 There is overpopulation in an area when the increase in population leads to a
severe reduction of standards of living in the area.
Causes of overpopulation
 Improvement in technology
 Higher food production
 Improvement in medical care lowered the death rate
 Poverty - lack of family planning
 Immigration
Consequences of overpopulation
 Depletion of resources
 Environmental destruction
 Not enough land (space) for the number of people
 Unemployment rate is rising
 Limited services (schools, hospitals, water and sanitation)
 Poverty
 Famine
 Reduction in quality of life
Managing population growth
• Ensuring that there is a balance between people and the environment is not a
simple task.
• Resources must be managed sustainably, and population sizes must be
prevented.
Measures to reduce population

• Advertising: trying to change attitudes and culture.
• Financial: offering bonuses to those with smaller families.
• Education: teaching women about family planning.
• Healthcare: reducing child mortality and providing contraceptives.
• Legislation: rules that limit the number of children
Example: Population Policy - China (population 1, 3 billion)

• 1979: one child per family announced
• Permission is needed to get married and have children
• Women must be at least 25 before they can get married
• Free healthcare, monthly allowance and improved pension for families with one
child
• Fines for families with two or more children
• Forced abortions and sterilization have been reported
Consequences of policy (Legislation)
• Birth rates have fallen and population growth has slowed
• Boys are considered more valuable than daughters; baby girls were thrown away
• Population becomes unbalanced: 110 men versus 100 women
• Aging population will create dependency problem
The one-child policy has been relaxed in recent years. Women are now allowed to
have a second child if the first is a daughter.
• When people move from one place to another, we say they migrate
There are different kinds of migration
• Kinds of population movements
1. International migration –movement of people across a country’s borders.

• Emigration- the movement of people out of their home country to another
country
• Immigration- the movement into a country
2. Regional migration- movement of people with a country or a region
• Rural- urban migration- the movement of people from rural areas to
cities(urban areas)
• Urbanisation- the increase in the percentage of people that live in urban
areas.
• Urban – rural migration –movement of people from towns and cities to rural
areas.
• Permanent migration- when a person changes their place of residence
forever.
• Semi-permanent migration- when people change their place of residence for
a certain period of time.
3. Voluntary migration- movement of people from one place to another by
choice.
4. Forced migration- movement of people from one place to another by force
often
because of religious or political factors.
Unit 2: Causes and effects of population movements
1. Causes of forced population movements
• Conflict; wars, ethnic, religious conflict within a country
• Development; building new airports, declaration of nature reserves, land
invasions
• Disasters; which can be natural (flooding, earthquakes) or human made like
nuclear explosions
2. Effects of forced population movements
• People who are forced leave their homes in a hurry leaving behind their
belongings, they become homeless, jobs are left, family members get
separated
• They have to live in adequate shelter, no access to basic sanitation
• Children miss out on school
• They often have no way of earning an income
• They are desperate so they are vulnerable and become exploited
• People are hostile towards them
• Trauma of moving and building their lives again.
3. Causes of voluntary movements
• To improve their quality of life
• Jobs
• Change of lifestyle
• Family obligations
• Better opportunities
• Higher wages
• Studying
4. Effects of voluntary population movements
• Brain drain: term for the loss of professional people through migration
• Mainly Younger people migrate, leaves higher proportion of elderly people
behind
• Migration can reduce employment problems of the country left but increase
unemployment for destination country
• Migrants can strain social services
• Migrants are often exploited especially if they are illegal immigrants
• Xenophobic attacks occur
Unit 3: Temporary and permanent movements
• Permanent: people move and stay in a particular destination forever

• Temporary: moving for a certain period of time and has plans to move back
to country of origin
1. Economic migrants: people who move form their own home to another place
because they believe they will be able to find employment or better jobs
2. Migrant labour: people who move to an area temporarily for work (contract
workers, miners, divers)
3. Political migrants
People who leave their country because they are unable to express their
political opinions freely (apartheid)
Exiles: politicians who were thrown out the country and forbidden to return
Refugees: people forced to move from political wars and unrest the move can
be permanent depending on the country they sought shelter in
Internationally displaced persons: forced movement within your country but
away from your own area
4. Refugees
A refugee is a person who cannot return to their own country because of a
well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality,
political association or political opinion.
• Sometimes a refugee is a person who have fled from a major natural disaster,
such as an earthquake.
• Internally displaced persons- People who are forced to move from one place
to another within their own country.
• There are about 15 million refugees spread round the world.

Module 3 Population

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3 Population

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3 Population

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ORIENT ISLAMIC SCHOOL

 Population density is a measurement of the number of people in an area.

2) The dependency ratio

structure of the population .

Interpreting a population pyramid

What does the shape of population pyramid indicate

• Similar data of males and females

• Pyramid is bell shaped

• Birth rates and death rates are low

Population growth in Developing and developed Countries

Reasons for population explosion:

Managing population growth

Measures to reduce population

Example: Population Policy - China (population 1, 3 billion)

• Kinds of population movements

1. International migration –movement of people across a country’s borders.

• Permanent: people move and stay in a particular destination forever

You might also like