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    Variation of Parameters

    Uploaded by

    Anîl Råjpüt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Variation of Parameters

    Uploaded by

    Anîl Råjpüt
    5 views5 pages

    Original Title

    Variation_of_parameters

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    5 views5 pages

    Variation of Parameters

    Uploaded by

    Anîl Råjpüt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Contents

    1 Introduction 2

    2 Key Points 2

    3 Method of Variation of Parameters 3

    1
    VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

    1 Introduction
    • This method is used to find Yp (Particular Integral)
    • This method is applicable to any order of Linear Differential Equation with
    constant coefficient.
    • In this section, we will find Yp (Particular Integral) of second order Ordinary
    Differential Equation.

    2 Key Points
    • Write the given differential equation in standard form.

    • First, find the complementary function (C.F.) Yc .

    • We assume the particular integral, Yp , of a special form.

    • Then, find u1 , u2 , and put in Yp

    • To find C.F.:

    (Dn + a1 Dn−1 + Dn−2 + . . . an )y = Q


    (mn + a1 mm−1 + a2 mn−2 + . . . an ) = 0 (1)

    Solve the eqn (1) For m, let ‘n’ roots of eqn (1)
    Case I: When roots are real and distinct

    C.F. = c1 em1 x + c2 e(m2 x) + . . . + cn e(mn x)

    Case II: When roots are real and equal i.e, m1 = m2

    C.F. = (c1 + c2 )emx + c3 em3 x + . . . cn emn x

    Case III: When roots are imaginary


    m1 = α + iβ, m2 = α − iβ

    C.F. = eαx (c1 cosβx + c2 sinβx)


    3 METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

    3 Method of Variation of Parameters


    Consider the second order non homogeneous linear differential equation

    d2 y dy
    a0 (x) 2
    + a1 (x) + a2 (x)y = F (x) (1)
    dx dx
    Suppose that y1 and y2 are linearly independent solution of the corresponding
    homogeneous solution

    d2 y dy
    a0 (x) 2
    + a1 (x) + a2 (x)y = 0 (2)
    dx dx
    then the complementary function of equation (1) is

    Cf = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x)

    where y1 and y2 are linearly independent solution of (2) and c1 andc2 are
    arbitrary constants.
    Replacing c1 and c2 by v1 and v2 so the resulting functions, which is denoted
    by
    v1 (x) y1 (x) + v2 (x) y2 (x) (3)

    will be particular integral of equation (1) we assume a solution of the form


    (3) ,we write
    yp (x) = v1 (x) y1 (x) + v2 (x) y2 (x) (4)

    From Differential equation (4) we get


    ′ ′ ′ ′
    yp (x) == v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y ′ 2 (x) + v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) (5)

    Put
    ′ ′
    v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) = 0 (6)

    therefore,
    ′ ′
    yp (x) = v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y ′ 2 (x) (7)

    Again,differentiating both sides, we get


    ′′ ′′ ′′ ′ ′ ′ ′
    yp (x) = v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) + v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) (8)

    3
    3 METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

    ′ ′′
    Substituting the value of yp , yp and yp in (1) ,we get
    ′′ ′′ ′ ′ ′ ′
    a0 (x)[v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) + v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x)]
    ′ ′ ′ ′
    +a1 (x)[v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) + v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x)]
    ′′ ′
    +a2 (x)[v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 ]v1 (x)[a0 (x)y1 (x) + a1 (x)y1 (x) + a2 (x)y1 (x)]
    ′′ ′ ′ ′ ′
    +v2 (x)[a0 (x)y2 (x) + y2 (x) + a2 (x)y2 (x)] + a0 (x)[v1 (x)y′ 1(x) + v2 (x)y2 (x)] = F (x)

    Since y1 and y2 are the solutions of the corresponding homogeneous differen-


    tial equation (2) , the expression is the first two brackets in (9) are identically
    zero.
    ′ ′ ′
    ∴ a0 (x)[v1 (x)y′ 1(x) + v2 (x)y2 (x)] = F (x)
    ′ ′ ′ ′ F (x)
    v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) = (9)
    a0 (x)
    ′ ′
    ∴ y1 (x)v1 (x) + y2 (x)v2 (x) = 0
    ′ ′ ′ ′ F (x)
    ⇒ y1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x) = (10)
    a0 (x)
    y1 (x) y2 (x)
    W [y1 (x), y2 (x)] = ′ ′ ̸= 0
    y1 (x) y2 (x)
    Since y1 and y2 are linearly independent solution of the corresponding homo-
    geneous differential equation (2) we know that W [y1 (x), y2 (x)] ̸= 0
    Hence the system (11) has unique solutions solving this system (11), we get

    0 y2 (x)
    F (x) ′
    ′ a0 (x)
    y2 (x) F (x)y2 (x)
    v1 (x) = =−
    y1 (x) y2 (x) a0 W (y1 (x), y2 (x)
    ′ ′
    y1 (x) y2 (x)

    y1 (x) 0
    ′ F (x)
    ′
    y1 (x) a0 (x) F (x)y1 (x)
    v2 (x) = =
    y1 (x) y2 (x) a0 W (y1 (x), y2 (x)
    ′ ′
    y1 (x) y2 (x)
    Thus we obtain the function v1 and v2 defined by

    4
    3 METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

    Z x Z x
    F (t)y1 (t) F (t)y1 (t)
    v1 (x) = − and v2 (x) = − (11)
    0 a0 W (y1 (t), y2 (t) 0 a0 W (y1 (t), y2 (t)

    Therefore a particular integral yp of equation (1) is defined by

    yp (x) = v1 (x)y1 (x) + v2 (x)y2 (x)

    where v1 and v2 are defined by (12)

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