1.

Security Footage

The introduction of security footage in courtrooms as evidence is increasingly common. With the
number of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras rising, the likelihood of images deemed relevant for
criminal proceedings being recorded also increases. However, while CCTV footage may arguably have
assisted in achieving convictions in some high-profile cases, can it assist in the overall reduction of
violence against women? A well-known example in Australia of CCTV helping solve a crime is the
footage pulled from a shop on Sydney Road the night Jill Meagher was raped and murdered by Adrian
Bay ley. This footage was mentioned in his sentencing in 2013. In the same year, Simon Gitt any was
found guilty of the murder of his partner Lisa Har num. CCTV footage – taken from his own security
cameras – was again interpreted as key evidence. Beyond the courtroom, news media reports of crime
are saturated with the use of CCTV footage. In both contexts, it is often seen to be decisive – an
authoritative and objective witness that can tell us “what really happened”. While used in a range of
offenses, its inclusion in instances of extreme (and public) violence against women can mean certain
images receive significant and sustained media attention, and may remain online indefinitely. The
strength of CCTV in our public consciousness is such that questions of privacy are often dismissed as
inconsequential. CCTV installed in the homes of family violence victims has even been considered.
Options:

1) convictions, discharges, disclaimers, connections

2) guilty, excessive, obsessive, abundant

3) interpreted, changed, disciplined, dictated

4) doubtful, decisive, inclusive, incisive

5) abortion, conception, abruption, attention

2. Flowers and Bees

Most people assume, correctly, that flowers look the way they do to attract insects that pollinate them.
But that’s not the whole story. Scientists have now discovered that plants have another ‘trick up their
leaves’ to make themselves irresistible to even the most choosy insect. Cambridge University’s
Beverley Glover and her colleagues recently set up some fake flowers filled with a sugar solution, which
they kept at different temperatures. Unleashing a team of bumblebees on their floral offerings, they
watched as the insects visited the flowers to drink the surrogate nectar. Very quickly, it became obvious
that the bees were concentrating on the flowers with the warmest nectar. Just in case it was something
to do with the color of the fake flowers, the scientists also tried a different color combination and got
the same result.

Options:

1) irresistible, expensive, explicit, false

2) friends, counterparts, researchers, colleagues

4) make, do, have, go

5) consequence, tone, combination, appearance

3. Selfies

To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers combed
through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of identity statements people
make by taking and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies fell into the appearance
category: pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two
times more popular than the other 14 categories combined. After appearances, social selfies with
friends, love dones, and pets were the most common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13
percent), travel (7percent), and health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the
prevalence of ethnicity selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is an
indication that people are proud of their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies are solo
pictures, rather than taken with a group. Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram
were posted by the 18-35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn't too surprising
considering the demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group posted about 30
percent of selfies.

Options:

1) of, in, above, on

2) fall, fallen, fell, falling

3) constrained, confined, combined, unconfined

4) Regarding, Unless, After, Against

5) let, were, came, come

6) less than, other from, rather than, most of

7) Along with, Although, Overall, Moreover

8) claiming, supposing, considering, imagining

4. Shrimp Farm

Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been converted for
human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp
farms in Thailand showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only
factor, conversion would seem an excellent idea. However, proper accounting shows that for each
hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for
pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of food
sand medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering
against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four years, there
was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards: if you do so with mangroves themselves, add
another$9,318 per hectare. The overall lesson is that what looks beneficial only does so because the
profits are retained by the private sector, while the problems are spread out across society at large,
appearing on no specific balance sheet.

Options:

1) deserved, exchanged, conserved, converted

2) index, element, choice, factor

3) accounting, percentage, aggregation, division

4) comprised, uneven, neglected, augmented

5) productive, interactive, distinctive, collective

6) beneficial, immediate, moderate, modest

5. Green Spaces

Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction in soil and aerial temperatures during spells of hot
weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context , there is, however, little
information as to what extent various types of plants differ in their cooling potential and how certain
planting combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario of low rainfall and minimal water inputs.

Options:

1) genesis, conclusion, purification, reduction

2) extent, level, context, volume

3) confer, differ, coincide, defer

4) total, low, parallel, partial

6. Product Selling

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at.
The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit
competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what
the market is willing to exchange for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so
many factors influence what the purchaser decides is a fair value. It also should be noted that, in
addition to monetary exchange, price can be the exchange of goods or services as in a barter
agreement, or an exchange of specific behavior, such as a vote in a political campaign.
Options:

1) tolerate, determine, fabricate, fancy

2) comparing, begetting, balancing, offsetting

3) consign, design, exchange, prepare

4) addition, shape, content, value

5) pointed, enlarged, overrated, noted

7. Estee Lauder

She transformed beauty into big business by cultivating classy sales methods and giving away samples.
Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she 'was
growing a nice little business.' And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the cosmetics market
in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6
billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't
a burgeoning business; there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, or the south of France. It is said
that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the
shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it' s a
chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Metzger, daughter of
immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City.
She started her enterprise by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops,
beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good - Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic - but the
sales lady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry.
She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks
Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as
potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.

Options:

1) has, controls, makes, maintains

2) switched, changed, raised, used

3) job, institute, companion, enterprise

4) stated, bridged, stalked, heaved

5) potent, ruthless, potential,

8. Plants and Animals

From the earliest civilizations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding
and recording the potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first
illustrated catalogue of medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century
through to the late fourteenth century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little.
Woodcuts in instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries,
resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than stylized decoration.
With the growing popularity of copperplate engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and
the representation of plants and animals became more accurate. Then, with the emergence of artists
such as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in
botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse iAldrovand in zoology, nature began to be depicted in a more
realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness rendered
onto paper or vellum.

Options:

1) catalogue, calculation, formation, figuration

2) popularity, popular, singularity, resilience

3) emergence, descent, havoc, omniscience

4) observed, observe, had observed, were observed

9. Chanan Tigay

Don't expect a straightforward answer from Chanan Tigay about the authenticity or even the
existence of what was promoted as the earliest version of the fifth and final book of the Jewish Torah,
known to Christians as the Book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament. As an author who spent years
trying to unravel a juicy mystery and get it down on paper, Tigay wants you to read his book, "The Lost
Book: The Hunt for the World's Oldest Bible," to find the answer. But at a talk on Wednesday, the
writer, journalist, and fellow offered listeners an enticing peek, describing how he landed on the story of
the mysterious manuscript and about his years trying to track down the document. From the author's
description, it was a wild, Indiana Jones-type ride that included a competition to find the relic, false
starts, dead ends, trips to faraway places, and an ultimate breakthrough close to home.

Options: 1) authenticity, area, imagination, scale

2) unravel, build, cross, envisage

3) down, against, out, of

10. Desert Ants

There comes a time in a desert ant's life when a piece of food is too large to ignore, but too heavy to lift,
and the only way to get it home is to adopt a new style of walking. The long-legged and speedy
Cataglyphis fort is normally covers ground with a three-legged stride that moves two legs forwards on
one side, and one on the other. For the next step, the insect mirrors the move with its other three legs.
But recordings of ants in the Tunisian desert reveal that when faced with oversized lumps of food 10
times their own weight, the forward 'tripod' walking style is abandoned. Unable to lift the morsels in
their mandibles, the ants drag the food backwards instead, moving all six legs independently. 'This is
the first time we have seen this in any ants,' said lead author Sarah Pfeffer at the University of Ulm in
Germany. The ants' long legs already help keep their bodies away from the scorching desert floor and
enable them to speed around at up to 60 cm per second. The researchers, who publish the findings on
ant locomotion and navigation in the Journal of Experimental Biology, believe that robotics will be one
of the first technologies to benefit from the discovery.

Options

1) its, own, that, their

2) abandons, abandon, abandoning, abandoned

3) saw, seen, having seen, have seen

4) emotional, stuck, uncensored, scorching

5) benefited, to benefit, benefit, benefits