Full Download University Calculus Early Transcendentals 3rd Edition Hass Solutions Manual All Chapter 2024 PDF
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CHAPTER 7 INTEGRALS AND TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
−2 −2 0 0
1. −3 1x dx = ln x −3 = ln 2 − ln 3 = ln 23 2. −1 3x3−2 dx = ln 3x − 2 −1 = ln 2 − ln 5 = ln 52
y 4r8r−5 dr = ln 4t
2y 2
3. 2
dy = ln y 2 − 25 + C 4. 2
−5 +C
− 25
2
5. Let u = 6 + 3 tan t du = 3sec2 t dt ; 63sec u
t dt = du = ln u + C = ln 6 + 3 tan t + C
+ 3tan t
dy = du
sec y tan y
6. Let u = 2 + sec y du = sec y tan y dy; 2 +sec y u
= ln u + C = ln 2 + sec y + C
7. 2 dx
x +2x
= dx
2 x 1+ x ( )
; let u = 1 + x du = 1
2 x
dx;
2 x (dx1+ x ) = duu = ln u + C = ln 1 + x + C = ln 1 + x + C ( )
8. Let u = sec x + tan x du = (sec x tan x + sec 2 x)dx = (sec x)(tan x + sec x)dx sec x dx = du
u
;
ln 3 x ln 3
9. ln 2 e dx = e x = eln 3 − eln 2 = 3 − 2 = 1 10. 8e
( x +1)
dx = 8e( x +1) + C
ln 2
4
4 (ln x )3
( ) dx = (ln8x) 1 = (ln84)
4 4
1 4 (ln x)3 1 (ln1)4 (ln 4) 4
11.
1 2x
dx = 2 1 x
− 8
= 8
u2 (ln(ln x )) 2
= ln(ln x) x ln1 x dx = u du =
ln(ln x )
12. Let u = ln(ln x) du = ln1x ⋅ 1x dx = x ln1 x dx; x ln x
dx 2
+C = 2
+C
ln 9 x /2 ln 9
13. ln 4 e dx = 2e x /2 = 2 e(ln 9)/2 − e(ln 4)/2 = 2(eln 3 − eln 2 ) = 2(3 − 2) = 2
ln 4
−t 2 2
17. Let u = −t 2 du = −2t dt −du = 2t dt ; 2te dt = − eu du = −eu + C = −e −t + C
x ln x
ln 2 x +1
dx = 1
2 u
du = u + C = ln 2 x + 1 + C
1/ x
19. Let u = 1x du = − 12 dx −du = 12 dx;
x x ex 2
dx = −eu du = −eu + C = −e1/ x + C
0
ln π 2
2 xe x cos e x ( ) dx =
2
1
π π
cos u du = [sin u ]1 = sin(π ) − sin(1) = − sin(1) ≈ −0.84147
r
25. Let u = 1 + er du = er dr ; 1+ee r
dr = u1 du = ln u + C = ln(1 + er ) + C
−x
26. 1+1e x
dx = −e x dx; let u = e − x + 1 du = −e − x dx −du = e − x dx;
e +1
e− x dx = − ln u + C = − ln(e− x + 1) + C
e− x +1
= − 1 du
u
1
1 1 θ ( 1 )θ
()
1 1
1 −θ
27. 0
2 dθ =
0 2
dθ = 2 1 =
ln ( 2 ) ln
2
( ) 1
2
−
ln
1
( )
1
2
=−
ln
2
( 12 )
= −1
2(ln1−ln 2)
= 1
2 ln 2
0
0
θ ( 1 )θ ( 15 ) = 1 (1 − 25) = −24 = 24
−2
28.
0
−2 5
−θ
dθ =
01
−2 5
() dθ = 5 1 =
ln ( 5 )
1 −
ln ( 15 ) ln ( 15 ) ln ( 15 ) ln1−ln 5 ln 5
−2
1 1
33. Let u = x 2 x ln u = 2 x ln x u1 du
dx
= 2 ln x + (2 x) 1x du
dx ()
= 2u (ln x + 1) 12 du = x 2 x (1 + ln x)dx;
x = 2 u = 24 = 16, x = 4 u = 48 = 65,536;
4 2x 65.536
2 x (1 + ln x )dx = 12 du = 12 [u ]16
65.536
= 12 (65,536 − 16) = 65,520
2
= 32, 760
16
( 2 +1) ( 2 +1)
3
37.
log10 x
x
dx ( )( 1x ) dx; u = ln x du = 1x dx
= ln10
ln x
38. 1
4 log 2 x
x ( )( 1x ) dx; u = ln x du = 1x dx; x = 1 u = 0, x = 4 u = ln 4
dx =
1
4 ln x
ln 2
( )( lnln 2x ) dx = 14 lnxx dx = 12 (ln x)2 1 = 12 [(ln 4)2 − (ln1)2 ] = 12 (ln 4)2 = 12 (2 ln 2)2
4 ln 2 log 2 x 4 ln 2 4
39. 1 x
dx =
1 x
= 2(ln 2)2
40. 1
e 2 ln10(log10 x )
x
dx =
e (ln10)(2 ln x ) 1
1 (ln10) x ( ) dx = [(ln x)2 ]1e = (ln e)2 − (ln1)2 = 1
2
2 log 2 ( x + 2)
( ) dx = ( ln12 ) (ln( x2+2)) 0 = ( ln12 ) (ln24) (ln 2)2
2 2
1 2 [ln( x + 2)] 1
41. 0 x+2
dx = ln 2 0 x+2
− 2
10
( ) dx = ( ln10 ) 20 1/10 = ( ln10
10 (ln(10 x ))
) 20
10 (ln100) (ln1) 2
10 log10 (10 x ) 2 2
10 10 [ln(10 x )] 1
42. 1/10 x
dx = ln10 1/10 10 x
− 2
( ln10 ) 20
10 4(ln10) = 2 ln10
2
=
9
9 2 log10 ( x +1)
( ) dx = ( ln10 ) 2 0 ( ln10
2 (ln( x +1)) =
) 2
2 (ln10) (ln1)2
9 2 2
43. 0 x +1
dx = 2
ln10 0
ln( x + 1) x1+1 − 2
= ln10
3
3 2 log 2 ( x −1)
( ) ( ) (ln( x −1))2
( ln22 ) (ln22) (ln1)2
2
2 3 ln( x − 1) 1
44. 2 x −1
dx = ln 2 2 x −1
dx = 2
ln 2 2 =
2
− 2
= ln 2
( )
y (ln 4) = π2 − π1 tan(π e− ln 4 ) + C = π2 − π1 tan π ⋅ 14 + C = π2 − π1 (1) + C = π2 C = π3 ;
d2y
= 2e − x = −2e− x + C ; x = 0 and
dy dy
49. = 0 0 = −2e0 + C C = 2; thus
dx 2 dx dx
−2e− x + 2 y = 2e− x + 2 x + C1 ;
dy
dx
=
x = 0 and y = 1 1 = 2e0 + C1 C1 = −1 y = 2e − x + 2 x − 1 = 2(e− x + x) − 1
d2y dy dy
50. = 1 − e2t dt = t − 12 e2t + C; t = 1 and dt = 0 0 = 1 − 12 e 2 + C C = 12 e2 − 1; thus
dt 2
dy
dt
= t − 12 e2t + 12 e2 − 1 y = 12 t 2 − 14 e 2t + ( 12 e2 − 1) t + C1;
t = 1 and y = −1 −1 = 12 − 14 e 2 + 12 e2 − 1 + C1 C1 = − 12 − 14 e2 y = 12 t 2 − 14 e2t + 12 e 2 − 1 t − 12 + 14 e 2 ( ) ( )
dy
51. dx
= 1 + 1x at (1, 3) y = x + ln x + C; y = 3 at x = 1 C = 2 y = x + ln x + 2
d2y
= tan x + 1 y = (tan x + 1)dx = ln sec x + x + C1 and
dy dy
52. = sec2 x = tan x + C and 1 = tan 0 + C
dx 2 dx dx
0 = ln sec 0 + 0 + C1 C1 = 0 y = ln sec x + x
53. V = 2π
2
1/2
x ( ) dx = 2π
1
x2
2 1
1/2 x
dx
2
(
= 2π ln x = 2π ln 2 − ln 12 = 2π (2 ln 2) = π ln 24 = π ln16
1/2 )
2
3 3 3
54. V = π 93x dx = 27π dx = 27π ln( x3 + 9) = 27π (ln 36 − ln 9) = 27π (ln 4 + ln 9 − ln 9)
0 x +9 0 0
= 27π ln 4 = 54π ln 2
( ) =( )
2 2
( 4x − 1x )
x2 2 x 2 −4 x2 + 4
55. y= 8
− ln x 1 + ( y ′)2 = 1 + = 1+ 4x 4x
( )
8
+ 1x dx = x8 + ln x = (8 + ln 8) − (2 + ln 4) = 6 + ln 2
8 8 x2 +4 8 x 2
L= 1 + ( y ′)2 dx = dx =
4 4 4x 4 4 4
() ( ) = ( ) ( −)
2 2
y 2 y y 2 y 2
y 2 −16 y 2 +16
56. x= − 2 ln dx − 2y 1 + dx = 1+ 2 = 1+ 8y = 8
4 4 dy 8 dy 8 y
1 + ( ) dy = ( + ) dy =
12
12 2 12 y 2 +16 12 y y2
L= dx dy = 2 + 2 ln y = (9 + 2 ln12) − (1 + 2 ln 4)
4 dy 4 8y 4 8 y 16 4
= 8 + 2 ln 3 = 8 + ln 9
57. (a) L( x) = f (0) + f ′(0) ⋅ x, and f(x) = ln(1 + x) f ′( x) x =0 = 1+1x = 1 L(x) = ln 1 + 1 ⋅ x L(x) = x
x =0
(b) Let f(x) = ln(x + 1). Since f ′′( x) = − 1 2 < 0 on [0, 0.1], the graph of f is concave down on this interval
( x +1)
and the largest error in the linear approximation will occur when x = 0.1. This error is
0.1 − ln(1.1) ≈ 0.00469 to five decimal places.
dy
61. (a) The point of tangency is (p, ln p) and mtangent = 1p since dx = 1x . The tangent line passes through (0, 0)
the equation of the tangent line is y = 1p x. The tangent line also passes through
d2y
(b) = − 12 for x ≠ 0 y = ln x is concave downward over its domain. Therefore, y = ln x lies below the
dx 2 x
e
(d) Exponentiating both sides of ln x e < x, we have eln x < e x , or x e < e x for all positive x ≠ e.
(e) Let x = π to see that π e < eπ . Therefore, eπ is bigger.
62. (a) y = e x y ′′ = e x > 0 for all x the graph of y = e x is always concave upward
ln b x
(b) area of the trapezoid ABCD < ln a e dx < area of the trapezoid AEFD 12 ( AB + CD)(ln b − ln a)
<
ln b x
ln a
e dx < ( eln a + eln b
2 ) (ln b − ln a). Now 1 ( AB + CD )
2
is the height of the midpoint M = e(ln a + ln b )/2
since the curve containing the points B and C is linear
ln b
e(ln a + ln b )/2 (ln b − ln a) < e x dx < e +2 e
ln a
ln a
ln b
(ln b − ln a) ( )
ln b x ln b
(c) ln a e dx = e x = eln b − eln a = b − a, so part (b) implies that
ln a
e(ln a + ln b )/2 (ln b − ln a) < b − a < ( eln a + eln b
2 ) (ln b − ln a) e (ln a + ln b)/2
< b −a
ln b −ln a
< a +2 b
ln( x ) −1
63. Using Newton’s Method: f(x) = ln(x) − 1 f ′( x) = 1x xn +1 = xn − 1n xn +1 = xn [2 − ln( xn )].
xn
Then x1 = 2, x2 = 2.61370564, x3 = 2.71624393, and x5 = 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used.
For example, graph y = ln x − 1 and determine the zero of y.
( )
2
2. (a) y = − 1x y ′ = 1 = − 1x = y2
x2
2
(b) y = − x 1+3 y ′ = 1 = − ( x 1+3) = y 2
( x +3)2
2
(c) y = x +1C y ′ = 1 = − ( x +1C ) = y 2
( x + C )2
1 x et 1 x et
( 1x ) ( ex ) x2 y′ = −1x et dt + e x = − x 1x et dt + e x = − xy + e x
x t
x t
3. y=
x 1 t
dt y ′ = −
x2 1 t
dt +
1
x 2 y ′ + xy = e x
1 + t dt y = − 2 4 x x 1 + t 4 dt + 1 1 + x 4
x 3
4 1 3 1
′ 4
4. y= 1 1
1+ x
1+ x
4
( )
1+ x 4
y′ = ( )
−2 x3
1+ x 4
1
1+ x 4
1
x
1 + t 4 dt + 1 y ′ =
( ) y + 1 y′ +
−2 x 3
1+ x 4
2 x3
1+ x 4
⋅ y =1
5. ( ) ( )
y = e− x tan −1 2e x y ′ = −e− x tan −1 2e x + e− x 1 2 2e x = −e− x tan −1 2e x + 2 2 x
1+( 2e x ) 1+ 4e
( ) ( )
y′ = − y + 2
1+ 4e2 x
y′ + y = 2
1+ 4e 2 x
( )
; y (− ln 2) = e −( − ln 2) tan −1 2e− ln 2 = 2 tan −1 1 = 2 π4 = π2 ( )
6.
2
y = ( x − 2)e− x y ′ = e − x + −2 xe − x
2
( 2
) ( x − 2) y′ = e − x2
− 2 xy; y (2) = (2 − 2)e−2 = 0
2
7. y= cos x
x
y′ = − x sin x − cos x y ′ = − sin x
x2 x
− 1x ( cosx x ) y′ = − sinx x − xy xy′ = − sin x − y
xy ′ + y = ( )
− sin x; y π2 = (π 2) = 0
cos(π 2)
8. y= x y′ =
ln x − x ( 1x ) y ′ = 1 − 1 x2 y′ = x2 − x2 x 2 y ′ = xy − y 2 ; y (e) = e = e.
ln x (ln x )2 ln x (ln x )2 ln x (ln x )2 ln e
= e x − y dy = e x e− y dx e y dy = e x dx e y dy = e x dx e y = e x + C e y − e x = C
dy
11. dx
= 3x 2 e− y dy = 3x 2 e− y dx e y dy = 3x 2 dx e y dy = 3x 2 dx e y = x3 + C e y − x3 = C
dy
12. dx
13.
dy
dx
= y cos 2 y dy = ( y cos 2 )
y dx
sec2
y
y
dy = dx
sec 2 y
y
dy = dx. In the integral on the left-
2 xy dx = 1 dy = 1 dx 2 ydy = 1 dx 2 y1 2 dy = x −1 2 dx 2 y1 2 dy = x −1 2 dx
dy
14.
2 xy x
( y)
y3 2 x1 2 3
2 3
dy = 1
+ C1 2 y 3 2 = 3 x + 32 C1 2 − 3 x = C , where C = 32 C1
2 2
= e y+ e ye x e ye x dx e − y dy = dx e− y dy = e
dy x dy x x
15. x dx
dx
= dy = e dx. In the integral on the
x x x x
right-hand side, substitute u = x du = 1 dx 2 du = 1 dx, and we have
2 x x
−y
e dy = 2 eu du −e − y = 2eu + C1 −e− y = 2e x
+ C , where C = −C1
(
16. (sec x) dx = e y +sin x dx = e y +sin x cos x dy = e y esin x cos x dx e− y dy = esin x cos x dx
dy dy
)
e − y dy = esin x cos x dx −e − y = esin x + C1 e− y + esin x = C , where C = −C1
= 2 x dx = 2 x dx sin −1 y = x 2 + C since
dy dy dy
17. dx
= 2 x 1 − y 2 dy = 2 x 1 − y 2 dx
1− y 2 1− y 2
| y | < 1 y = sin x 2 + C ( )
2 x− y 2x− y 2x − y x 2y
= e x + y dy = e x + y dx dy = e xe y dx = e2 y dx e2 y dy = e x dx e2 y dy = e x dx e2 = e x + C1
dy
18. dx e e e e e
e2 y − 2e x = C where C = 2C1
19. y2
dy
dx
= 3x 2 y3 − 6 x 2 y 2 dy = 3x 2 y 3 − 2 dx ( ) 3
y2
y −2
dy = 3 x 2 dx
y2
3
y −2
dy = 3x 2 dx
13 ln y 3 − 2 = x3 + C
ln | y + 3| = 1 x2 − 2x + C
2
( y + 2 y ) y +21
2 2 2 2 2
21. 1 dy = ye x + 2 ye x = e x dy = xe x dx 1 dy = xe x dx
x dx y y +2 y
( )
2 2 2 2
1 dy = xe x dx 2 ln y + 2 = 12 e x + C 4 ln y + 2 = e x + C 4 ln y + 2 = ex + C
(
y y +2 )
22.
dy
dx
= e x − y + e x + e− y + 1 = e − y + 1 e x + 1 ( )( ( ) ) dy = ( e x + 1) dx
1 dy
e − y +1
e +1
= e x + 1 dx − 1y
ey dy = ( e x + 1) dx ln 1 + e y = e x + x + C ln (1 + e y ) = e x + x + C
1+ e y
dp ln (90) −ln(1013)
24. (a) dh
= kp p = p0 ekh where p0 = 1013; 90 = 1013e20k k = 20
≈ −0.121
ln (0.8)
26. A = A0 ekt 800 = 1000e10 k k = 10
A = 1000e(ln (0.8) 10)t , where A represents the amount of sugar
that remains after time t. Thus after another 14 hrs, A = 1000e(ln (0.8) 10)24 ≈ 585.35 kg
28. V (t ) = V0 e−t 40 0.1V0 = V0 e−t 40 when the voltage is 10% of its original value t = −40 ln (0.1) ≈ 92.1 sec
ln 2
29. y = y0 e kt and y0 = 1 y = e kt at y = 2 and t = 0.5 we have 2 = e0.5k ln 2 = 0.5k k = 0.5 = ln 4.
Therefore, y = e(ln 4)t y = e24ln 4 = 424 = 2.81474978 × 1014 at the end of 24 hrs
30. y = y0 e kt and y (3) = 10, 000 10, 000 = y0 e3k ; also y (5) = 40, 000 = y0 e5k . Therefore
y0 e5k = 4 y0 e3k e5k = 4e3k e2 k = 4 k = ln 2. Thus, y = y0 e(ln 2)t 10, 000 = y0 e3ln 2 = y0 eln 8
10,000
10, 000 = 8 y0 y0 = 8
= 1250
31. (a) 10, 000e k (1) = 7500 e k = 0.75 k = ln 0.75 and y = 10, 000e(ln 0.75)t . Now 1000 = 10, 000e(ln 0.75)t
ln 0.1 = (ln 0.75)t t = lnln0.75
0.1 ≈ 8.00 years (to the nearest hundredth of a year)
dz dy
32. Let z = r − ky. Then = −k = −k ( r − ky ) = −kz. The equation dz / dt = − kz has solution z = ce − kt , so
dt dt
1
(
r − ky = ce − kt and y = r − ce − kt .
k
)
1
(a) Since y (0) = y0 , we have y0 = ( r − c ) and thus c = r − ky0 . So
k
1
(
) r
y = r − [ r − ky0 ]e − kt = y0 − e − kt + .
k k
r
k
r r r
(b) Since k > 0, lim y0 − e −kt + = .
t →∞ k k k
y = r/k
y = y0
33. Let y (t ) be the population at time t, so t (0) = 1147 and we are interested in t (20). If the population
continues to decline at 39% per year, the population in 20 years would be 1147 ⋅ (0.61) 20 ≈ 0.06 < 1, so the
species would be extinct.
34. (a) We will ignore leap years. There are (60)(60)(24)(365) = 31,536,000 seconds in a year. Thus, assuming
exponential growth, P = 314,419,198ekt , with t in years, and
31,536,000 314,419,199
314,419,199 = 314,419,198e12k /31,536,000 k = ln ≈ 0.0083583.
12 314,419,198
(You don’t really need to compute that logarithm: it will be very nearly equal to 1 over the denominator
of the fraction.)
(b) In seven years, P = 314,419,198e(0.0083583)(7) ≈ 333,664,000 . (We certainly can’t estimate this
population to better than six significant digits.)
35. 0.9 P0 = P0 ek k = ln 0.9; when the well’s output falls to one-fifth of its present value P = 0.2 P0
ln 0.2
0.2 P0 = P0 e(ln 0.9)t 0.2 = e(ln 0.9)t ln (0.2) = (ln 0.9)t t = ln 0.9
≈ 15.28 yr
36. (a)
dp 1 p
= − 100
dp 1 dx ln p = − 1 x + C p = e( −0.01x +C ) = eC e−0.01x = C e −0.01x ;
= − 100
dx p 100 1
p(100) = 20.09 20.09 = C1e( −0.01)(100) C1 = 20.09e ≈ 54.61 p( x) = 54.61e−0.01x (in dollars)
(b) p(10) = 54.61e( −0.01)(10) = $49.41, and p(90) = 54.61e( −0.01)(90) = $22.20
(c) r ( x) = xp( x) r ′( x) = p( x) + xp ′( x);
p′( x) = −.5461e −0.01x
r ′( x) = (54.61 − .5461x)e−0.01x . Thus,
r ′( x) = 0 54.61 = .5461x x = 100. Since
r ′ > 0 for any x < 100 and r ′ < 0 for x > 100,
then r ( x) must be a maximum at x = 100.
≈ −0.000028454 A = 10e−0.000028454t ,
ln (0.5)
37. A = A0 ekt and A0 = 10 A = 10ekt , 5 = 10ek (24360) k = 24360
then 0.2(10) = 10e−0.000028454t t = −0.000028454
ln 0.2 ≈ 56563 years
40. (a) A = A0 e− kt 1
2
= e−2.645k k = 2.645
ln 2 ≈ 0.262
(b) 1
k
≈ 3.816 years
( ) ( )
ln 2 t − ln 20 = − ln 2 t t = 2.645ln 20 ≈ 11.431 years
(c) (0.05) A = A exp − 2.645 2.645 ln 2
k =
ln ( 74 ) ≈ 0.05596
10
(a) 35 − 20 = 70e−0.05596t t ≈ 27.5 min is the total time it will take 27.5 − 10 = 17.5 minutes longer to
reach 35°C
(b) T − Ts = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt , T0 = 90°C, Ts = −15°C 35 + 15 = 105e −0.05596t t ≈ 13.26 min
42. T − 65° = (T0 − 65° ) e − kt 35° − 65° = (T0 − 65° ) e −10k and 50° − 65° = (T0 − 65° ) e−20 k . Solving
−30° = (T0 − 65° ) e−10 k and −15° = (T0 − 65° ) e−20 k simultaneously (T0 − 65° ) e−10 k = 2 (T0 − 65° ) e −20k
( ln 2 )
e10 k = 2 k = ln 2
10
and −30° =
T0 − 65°
e10 k
−30° e10 10 = T0 − 65° T0 = 65° − 30° eln 2
( )
= 65° − 60° = 5°
39 −T
43. T − Ts = (To − Ts ) e− kt 39 − Ts = ( 46 − Ts ) e−10 k and 33 − Ts = ( 46 − Ts ) e−20 k 46 −Ts = e−10k and
s
33−Ts
46 −Ts (
= e−20k = e−10 k )
2
33−Ts
46−Ts ( 39−T 2
= 46−Ts
s
) ( 33 − Ts )( 46 − Ts ) = ( 39 − Ts )
2
44. Let x represent how far above room temperature the silver will be 15 min from now, y how far above room
temperature the silver will be 120 min from now, and t0 the time the silver will be 10°C above room
temperature. We then have the following time-temperature table:
47. From Exercise 45, k ≈ 0.0001216 for carbon- 14 y = y0 e−0.0001216t . When t = 5000
y = y0 e −0.0001216(5000) ≈ 0.5444 y0 y ≈ 0.5444 approximately 54.44% remains
y
0
48. From Exercise 45, k ≈ 0.0001216 for carbon-14. Thus, c = c0 e −0.0001216t (0.995)c0 = c0 e−0.0001216t
ln(0.995)
t = −0.0001216 ≈ 41 years old
ln 2 5730ln(0.15)
49. e −(ln 2/5730)t = 0.15 − t = ln(0.15) t = − ≈ 15,683 years
5730 ln 2
9 = 25 = 5 , tanh x = sinh x = ( 4 ) = − 3 ,
−3
( )
2
1. sinh x = − 34 cosh x = 1 + sinh 2 x = 1 + − 34 = 1 + 16 16 4 cosh x (5) 5
4
coth x = 1
tanh x
= − 53 , sech x = 1
cosh x
= 4,
5
and csch x = 1
sinh x
= − 43
sech x = 1
cosh x
= 53 , and csch x = 1
sinh x
= 3
4
( 158 ) = 8 ,
3. cosh x = 17
15
, x > 0 sinh x = cosh 2 x − 1 = ( )
17 2
15
−1 = 289
225
−1 = 64
225
= 15
8 , tanh x = sinh x
cosh x
=
( 1715 ) 17
coth x = 1
tanh x
= 17
8
, sech x = 1
cosh x
= 17
15 , and csch x = 1
sinh x
= 15
8
ln x
5. 2cosh (ln x) = 2 e +2e(− ln x
)
= elnx + ln1 x = x + 1x
e
x2 − 1
−2ln x 2 −2
2 ln x ln x ln x
x2 x 4 −1
6. sinh (2 ln x) = e −2e = e −2e = =
2 2 x2
e5 x + e −5 x e5 x − e −5 x −3 x −3 x
8. cosh 3 x − sinh 3x = e +2e − e −2e = e−3 x
3x 3x
7. cosh 5 x + sinh 5 x = 2
+ 2
= e5 x
( ) = (e )
4
x −x x −x x 4
9. (sinh x + cosh x)4 = e −2e + e +2e = e4 x
( ) −( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
= 14 e x + e − x + e x − e− x e x + e − x − e x − e− x
−x
x
12. cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = e +2e e x − e− x
2
= 1
4 ( 2e )( 2e ) = 14 ( 4e ) = 14 (4) = 1
x −x 0
13. y = 6sinh 3x
dy
dx (
= 6 cosh 3x )( 13 ) = 2 cosh 3x
14. y = 12 sinh ( 2 x + 1)
dy
dx
= 1
2 [cosh(2 x + 1)] (2) = cosh(2 x + 1)
dy
17. y = ln(sinh z ) dz = cosh z = coth z
sinh z
dy
18. y = ln(cosh z ) dz = cosh
sinh z = tanh z
z
23. ( )
y = x 2 + 1 sech ( ln x ) = x 2 + 1 ( )( e ln x
2
+ e− ln x
) = ( x + 1) ( 2 2
x + x −1
) = ( x + 1) ( ) = 2x
2 2x
x 2 +1
dy
dx
=2
24. ( )
y = 4 x 2 − 1 csch ( ln 2x ) = 4 x 2 − 1 ( )( e ln 2 x
2
− e− ln 2 x
) = ( 4x −1) 2 2
2 x −(2 x )−1
(
= 4 x2 − 1 ) ( 4 x4x−1 ) = 4 x dydx = 4
2
( 12 ) x−1/ 2
25. y = sinh −1 x = sinh −1 x1/2 ( ) dy
= = 1
2 x 1+ x
= 1
2 x (1+ x )
( )
dx 1/ 2 2
1+ x
( 12 )( x+1)−1/ 2
26. y = cosh −1 2 x + 1 = cosh −1 2 ( x + 1) ( 1/2
)
dy
dx
=
(2)
2
2( x +1)1/ 2 −1
= 1
x +1 4 x + 3
= 1
4 x2 + 7 x +3
27. y = (1 − θ ) tanh −1 θ dθ = (1 − θ )
dy
( ) + (−1) tanh
1
1−θ 2
−1
θ = 1+1θ − tanh −1 θ
28.
(
y = (θ 2 + 2θ ) tanh −1 (θ + 1) dθ = θ 2 + 2θ 1 2 + (2θ + 2) tanh −1 (θ + 1)
dy
1−(θ +1)
)
= θ 2+ 2θ + (2θ + 2) tanh −1 (θ + 1) = (2θ + 2) tanh −1 (θ + 1) − 1
2
−θ − 2θ
( 1 )t −1/ 2
29. y = (1 − t ) coth −1 t = (1 − t ) coth −1 t1/2 ( ) dy
dt
= (1 − t ) 2 + (−1) coth −1 t1/2 =
1−( t1/ 2 )2
( ) 1
2 t
− coth −1 t
30. ( )
y = 1 − t 2 coth −1 t
dy
dt (
= 1− t2 ) ( 1−1t ) + ( −2t ) coth −1 t = 1 − 2t coth −1 t
2
−1
y = cos −1 x − x sech −1 x −1 −1 −1 − sech −1 x = − sech −1 x
dy
31. dx
= − x + (1) sech x = + 1
x
2 2 2 2
1− x 1− x 1− x 1− x
( )
1/2
32. y = ln x + 1 − x 2 sech −1 x = ln x + 1 − x 2 sech −1 x
( ) ( )( )
1/2 −1/2
−1 + 1 1 − x 2
dy
dx
= 1x + 1 − x 2 2 2 ( −2 x ) sech −1 x = 1x − 1x − x 2 sech −1 x = − x 2 sech −1 x
x 1− x 1− x 1− x
ln ( ) ( ) 1 θ
1 θ
1
33. y = csch −1 () 2
dθ = − 2 2
dy
2
=−
ln(1) −ln(2)
1 2θ
= ln 2
2θ
θ θ
( 12 ) 1+ ( 12 ) 1+ () 1+ ( 12 )
2
(ln 2)2θ
y = csch −1 2θ dθ = − − ln 2
dy
34. =
θ
2 1+ 2 ( ) θ 2 1+ 22θ
37. (a) If y = tan −1 (sinh x) + C , then dx = cosh 2x = cosh2x = sech x, which verifies the formula
dy
1+ sinh x cosh x
2
38. If y = x2 sech −1 x − 12 1 − x 2 + C , then dx = x sech −1 x + x2 −1 2 + 2 x 2 = x sech −1 x, which verifies the
2 dy
x 1− x 4 1− x
formula
( ) ( ) ( )
40. If y = x tanh −1 x + 12 ln 1 − x 2 + C , then dx = tanh −1 x + x 1 2 + 12 −2 x2 = tanh −1 x, which verifies the
dy
1− x 1− x
formula
= 12 sinh u + C = 12sinh ( 2x − ln 3) + C
44. 4 cosh (3x − ln 2) dx = 43 cosh u du, where u = 3x − ln 2 and du = 3 dx
= 43 sinh u + C = 43 sinh(3x − ln 2) + C
= 7 ln e x /7 + e− x /7 + C
= 3 ln sinh u + C1 = 3 ln sinh θ + C1 = 3 ln eθ / 3
−e −θ / 3
+ C1
3 2
= 3 ln eθ / 3
− e−θ / 3
− 3 ln 2 + C1 = 3 ln eθ / 3
− e−θ / 3
+C
= tanh u + C = tanh x − 12 + C ( )
ln 4 ln 4 15/8 1
51. ln 2 coth x dx = ln 2 cosh x dx =
sinh x 3/4 u
du where u = sinh x, du = cosh x dx;
ln 2 − ln 2 2 −( 1 ) ln 4 − ln 4 4−( 1 )
x = ln 2 u = sinh(ln 2) = e −2e = 2 2 = 34 , x = ln 4 u = sinh(ln 4) = e −2e = 2 4 = 15
8
= [ ln | u |]3/4 = ln
15/8 15
8
− ln 3
4
= ln 15 . 4
8 3
= ln 25
ln 2 ln 2 sinh 2 x 1 17/8 1
52. 0 tanh 2 x dx =
0 cosh 2 x
dx = 2 1 u
du where u = cosh 2 x, du = 2sinh (2 x) dx,
= 1
2 [ ln | u | 1 ]
17/8
= 1 ln 17
2 8 ( ) − ln1 =
1
2
ln 17
8
( ) dθ = ( e
− ln 2
53.
− ln2
−ln4 2e
θ
cosh θ dθ =
− ln 2
− ln 4
2eθ eθ + e −θ
2
− ln 2
− ln 4
2θ
)
+ 1 dθ = e 2 + θ
2θ
− ln 4
= ( e −2 ln 2
2 )(
− ln 2 − e −2 ln 4
2
− ln 4 = ) ( 81 − ln 2) − ( 321 − ln 4) = 323 − ln 2 + 2ln 2 = 323 + ln 2
( ) dθ = 2 (1 − e ) dθ = 2 θ +
ln 2
ln 2
4e−θ sinh θ dθ =
ln 2
4e−θ eθ − e−θ ln 2 −2θ e−2θ
54. 0 0 2 0 2 0
(
= 2 ln 2 + e
−2 ln 2
2 ) − ( 0 + ) = 2 ( ln 2 +
e0
2
1−1
8 2 ) = 2 ln 2 + 14 − 1 = ln 4 − 43
π /4 1
55. −π /4 cosh(tan θ ) sec
2
θ dθ = cosh u du where u = tan θ , du = sec2 θ dθ , x = − π4 u = −1, x = π4 u = 1,
−1
π /2 1
56. 0 2sinh(sin θ ) cos θ dθ = 2 sinh u du where u = sin θ , du = cos θ dθ , x = 0 u = 0, x = π2 u = 1
0
2 cosh(ln t ) ln 2
57. 1 t
dt =
0
cosh u du where u = ln t , du = 1t dt , x = 1 u = 0, x = 2 u = ln 2
eln 2 −e − ln 2 2 − 12
= [sinh u ]0
ln 2
= sinh(ln 2) − sinh(0) = 2
−0 = 2
= 3
4
4 8cosh x 2
58. 1 dx = 16 cosh u du where u = x = x1/2 , du = 12 x −1/2 dx = dx , x = 1 u = 1, x = 4 u = 2
x 1 2 x
60. 0
ln10
4sinh 2 ( 2x ) dx = 0ln10 4 ( cosh2 x−1 ) dx = 20ln10 (cosh x − 1)dx = 2 [sinh x − x]0ln10
= 2 ( sinh(ln 10) − ln 10 ) − (sinh 0 − 0) = eln10 − e − ln10 − 2 ln10 = 10 − 10
1 − 2ln10 = 9.9 − 2ln10
61. sinh −1 12 ( )
−5 = ln − 5 +
12 ( 25
144 )
+ 1 = ln ( 23 ) 62. cosh −1 ( 53 ) = ln ( 53 + 25 − 1
9 ) = ln 3
( )
63. tanh −1 − 12 = 12 ln 1+(1/2) = − ln33 ( 1− (1/2)
) 64. coth −1 (1/4) ) 2
( 54 ) = 12 ln ( (9/4) = 1 ln 9 = ln 3
2 3 2 3
67. (a) 0 dx = sinh −1 2x = sinh −1 3 − sinh 0 = sinh −1 3
4+ x 2 0
(b) sinh −1 3 = ln ( 3 + 3 + 1 = ln ) ( 3+2 )
1/3 1 dx
68. (a) 0 6dx
1+9 x 2
= 2
0 a 2 +u 2
, where u = 3x, du = 3 dx, a =1
( ) = 2sinh −1 1
1
= 2sinh −1 u = 2 sinh −1 1 − sinh −1 0
0
(b) 2sinh −1 1 = 2ln 1 + 12 + 1 = 2ln 1 + 2
( )
2 2
5/4 1−1x2 dx = coth x = coth −1 2 − coth −1 54
−1
69. (a)
5/4
(b) coth −1 2 − coth −1 54 = 12 ln 3 − ln
( 9/4
1/4 ) 2
= 1 ln 1
3
1/2 1 1/2
70. (a) 0 dx = tanh −1 x = tanh −1 12 − tanh −1 0 = tanh −1 12
1− x 2 0
+ ( )
(b) tanh −1 12
1 1/2
= 12 ln = ln 3
1
1−(1/2 ) 2
3/13 12/13
71. (a) 1/5 dx
x 1−16 x 2
=
4/5
du
u a 2 −u 2
, u = 4 x, du = 4 dx, a = 1
12/13
= −sech −1u = −sech −1 12 + sech −1 45
4/5 13
(b) −sech −1 12
13
1+ 1−(12/13) 2
+ sech −1 54 = − ln (12/13)
1+
+ ln
1− (4/5)2
(4/5)
= − ln
( 13+ 169 −144
12 ) + ln ( 5+ 25−16
4 )
= ln ( 5+43 ) − ln ( 1312+5 ) = ln 2 − ln 23 = ln ( 2 ⋅ 23 ) = ln 34
(b) 1
2 ( csch −1 12 − csch −11) = 12 ln ( 2 + (1/2)
5/4
) − ln (1 + 2 ) = 12 ln ( 12++ 25 )
π 0
0 dx =
cos x
73. (a) 1 du where u = sin x, du = cos x dx;
1+sin x 2 0 1+u 2
0
= sinh −1 u = sinh −1 0 − sinh −1 0 = 0
0
(
(b) sinh −1 0 − sinh −1 0 = ln 0 + 0 + 1 − ln 0 + 0 + 1 = 0 ) ( )
e 1 du
74. (a) 1 dx
x 1+ (ln x ) 2
=
0 a 2 +u 2
, where u = ln x, du = 1x dx, a = 1
1
= sinh −1 u = sinh −1 1 − sinh −1 0 = sinh −1 1
0
ey = 2 x ± 4 x2 + 4
e y = x + x 2 + 1 sinh −1 x = y = ln x + x 2 + 1 ⋅ Since e y > 0, we cannot choose
2
e y = x − x 2 + 1 because x − x 2 + 1 < 0.
mg gk mg 2 gk gk 2 gk
77. (a) v = tanh t dv = sech t = g sech t . Thus
k m dt k
m m m
gk gk
m dv = mg sech 2 t = mg 1 − tanh 2 t = mg − kv 2 . Also, since tanh x = 0 when x = 0, v = 0
dt m m
when t = 0.
mg kg mg kg mg mg
(b) lim v = lim tanh m
t = lim tanh m
t = (1) =
t →∞ t →∞ k k t →∞ k k
160,000
(c) 160
0.005
= 5
= 400 = 80 5 ≈ 178.89 ft/sec
5
78. (a) s(t ) = a cos kt + b sin kt ds = −ak sin kt + bk cos kt d 2s = −ak 2 cos kt − bk 2 sin kt
dt dt 2
= −k 2 (a cos kt + b sin kt ) = −k 2 s(t ) acceleration is proportional to s. The negative constant −k 2
implies that the acceleration is directed toward the origin.
(b) s(t ) = a cosh kt + b sinh kt ds = ak sinh kt + bk cosh kt d 2s = ak 2 cosh kt + bk 2 sinh kt
dt dt 2
= k 2 (a cosh kt + b sinh kt ) = k s (t ) acceleration is proportional to s. The positive constant k2 implies
2
79. V = π
0
2
( cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x )dx = π 1 dx = 2π
2
0
ln 3 3− (1/ 3 )
80. V = 2π sech 2 x dx = 2π [ tanh x ]0
ln 3
= 2π =π
3 +(1/ 3 )
0
ln 5 ln 5 ln 5
81. y = 12 cosh 2 x y ′ = sinh 2 x L = 1 + (sinh 2 x) 2 dx = cosh 2 x dx = 12 sinh 2 x
0 0 0
( )
ln 5
= 12
e2 x − e −2 x
2
0
(
= 14 5 − 15 = 65 )
ex − 1
−x ex − 1
x
1 1− 1
lim e ⋅
x
82. (a) lim tanh x = lim e x −e− x = lim ex
= ex
= lim e2 x
= 11−+00 = 1
e x + 1x x →∞ e x 1 +
1 1
x →∞ x →∞ e + e x →∞ x →∞ 1
ex e2 x
e ex
ex − 1
ex − 1
x
(b) lim tanh x = lim e x − e− x = lim ex
= lim ex e
⋅ x = lim e 2 x −1 = 0−1 = −1
x →−∞
x
x →−∞ e + e
−x
x →−∞ e x + 1x x →−∞ e x + 1 e
2x
x →−∞ e +1 0 +1
e ex
e x − ex
( − ) = ∞−0 = ∞
1
(c) lim sinh x = lim e x −e− x = lim = lim ex 1
x →∞ x →∞ 2 x →∞ 2 x →∞ 2 2ex
ex + 1
−x ex + 1
x
1 1+ 1
lim e ⋅
x
(f ) lim coth x = lim e x +e− x = lim ex
= ex
= lim e2 x
= 11+−00 = 1
x →∞ e − 1
−
x 1 1 1
x →∞ x →∞ e − e x →∞ e − x x x →∞ 1
ex e2 x
e ex
MARCELIO
Mudable y fiero Amor, que mi
ventura
pusiste en la alta cumbre,
do no llega mortal
merescimiento.
Mostraste bien tu natural
costumbre,
quitando mi tristura,
para doblarla y dar mayor
tormento.
Dejaras descontento
el corazón: que menos daño
fuera
vivir en pena fiera
que recebir un gozo no
pensado,
con tan penosas lástimas
borrado.
DIANA
No te debe espantar que de tal
suerte
el niño poderoso
tras un deleite envíe dos mil
penas.
Que á nadie prometió firme
reposo,
sino terrible muerte,
llantos, congojas, lágrimas,
cadenas.
En Libya las arenas,
ni en el hermoso Abril las
tierras flores
no igualan los dolores
con que rompe el Amor un
blando pecho,
y aun no queda con ello
satisfecho.
MARCELIO
Antes del amoroso
pensamiento
ya tuve conoscidas
las mañas con que Amor
captiva y mata.
Mas él no sólo aflige nuestras
vidas,
mas el conoscimiento
de los vivos juicios arrebata.
Y el alma ansí maltrata,
que tarde y mal y por
incierta vía
allega una alegría,
y por dos mil caminos los
pesares
sobre el perdido cargan á
millares.
DIANA
Si son tan manifiestos los
engaños
con que el Amor nos
prende,
¿por qué á ser presa el
alma se presenta?
Si el blando corazón no se
defiende
de los terribles daños,
¿por qué después se queja
y se lamenta?
Razón es que consienta
y sufra los dolores de
Cupido
aquel que ha consentido
al corazón la flecha y la
cadena:
que el mal no puede darnos
sino pena.
Soneto.
Dicen que Amor juró que no
estaria
sin los mortales celos un
momento,
y la Belleza nunca hacer
assiento,
do no tenga Soberbia en
compañía.
Dos furias son, que el bravo
infierno envía,
bastantes á enturbiar todo
contento:
la una el bien de amor
vuelve en tormento,
la otra de piedad la alma
desvía.
Perjuro fué el Amor y la
Hermosura
en mí y en vos, haciendo
venturosa
y singular la suerte de mi
estado.
Porque después que vi
vuestra figura,
ni vos fuistes altiva, siendo
hermosa,
ni yo celoso, siendo
enamorado.
Fué tal el contento que tuvo mi
Alcida cuando le dije este soneto,
entendiendo por él la fineza de mi
voluntad, que mil veces se le
cantaba, sabiendo que con ello le
era muy agradable. Y
verdaderamente, pastora, tengo
por muy grande engaño, que un
monstruo tan horrendo como los
celos se tenga por cosa buena,
con decir que son señales de
amor y que no están sino en el
corazón enamorado. Porque á
essa cuenta podremos decir que
la calentura es buena, pues es
señal de vida y nunca está sino
en el cuerpo vivo. Pero lo uno y lo
otro son manifiestos errores, pues
no dan menor pesadumbre los
celos que la fiebre. Porque son
pestilencia de las almas, frenesía
de los pensamientos, rabia que
los cuerpos debilita, ira que el
espíritu consume, temor que los
ánimos acobarda y furia que las
voluntades enloquesce. Mas para
que juzgues ser los celos cosa
abominable, imagina la causa
dellos, y hallarás que no es otra
sino un apocado temor de lo que
no es ni será, un vil menosprecio
del propio merescimiento y una
sospecha mortal, que pone en
duda la fe y la bondad de la cosa
querida. No pueden, pastora, con
palabras encarescerse las penas
de los celos, porque son tales,
que sobrepujan de gran parte los
tormentos que acompañan el
amor. Porque en fin, todos, sino
él, pueden y suelen parar en
admirables dulzuras y contentos,
que ansí como la fatigosa sed en
el tiempo caloroso hace parescer
más sabrosas las frescas aguas,
y el trabajo y sobresalto de la
guerra hace que tengamos en
mucho el sossiego de la paz, ansí
los dolores de Cupido sirven para
mayor placer en la hora que se
rescibe un pequeño favor, y
cuando quiera que se goze de un
simple contentamiento. Mas estos
rabiosos celos esparcen tal
veneno en los corazones, que
corrompe y gasta cuantos deleites
se le llegan. A este propósito, me
acuerdo que yo oí contar un día á
un excelente músico en Lisbona
delante del Rey de Portugal un
soneto que decía ansi:
Soneto.
Cuantas estrellas tieue el alto
cielo
fueron en ordenar mi
desventura,
y en la tierra no hay prado ni
verdura
que pueda en mi dolor
darme consuelo.
Amor subjecto al miedo, en
puro hielo
convierte el alma triste ¡ay,
pena dura!
que á quien fué tan contraria
la ventura,
vivir no puede un hora sin
recelo.
La culpa de mi pena es justo
darte
á ti, Montano, á ti mis quejas
digo,
alma cruel, do no hay
piedad alguna.
Porque si tú estuvieras de mi