LAB MANUAL

CS3271 Programming in C Laboratory

Year / Semester: I / 02
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CS3271 PROGRAMMING IN C LABORATORY LTPC

0042

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. I/O statements, operators, expressions

2. Decision-making constructs: if-else, goto, switch-case, break-continue

3. Loops: for, while, do-while

4. Arrays: 1D and 2D, Multi-dimensional arrays, traversal

5. Strings: operations

6. Functions: call, return, passing parameters by (value, reference), passing arrays to

function.

7. Recursion

8. Pointers: Pointers to functions, Arrays, Strings, Pointers to Pointers, Array of

Pointers

9. Structures: Nested Structures, Pointers to Structures, Arrays of Structures and Unions.

10. Files: reading and writing, File pointers, file operations, random access,
processor directives.

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
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C Programs to demonstrate I/O Statements, Operators & Expressions

Ex.No.1(a) Date:
Aim:
To write a C program to find area and circumference of a circle.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Input the radius of the Circle.
Step 3: Find the area and circumference of the circle using the formula
Area =3.14*r*r
Circum=2*3.14*r
Step 4: Print the area and
Circumference Step 5: Stop the
Program

PROGRAM: (AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CIRCLE)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float r,area,circum;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the radius of the Circle");
scanf("%f",&r);
area=3.14*r*r;
circum=2*3.14*r;
printf("\n Area=%f",area);
printf("\n Circumference=%f",circum);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the radius of the Circle 5
Area = 78.500000
Circumference = 31.400000

RESULT:
Thus the C program to find the area and circumference of the circle has been created successfully
and verified.
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Ex.No.1(b) Date:
To swap two numbers without using temporary variable

Aim: To write a C program to swap two numbers using temporary variable.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Input the first number and second number.
Step 3: Swap the numbers without using temporary variable
num1=num1+num2
num2=num1-num2
num1=num1-num2
Step 4: Print the first number and second
number. Step 5: Stop the Program

PROGRAM (SWAP TWO NUMBERS WITHOUT USING TEMPORARY VARIABLE)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num1,num2;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter the first
number:”) ;
;;;;;;scanf(“%d”,&num1);
printf(“\n Enter the second
number:”) scanf(“%d”,&num2);
num1=num1+num2;
num2=num1-num2;
num1=num1-num2;
printf(“\n The first number is %d”,num1);
printf(“\n The second number is
%d”,num2);
}

Output:
Enter the first number: 50
Enter the Second number:
75

The first number is 75

The second number is
50

RESULT:
Thus the C program to swap two numbers without using temporary variable has been created
successfully and verified.
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Ex.No.1(c) Date:
To Convert Fahrenheit into degree

Celsius Aim: To write a C program to convert Fahrenheit into degree

Celsius.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Input the temperature in fahrenheit.
Step 3: Calculate the temperature in Celsius using below
formula celsius=(0.56)*(Fahrenheit-32);
Step 4: Print the temperature in degree
celsius. Step 5: Stop the Program

PROGRAM (CONVERT FAHRENHEIT INTO DEGREE CELSIUS)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float fahrenheit,celsius;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter the temperature in Fahrenheit:
);;;;;
scanf(“%f”,&fahrenheit);
celsius=(0.56)*(Fahrenheit-32);
printf(“\n Temperature in Degree Celsius is %f “,celsius);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter the temperature in Fahrenheit:

32 Temperature in Degree Celsius is 0

RESULT:
Thus the C program to convert Fahrenheit into Degree Celsius has been created successfully and
verified.
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C Programs to demonstrate Decision Making Constructs

Ex.No.2(a) Date:

Demonstration on if…else construct

Aim:
To write a C program to find largest of three numbers.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare variables a,b and
c. Step 3: Read variables a,b and c.
Step 4: If a>b & If a>c
Display a is the largest
number. Else
Display c is the largest number.
Else If b>c
Display b is the largest
number. Else
Display c is the greatest number.
Step 5: Stop the program.

PROGRAM (LARGEST OF THREE NUMBERS)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
printf("Enter the values of A,B and C:
"); scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
if (a > b && a > c)
{
printf("A is Greater than B and C");
}
else if (b > a && b > c)
{
printf("B is Greater than A and C");
}
else if (c > a && c > b)
{
printf("C is Greater than A and B");
}
else
{
printf("all are equal or any two values are equal");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the values of A,B and C: 3 5 8
C is Greater than A and B
RESULT:
Thus the C program to find largest of three numbers has been created successfully and verified.
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Ex.No.2(b) Demonstration on “goto” statement Date:

AIM:
To write a C Program to check for age eligibility on voting.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read age.
Step 3: Check the condition, if age>18
Step 4: if true, then go to the label, “yes” and print the statement.
Step 5: Else, go to the label, “no” and print the statement.
Step 6: Stop the program.

PROGRAM: (FINDING THE ELIGIBILITY FOR VOTING)

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
yes: //label name
printf("you are Eligible\n");
no: //label name
printf("you are not Eligible");
printf("Enter your age:");
scanf("%d", &age);
if(age>=18)
goto yes; //goto label g
else
goto no; //goto label s
}

Output:-1

Enter your age: 32

You are Eligible
Output:-1

Enter your age: 16

You are not
Eligible

RESULT:
Thus the C program to demonstrate on goto label has been created successfully and verified.
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Ex.No.2(c) Demonstration on “switch” statement Date:

AIM:
To write a C program for demonstrating arithmetic operations using switch case statement.

ALGORITHM:

Step-1 Start the program.

Step-2 Display menu showing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
operation. Step-3 Get the values for two variables
Step-4 Obtain the choice from the user and accordingly switch over to particular
block. Step-5 Display the result.
Step-6 If the user wishes to continue repeat steps 2 and
3 Step-7 Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, c, n;
clrscr();
printf(“1. Addition\n”);
printf(“2. Subtraction\n”);
printf(“3. Multiplication\n”);
printf(“4. Division\n”);
printf(“0. Exit\n”);
printf(“Enter your choice : “);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“Enter the two numbers
:”); scanf(“%d,%d”,&a,&b);
switch(n)
{

case
1: c = a + b;
printf(“Addition :%d\n”,c);
break;
case
2:
c = a – b;
printf(“Subtraction :%d\n”,c);
break;
case 3:
c = a * b;
printf(“Multiplication :%d\n”,c);
break;
case 4:
c = a / b;
printf(“Division :%d\n”,c);
break;
case 0:
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exit(0);
break;
}

getch();
}

OUTPUT:

1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
0. Exit

Enter Your Choice : 1

Enter the 2 nos a and 2 8
b:
Addition : 10.

Enter Your Choice : 2

Enter the 2 nos a and 5 2

b: Subtraction : 3.

Enter Your Choice : 3

Enter the 2 nos a and 2 8
b: Multiplication : 16.

Enter Your Choice : 4.

Enter the 2 nos a and 8 4
b: Division : 2.

Enter Your Choice : 0.

Exit.

Result: Thus to write a C program for demonstrating arithmetic operations using switch case statement was
compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No.2(d) Demonstration on “break - continue” statement Date:

AIM:
To write a C Program to take the inputs until entering zero using break statement.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Using while loop till false, Read the value,
a Step 4: Check the condition, if a==0 then
Step 5: if true, exit from the executions
Step 6: Else, ask for reading the value
Step 7: Stop the program.

PROGRAM: (Taking input from the user until entering zero)

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a;
while (1)
{
printf("Enter the
number:"); scanf("%d",
&a);
if ( a == 0 )
printf(“Bye”);
break;
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the
number:2 Enter
the number:3
Enter the
number:4 Enter
the number:5
Enter the
number:0 Bye

RESULT:
Thus the C program to take the inputs until entering zero using break statement has been created
successfully and verified.
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Ex.No.2(e) Demonstration on “break - continue” statement Date:

AIM:
To write a C Program to print sum of odd numbers upto 10 using continue statement.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Initialize a=0,
sum=0
Step 3: Using for loop with condition
a<10 Step 4: check the condition a%2==0
then
Step 5: If true, move to the beginning of the for loop
Step 6: Else, calculate sum=sum + a
Step 7: Repeat the steps 4 to 6, until for loop is
satisfied Step 8: Print the sum
Step 9: Stop the program.

PROGRAM: (Sum of odd numbers upto 10)

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a,sum = 0;
for (a = 0; a < 10; a++)
{

if ( a % 2 == 0 )
continue;
sum = sum + a;
}
printf("Sum = %d",sum);
return 0;
}

Output:

Sum = 25

RESULT:
Thus the C program to print sum of odd numbers upto 10 using continue statement has been created
successfully and verified.
Ex.No. 3 Demonstration on Looping Statements

AIM:To print the number series up to the given limit (using for loop)

To write a C program to print the number series up to the given limit n.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the limit, n
Step 3: Using for loop, initialize i =0 to i<n
Step 4: Print the value n
Step 5: Repeat the steps 3 & 4 till loop is
satisfied. Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM (To Print the number series up to the given limit n)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, n;
printf(“Enter the
limit:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter the limit 10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Result: Thus a C program to print the number series up to the given limit n was compiled and executed
successfully.
Ex.No. 3 Demonstration on Looping Statements Date:
(b) To print the sum of series up to given limit (using while loop)

AIM:

To write a C program to find sum of series up to given limit, n.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the limit, n
Step 3: Using while loop, initialize i =0 check i<n
Step 4: if true, sum = sum + i, increment i = i + 1
Step 5: Repeat the steps 3 & 4 till loop is
satisfied. Step 6: Print the value of Sum
Step 7: Stop the program

PROGRAM (To Print the sum of number series up to the given limit n)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0, n, sum=0;
printf(“Enter the
limit:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
while (i<=n)
{
Sum = sum + i;
i= i + 1;
}
printf(“Sum of series upto %d is %d”,n,sum);
return 0;
}

Output: - 1

Enter the limit 10

Sum of series upto 5 is 15

Output: -

Enter the limit 10

Sum of series upto 5 is 55

Result: Thus a C program to print the sum of number series up to the given limit n was compiled and
executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 3 Demonstration on Looping Statements

(c) To print the even numbers up to given limit (using do..while loop)
AIM:
To write a C program to print the even numbers up to limit, n.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the limit, n, sum=0
Step 3: Using do while loop, initialize i =0 to i<n
Step 4: Print the i value and increment i = i + 2
Step 5: Repeat the steps 3 & 4 till loop is
satisfied. Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM (To Print the even numbers up to the given limit n)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0, n, sum=0;
printf(“Enter the
limit:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
do
{

i= i + 2;
print( i );
}(while i<=n)
printf(“Sum of series upto %d is %d”,n,sum);
return 0;
}

Output: - 1

Enter the limit 15

2
4
6
8
10
12
14

Result: Thus a C program to print the even numbers up to the given limit n was compiled and executed
successfully.
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Ex.No. 4 Demonstration on Arrays

(a) To print sum of array elements using one dimensional array

AIM:
To write a C program to print sum of array elements using one dimensional array

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the limit, n
Step 3: Using for loop, initialize i =0 to i<n
Step 4: Print the value n
Step 5: Repeat the steps 3 & 4 till loop is
satisfied. Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM (To Print sum of given array elements up to the given limit n)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5],i=0, n, sum=0;
printf(“Enter the limit:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
printf(“Enter the number: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
sum = sum +
a[i]; i = i + 1;
}
printf(“Sum of the given array numbers is
%d”,sum); return 0;
}

Output: - 1

Enter the limit 5

Enter the number: 10

Enter the number: 20
Enter the number: 30
Enter the number: 40
Enter the number: 50

Sum of the given array numbers is 150

Result: Thus a C program to print sum of given array elements up to the given limit n was compiled and
executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 4 Demonstration on Arrays

(b) To demonstrate on Matrix Addittion using two dimensional array

Aim:
To write a C program for matrix Addition.
Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Enter the row and column of the
matrix Step 3: Enter the element of A matrix
Step 4: Enter the element of B matrix
Step 5: Read matrix values in a[i][j] &
b[i] Step 6: Print the A matrix in matrix
form Step 7: Print the B matrix in matrix
form
Step 8: Set a loop up to the row and inner loop upto the column
Step 9: Add the elements of the matrix c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]
Step 10: Set a loop to print matrix values in c[i][j]
Step 11: Stop the program

PROGRAM (FOR MATRIX ADDITION)

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[25][25],b[25][25],c[25][25],i,j,m,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the rows and column of two matrix:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\n Enter the elements of A
matrix:”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("\nEnter the elements of B matrix:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for( j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\nThe elements of A
matrix"); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n"); for(j=0;j<n;j+
+) printf("\t%d",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\nThe elements of B matrix");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n"); for(j=0;j<n;j+
+) printf("\t%d",b[i][j]);
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}
printf("\nThe addition of two matrices");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf("\t%d",c[i][j]);
}
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the rows and column of two matrix: 3 3

Enter the elements of A matrix: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Enter the elements of B matrix: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The elements of A matrix

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

The elements of B matrix

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

The addition of two matrices

2 4 6
8 10 12
14 16 18

Result: Thus a C program to implement matrix addition was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 4 Demonstration on Arrays

(c) To print the position of elements stored in Multi dimensional array

Aim:
To write a C program to print the position of elements stored in Multi dimensional array.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the table, rows and columns
Step 3: Assign the values for the Employees [2][2][3]
Step 4: Using for loop, with tables, rows and
columns Step 5: print the each element with the
position.
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM ( FOR MULTI DIMENSIONAL ARRAY)

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int tables, rows, columns;
int Employees[2][2][3] = { { {9, 99, 999}, {8, 88, 888} },
{ {225, 445, 665}, {333, 555, 777} }
};

for (tables = 0; tables < 2; tables++)

{

for (rows = 0; rows < 2; rows++)

{

for (columns =0; columns < 3; columns++)

{

printf("Employees[%d][%d][%d] = %d\n", tables, rows, columns,

Employees[tables][rows][columns]);
}
}
}
return 0;
}
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OUTPUT:

Employees [0][0][0] = 9
Employees [0][0][1] = 99
Employees [0][0][2] = 999
Employees [0][1][0] = 8
Employees [0][1][1] = 88
Employees [0][1][2] = 888
Employees [0][2][0] = 225
Employees [0][2][1] = 445
Employees [0][2][2] = 665
Employees [0][0][0] = 333
Employees [0][0][0] = 555
Employees [0][0][0] = 777

Result: Thus a C program to print the position of elements stored in Multi dimensional array was compiled
and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 4 Demonstration on Arrays

(d) To traverse the one dimensional array (Reaching all the elements)

Aim:
To write a C program to demonstrate on the traversal of one dimensional array.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the number of elements
Step 3: Read one dimensional arrays with values
Step 4: Using for loop with variable i, check the condition i<n
Step 5: Print the element
Step 6: Repeat steps 4 & 5 till the loop
ends Step 7: Stop the program

PROGRAM ( TRAVERSING ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAY)

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[6]={10,20,30,40,50,60};
int i;
for (i=0; i<6; i++)
{
printf(“Element in position[%d] is %d”,i+1,a[i]);
}
}

OUTPUT:

Element in position[1] is 10
Element in position[2] is 20
Element in position[3] is 30
Element in position[4] is 40
Element in position[5] is 50
Element in position[6] is 60

Result:
Thus a C program to traverse the one dimensional array was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 5(a) Demonstration on Operation of Strings using Built in Functions

To find the length of the given string

Aim:
To write a C program to find the length of the given string.
Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the string
Step 3: Using the builtin function strlen(), find the length.
Step 4: Print the length of the given string
Step 5: Stop the program

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20];
int len;
printf("Enter the string: ");
scanf("%s",&str1);
len=strlen(str1);
printf("Length of the given string %s is %d",str1,len);
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the string: vimalraj

Length of the given string vimalraj is 8

Result:
Thus a C program to find the length of the given string was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 5(b) Demonstration on Operation of Strings using Built in Functions

To copy from one string to another string

Aim:
To write a C program to copy the one string to another string.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the string
Step 3: Using the builtin function, strcpy(), copy to the new string
Step 4: print the new string
Step 5: Stop the program

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20],str2[20];
int len;
printf("Enter the string");
scanf("%s",&str1);
strcpy(str2,str1);
printf("Copied New String is %s",str2);
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the string: vimal

Copied New String is

vimal Result:

Thus a C program to copy from one string to another string was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 5(c) C.Concatenate two string (join)

Aim:
To write a C program to concatenate two strings.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read two strings separately.
Step 3: Using the builtin function, strcat(), join the strings
Step 4: print the concatenated string
Step 5: Stop the program

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20],str2[20];
int len;
printf("Enter the string1: ");
scanf("%s",&str1);
printf("Enter the string2: ");
scanf("%s",&str2);
strcat(str1,str2);
printf("Copied New String is %s",str1);
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the string1: Vimalraj

Enter the string2: Raja

Copied New String is VimalrajRaja

Result:

Thus a C program to concatenate two strings was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 5(d) To compare two strings are same

Aim:
To write a C program to compare two strings are same or not.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read two strings separately.
Step 3: Using the builtin function, strcmp(), compare the
strings Step 4: if ascii value is 0, print it is same
Step 5: Else, print not same
Step 5: Stop the program

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20],str2[20];
int comp;
printf("Enter the string1: ");
scanf("%s",&str1);
printf("Enter the string2: ");
scanf("%s",&str2);
comp=strcmp(str1,str2);
if (comp==0)
{
printf("Two strings are same");
}
else
{
printf("Two strings are not same");
}
}
OUTPUT:-1
Enter the string1:
Vimal Enter the
string2: Vimal Two
strings are same
OUTPUT:-2
Enter the string1: Vimal
Enter the string2: Kamal
Two strings are not
same

Result:

Thus a C program to compare two strings to check same or not was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 5(e) To reverse the given string

Aim:
To write a C program to reverse the given string.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the string
Step 3: Using the builtin function strrev()
Step 4: Print the reverse of the given string
Step 5: Stop the program

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20],rec[20];
printf("Enter the string: ");
scanf("%s",&str1);
printf("Reverse of the given string is %s”,strrev(str));
}

OUTPUT:

Enter the string: vimalraj

Reverse of the given string is jarlamiv

Result:
Thus a C program to find the reverse of the given string was compiled and executed successfully.
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Ex.No. 6 FUNCTIONS – Function call

(a) To search an element using linear search

Aim:
To write a C program to search an element in a given array using linear search.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read no. of elements and enter the
values. Step 3: Read the searching element.
Step 4: Call the function,
linear() Step 5: Stop the
program
Function:
Step 4.1: Read i, and flag=0
Step 4.2: Using for loop, check the condition if x==a[i]
Step 4.3: if true, flag=1, break and print element is found
Step 4.4: Else, print element is not found.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void linear(int [ ], int, int);
main()
{
int i, n, x, a[20];
printf(“Enter how many elements:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“\n Enter the
elements”); for ( i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d\n”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“\n Enter the element to
search:”); scanf(“%d”,&x);
linear(a.n,x); // Function call
}
void linear(int a[ ], int n, int x)
{
int i, flag=0;
for(i=0; i<n; i+
+)
{
if ( x == a[i])
{
flag = 1;
break;
}
}

if (flag = = 1)
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

{
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

printf(“\n Element %d is found in the position %d”,a[i], i+1);

else
printf(“\n The element is not found in the list”);
}

OUTPUT-1:

Enter how many elements: 8

Enter the elements: 50
20
60
30
10
80
90
70

Ent er the element to search: 30

Element 30 is found in the position

OUTPUT-2:

Enter how many elements: 8

Enter the elements: 50
20
60
30
10
80
90
70

Ent er the element to search: 100

The element is not found

Result:
Thus a C program to search an element using linear search was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 6 FUNCTIONS – Return Value

(b) To find square of a number

Aim:
To write a C program to find square of a given number.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the
number.
Step 3: Pass the value to the function
Step 4: Return the value to the main
program Step 5: Print the value
Step 6: Stop the program
Function:
Step 3.1: Read the value
Step 3.2: Return the
value

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
int square(int);
void main()
{
int sq, n;
printf(“ Enter the
number””); scanf(“%d”,&n);
sq = square( n ); // Function Call
printf(“Square of %d is
%d”,n,sq);
}
int square(int n)
{
return n * n;
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the number:

9 Square of 9 is 81

Result:
Thus a C program to find square of a number was compiled and executed successfully.
lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 6 FUNCTIONS – Pass by Value

(c) To find cube of a given number

Aim:
To write a C program to find cube for a given number using pass by value.
Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the
number.
Step 3: Pass the value to the function
Step 4: Return the value to the main
program Step 5: Print the value
Step 6: Stop the program
Function:
Step 3.1: Read the value
Step 3.2: Return the
value

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int cube(int);
void main()
{
int c, n;
printf(“ Enter the
number””); scanf(“%d”,&n);
c = cube( n ); // Function Call
printf(“Cube of %d is %d”,n,c);
}
int cube(int n)
{
return n * n * n;
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the number:

5 Cube of 5 is 125

Result:
Thus a C program to find cube of a number using pass by value was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 6 FUNCTIONS – Pass by reference

(d) To add two numbers

Aim:
To write a C program to add two numbers using pass by reference

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the two
values.
Step 3: Call and Pass the values to the
function Step 4: Return the value to the main
program Step 5: Print the value
Step 6: Stop the program
Function:
Step 3.1: Read the value
Step 3.2: Add the two
values Step 3.3: Return the
values

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
int add(int *, int *);
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“ Enter the two numbers””);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
c = add(&a, &b); // Function Call
printf(“Addition is %d”,c);
}
int add(int *x, int *y)
{
int z;
z = *x + *y;
return z;
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the two numbers: 5 10

Addition is 15

Result:

successfully. Thus a C program to add two numbers using pass by reference was compiled and executed
lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 6 FUNCTIONS – Passing Arrays to function

(e) To sort the numbers using bubble sort

Aim:
To write a C program to sort the numbers in ascending order using bubble sort.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read no. of elements and enter the values.
Step 3: Call the function, bubble() and pass the values
Step 4: Print the elements
Step 5: Stop the program
Function:
Step 4.1: Read the array elements
Step 4.2: Using for loop in i, j, check the condition if a[i] > a[j]
Step 4.3: if true, swap the elements
Step 4.4: return the elements after the loop.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
void bubble(int a[],int
n); int a[25], i, j, n,
temp; void main()
{
printf("Enter no.of elements: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
bubble(a, n); // function call
printf("The sorted elements are:
"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("\n
%d",a[i]);
}
void bubble(int a[], int n)
{
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<=n-1;j++)
if(a[i]>a[j])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

OUTPUT:

Enter no. of elements: 10

Enter the elements:

50
20
30
10
100
80
90
70
40
60

The sorted elements are:

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Result:
Thus a C program to sort the numbers in ascending order using bubble sort was compiled and
executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 7 Recursion

(a).To find factorial of a given number using recursion

Aim:
To write a C program to find factorial of a given number using recursion.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Read the number
Step 3: Call the function, fact() and pass the
values Step 4: Print the elements
Step 5: Stop the program
Function:
Step 4.1: Read the value
Step 4.2: Using recursive function, calculate the value
Step 4.3: return the value after the recursive condition.

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
int fact(int );
main()
{
int n;
int f;
printf("\nEnter a number:");
scanf("%d",&num);
f=fact(num);
printf("\nThe factorial value of %d is %d\n",num,fact1);
}
int fact(int n)
{
if(n==1||n==0)
return(1);
else
return(n*fact(n-1));
}

OUTPUT

Enter a number:6

The factorial value of 6 is 720

Result:
Thus a C program to find factorial of a given number using recursion was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 8 POINTERS – Passing pointers to functions

(a) To swap two numbers with passing pointers to functions

Aim:

To write a C program to swap two numbers with passing pointers to functions

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Read the two
values.
Step 3: Call and Pass the values to the function using address
Step 4: Return the value to the main program
Step 5: Print the value
Step 6: Stop the program
Function:
Step 3.1: Read the value
Step 3.2: Swap the values
Step 3.3: Return the
values

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int swap(int *, int *);
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf(“ Enter the two numbers”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
swap(&a, &b); // Function Call
printf(“Now A value is %d”,a);
printf(“Now B value is %d”,b);
}
int swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int z;
z=
*x;
*x = *y;
*y = z;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the two numbers: 5 10
Now A value is 10
Now B value is 20

Result:
Thus a C program to swap two numbers with passing pointers to functions was compiled and
executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 8 POINTERS – Passing pointers to arrays

(b).Printing the array values using pointers

Aim:
To write a C program to print the array values using pointers (Address)

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Initialize array values and declare a pointer variable.
Step 3: Assign array variable to the pointer variable.
Step 4: Using for loop, access the elements with help of pointers
Step 5: Print the value
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()

{
/* an array with 5 elements */
double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};
double *p;
int i;
p = &balance;
/* output each array element's value */
printf( "Array values using pointer\n");
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )

{
printf("*(p + %d) : %f\n", i, *(p + i) );
}
printf( "Array values using balance as address\n");
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )

{
printf("*(balance + %d) : %f\n", i, *(balance + i) );
}
return 0;
}
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

OUTPUT:

Array values using pointer

*(p + 0) : 1000.000000
*(p + 1) : 2.000000
*(p + 2) : 3.400000
*(p + 3) : 17.000000
*(p + 4) : 50.000000
Array values using balance as address
*(balance + 0) : 1000.000000
*(balance + 1) : 2.000000
*(balance + 2) : 3.400000
*(balance + 3) : 17.000000
*(balance + 4) : 50.000000

Result:
Thus a C program to print the array values using pointers was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 8 POINTERS – Passing pointers to strings

(c).To print the string using pointers

Aim:

To write a C program to print the string using pointers.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare and initialize the string.
Step 3: Assign string variable to the pointer variable.
Step 4: Print the normal string variable
Step 5: Print the string with string
pointer Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char Name[] =
"Dinesh"; char*
ptrname = Name;
clrscr();
printf("Name = %s\n",Name);
printf("Name via ptrname = %s\n", ptrname);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Name = Dinesh
Name via ptrname = Dinesh

Result:
Thus a C program to print the string using pointers was compiled and executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 8 POINTERS – Passing pointers to pointers

(d).To print the values using pointers to pointers

Aim:

To write a C program to print the values using pointers to pointers

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare pointers with * and **
Step 3: Intialize a value with a
variable
Step 4: Assign pointer address for the variable.
Step 5: Print the values with pointer with pointers Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()

{
int var;
int *ptr;
int **pptr; var = 3000;
/* take the address of var */
ptr = &var;
/* take the address of ptr using address of operator & */
pptr = &ptr;
/* take the value using pptr */ printf("Value of var = %d\n", var );
printf("Value available at *ptr = %d\n", *ptr );
printf("Value available at **pptr = %d\n", **pptr); return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
Value of var = 3000
Value available at *ptr = 3000
Value available at **pptr =
3000

Result:
Thus a C program to print the values using pointers to pointers was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 8 POINTERS – Array of Pointers

(e).To print the values using array of

pointers Aim:

To write a C program to print the values using array of pointers

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare pointer variable and variable with one dimensional values
Step 3: Initialize a value for one dimensional array
Step 4: Using loop assign the address for the array values
Step 5: Using loop print the values of the array.
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
const int MAX =
3; int main ()

{
int var[] = {10, 100, 200};
int i, *ptr[MAX];
for ( i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
ptr[i] = &var[i]; /* assign the address of integer. */
}
for ( i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
printf("Value of var[%d] = %d\n", i, *ptr[i] );
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
Value of var[0] = 10
Value of var[1] = 100
Value of var[2] = 200

Result:
Thus a C program to print the values using array of pointers was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 9 STRUCTURE – Nested Structure

(a) To print student details using nested structure

Aim:
To write a C program to print the student details with help of nested structure.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare a structure with members
Step 3: Read the values for the members using structure variable.
Step 4: Declare another structure with members joined with old structure
Step 5. Read the values for new structure
Step 6: Print the values using respective structure variables.
Step 5: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
struct student
{
int rno;
char name[25];
char dept[10];
};
struct address
{
int door;
char area[25];
double pincode;
struct student s; //Nested Structure
}a={10,"Tiruttani",631209,1001,"Vimal","CSE"};
int main()
{
printf("Name=%s",a.s.name);
printf("\nRoll number=%d",a.s.rno);
printf("\nDepartment=%s",a.s.dept);
printf("\nDoor No=%d",a.door);
printf("\nArea=%s",a.area); printf("\
nPincode=%2.lf",a.pincode); return
0;
}

OUTPUT-1:
Name=Vimal
Roll number=1001
Department=CSE
Door No=10
Area=Tiruttani
Pincode=631209

Result:
Thus a C program to print student details using nested structure was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 9 STRUCTURE – Pointer to Structure

(b).To print book details using nested structure

Aim:
To write a C program to print the book details with help of pointers to structure.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare a structure with members
Step 3: Read the values for the members using structure variable.
Step 4: Declare structure pointer and assign the address of structure variable.
Step 5. Print the values using member selection operator 
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
struct book
{
char bname[20];
char auname[20];
float price;
int pages;
char publisher[20];
int pubyear;

}b={"Pro C","Kanetkar",590.50,696,"Mcgraw
Hill",2008}; int main()
{
struct book *p;
p=&b;
printf("Book Name=%s",p->bname);
printf("\nAuthor Nanme=%s",p->auname);
printf("\nBook Price=%f",p->price);
printf("\nBook Pages=%d",p->pages);
printf("\nBook Publisher=%s",p->publisher);
printf("\nPublished Year=%d",p->pubyear);
return 0;

}
OUTPUT :
Book Name=Pro C
Author Nanme=Kanetkar
Book Price=590.500000
Book Pages=696
Book Publisher=Mcgraw
Hill Published Year=2008

Result:
Thus a C program to print book details using pointer to structure was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 9 STRUCTURE – Arrays with Structure

(c)To generate EB bill using Arrays with structures

Aim:
To write a C program to generate EB bill using arrays with structure.
Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare a structure with members
Step 3: Declare structure variable with array with size.
Step 4: Read for no. of consumers, n
Step 5: Read the values for the members using structure variable using loop.
Step 6: Print the values using member selection operator 
Step 7: Stop the program

PROGRAM

#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct eb
{
char consumer[20];
int consumerid;
int curread;
int prevread;
int totread;
float price;
}b[10];

int main()
{
int i,n;
printf("Enter how many
consumers:"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the details of the
consumers"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the consumer name:");
scanf("%s",b[i].consumer); printf("\
nEnter the consumer id:");
scanf("%d",&b[i].consumerid);
printf("\nEnter the current reading:");
scanf("%d",&b[i].curread); printf("\
nEnter the previous reading:");
scanf("%d",&b[i].prevread);
b[i].totread = b[i].curread -
b[i].prevread; b[i].price = b[i].totread * 6
+ 50;
}
printf("\nElectricity Bill Details are:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nCounumer name=%s",b[i].consumer);
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

printf("\nCosumer ID = %d",b[i].consumerid);
printf("\nCurrent Reading=%d",b[i].curread);
printf("\nPrevious Reading=%d",b[i].prevread);
printf("\n Consumed Units = %d",b[i].totread);
printf("\n Total Bill = %f",b[i].price); printf("\
n");
}

OUTPUT :
Enter how many consumers:2

Enter the details of the consumers

Enter the consumer name:vimal

Enter the consumer id:1001
Enter the current reading:5234
Enter the previous reading:3254

Enter the consumer

name:Kamal Enter the
consumer id:1002 Enter the
current reading:6541 Enter the
previous reading:4521

Electricity Bill Details are:

Consumer name=vimal
Consumer ID = 1001
Current Reading=5234
Previous Reading=3254
Consumed Units = 1980
Total Bill = 11930.000000

Consumer name=Kamal
Consumer ID = 1002
Current Reading=6541
Previous Reading=4521
Consumed Units = 2020
Total Bill = 12170.000000

Result:

successfully. Thus a C program to generate eb bill using arrays of structure was compiled and executed
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 9 UNIONS

(d) Demonstration on Union

Aim:
To write a C program to print the mark sheet of a student using union.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare a structure with members
Step 3: Read the values for the members using structure variable.
Step 4: Declare structure pointer and assign the address of structure variable.
Step 5. Print the values using member selection operator 
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
union book
{
char bname[20];
char auname[20];
float price;
}b;
int main()
{
printf(“\nEnter the Book
Name:”); scanf(“%s”,b.bname);
printf("Book Name=%s",b.bname);
printf(“\nEnter the Author Name:”);
scanf(“%s”,&b.auname); printf("\
nAuthor Nanme=%s",b.auname);
printf(“\nEnter the Book Price:”);
scanf(“%f”,b.price);
printf("\nBook Price=%f",b.price);
return 0;

}
OUTPUT :

Enter the Book Name: Pro C

Book Name=Pro C
Enter the Author Name:
Kanetkar Author
Nanme=Kanetkar
Enter the Book
Price:590.50 Book
Price=590.500000

Result:
Thus a C program to print book details using union was compiled and executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 10 FILES

(a)Reading from a file

Aim:
To write a C program to read the content from the existing file.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare a file
pointer
Step 3: Assign the file pointer with file name and mode with “r”.
Step 4: Using fgetc(), read the each character from a file upto EOF.
Step 5: Print the content of the file
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ sample.txt
char ch;
FILE CS3271 PROGRAMMING IN C LABORATORY
*fp;
fp=fopen(“sample.txt”. “r”);
if (fp = = NULL)
{
printf(“File does not exist”);
}
while (fp !=EOF)
{
ch= getc(fp);
printf(“%c”,ch);
}
fclose(fp);
}

OUTPUT :

CS3271 PROGRAMMING IN C LABORATORY

Result:
Thus a C program to read the content of the existing file was compiled and executed
Successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 10 FILES

(b)Writing into a file

Aim:
To write a C program to write the content into a file.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare a file
pointer
Step 3: Assign the file pointer with file name and mode with “w”.
Step 4: Using fputc(), write the each character and press ctrl z to
stop. Step 5: Print the content of the text into the file.
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
FILE
*fp;
fp=fopen(“sample.txt”. “w”);
printf(“Enter the text & press ctrl Z to
stop”); while ((ch==getchar())!=EOF)
{
fputc(ch,fp);
}
fclose(fp);
}

OUTPUT :
Enter the text & press ctrl Z to stop
CS3271 PROGRAMMING IN C LABORATORY

sample.txt

CS3271 PROGRAMMING IN C LABORATORY

Result:
Thus a C program to write the content in to the file was compiled and executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 10 FILES

(c).Demonstration on File Pointer

Aim:
To write a C program to demonstrate on usage of file pointers.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare a file
pointer
Step 3: Assign the file pointer with file name and mode with “w”.
Step 4: Using fprintf(), write the data in to the file.
Step 5: Close the file pointer
Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
char name[20];
int regno;
char place[20];
fp = fopen("example.txt","w");
printf("Enter your Name, Reg No &
Place:"); scanf("%s%d
%s",&name,&regno,&place); fprintf(fp,"%s
%d %s",name,regno,place); printf("\nData
written successfully"); fclose(fp);
}

OUTPUT :
Enter your Name, Reg No & Place:
Vimal 1001 Tiruttani

Data written successfully

example.txt

Vimal 1001 Tiruttani

Result:
Thus a C program to demonstration on file pointer was compiled and executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 10 FILES

(d)Demonstration on File Operations

Aim:
To write a C program to demonstrate on usage of file operations (read, write & append)

Algorithm :
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Declare a file pointer
Step 3: Display menu for different file operations.
Sep 4: Based on the option, open the file in specified mode using file pointer.
Step 5: Perform the operation on file pointer.
Step 6: Close the file pointer
Step 7: Stop the program.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
int regno,n;
char fname[20],name[40];
printf("FILE OPERATIONS");
printf("\nRead Opertion");
printf("\nWrite Operation"); printf("\
nAppend operation"); printf("\nChoose
any one of the option:"); scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
printf("\nEnter the file name to read:");
scanf("%s",fname); fp=fopen(fname,"r");
fscanf(fp,"%s%d",&name,&regno);
printf("%s %d",name,regno); fclose(fp);
break;
case 2:
printf("\nEnter the file name to write:");
scanf("%s",fname); fp=fopen(fname,"w");
fprintf(fp,"Programming in C"); printf("\
nContent written successfully");
fclose(fp);
break;
case 3:
printf("\nEnter the file name to write:");
scanf("%s",fname); fp=fopen(fname,"a"); fprintf(fp,"\
nProblem solving and Python programming"); printf("\
nContent written successfully");
fclose(fp);
break;
default:
printf("Enter correct
choice"); break;
}
}
OUTPUT :-1
FILE OPERATIONS
Read Opertion
1.Write Operation
2.Append
3.operation
Choose any one of the option:1
Enter the file name to
read:example.txt Vimalraj 1001
OUTPUT :-2
FILE OPERATIONS kamal.txt (New file)
1..Read Opertion Programming in C
Write Operation
Append operation
Choose any one of the option:2
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Enter the file name to

write:kamal.txt Content written

successfully

OUTPUT :-3
FILE OPERATIONS kamal.txt (Existing file)
Read Opertion Programming in C
Write Operation Problem Solving and Python Programming
Append operation
Choose any one of the option:3

Enter the file name to

write:kamal.txt Content written

successfully

Result:
Thus a C program to demonstration on file operations was compiled and executed
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No. 9 FILES

(e).Demonstration on Random Access

Aim:
To write a C program to demonstrate on random access in a file.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Declare a file pointer
Step 3: Assign the file pointer with file name and mode with “w+”.
Step 4: Using random access functions, fseek(), ftell(), rewind(), perform the operations
Step 5: Move the file pointer using Postion
Step 6: Print the position of the
pointer. Step 7: Close the file pointer.
Step 8: Stop the program.

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
FILE *fp;
int c;
fp = fopen("file.txt","w+");
puts("This is study.com", fp);
// We are using fseek() to shift the file pointer to the 7th position.
fseek( fp, 7, SEEK_SET );
//Now we overwrite C programming in the 7th position
fputs(" C Programming", fp);
//Now we print the current position of the file pointer using ftell()
printf("The current position of the file pointer is: %ld\n", ftell(fp));
//We take the file pointer to the beginning of the
file. rewind(fp);
//Now we verify if rewind() worked using ftell().
printf("The current position of the file pointer is: %ld\n", ftell(fp));
while(1) {
c = fgetc(fp);
if( feof(fp) )
{
break;
}
printf("%c", c);
}
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

OUTPUT

The current position of the file pointer is: 21

The current position of the file pointer is: 0
This is C Programming

Explanation:

Functions can be used to handle file operations only when you send the file pointer as a parameter to the
function. You can also send the file name as a parameter and handle the operations inside the function. The
common practice is to send the file pointer to a function for a specific purpose. This example has been
modified to use a function for displaying the contents of the file by passing the file pointer.

Result:

Thus to write a C program to perform the demonstration on Random file access was compiled and
executed successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Ex.No.10 FILES

(f)Preprocessor Directives

Aim:
To write a C program to demonstrate on preprocessor directives

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Define a macro
Step 3: Define a macro in another macro
Step 4: Use the macros inside the program
Step 5: Perform the manipulations
Step 6: Print the result
Step 7: Stop the program

PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#define A10
#define BA+30
#define CA+B
void main()
{
int result;
result = A + B + C;
printf(“Result = %d”,result);

OUTPUT :
Result = 90

Result:
Thus to write a C program to perform the Preprocessor Directives has been Compiled and executed successfully.
lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56
 lOMoARcPSD|356 459 56

Thus a C program to demonstration on preprocessor directives was compiled