Selenium With Python

By
Sathish Kumar R
Selenium installation
Open the command prompt and type “Python -m pip install -
U Selenium “ press enter
Sample project with package and python file
creation
How to open the browser
• from selenium import webdriver

class locator:
driver =
webdriver.Chrome('D:\Software\chromedriver_win32\chromedriver.ex
e’)
To enter the url
driver.get("https://en-gb.facebook.com/")
How to maximize and close the browser
To Maximize the window (fit to the screen)
driver.maximize_window()
To Minimize the window
• driver.minimize_window();
To set in to particular size
• driver.set_window_size(300,600)
To close the browser
• driver.close()
To close the session
• self.driver.quit()
Locators Method Syntax Description

driver.find_element_by_id((<element Locates an element using the ID

By ID
name>) attribute
driver.find_element_by_name(<element Locates an element using the Name
By name
name>) attribute
driver.find_element_by_classname(<eleme Locates an element using the Class
By class name
nt class>)) attribute
driver.find_element_by_tag_name(<htmlta Locates an element using the HTML
By tag name
gname>)) tag
driver.find_element_by_link_text(<linktext Locates a link using link text
By link text
>))
By partial link text driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(<l Locates a link using the link's partial
inktext>)) text
driver.find_element_by_css_selector(<css Locates an element using the CSS
By CSS
selector>)) selector
driver.find_element_by_xpath(<xpath>)) Locates an element using XPath
By XPath
query
Locators
• username=driver.find_element_by_id("email")
• username.send_keys("sathishkumar")

WEB ELEMENT Actions

Locators –Css Selector
With this strategy, the first element with the matching CSS selector will
be returned. If no element has a matching CSS selector, a
NoSuchElementException will be raised.
Four types of css selector
1. Tag and id
2. Tag and class
3. Tag and Attribute
4. Tag class and Attribute
Locators –Css Selector
Tag and id
Syntax : Tag#id
example: driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input#gsc-i-id2")
Tag and class
Syntax : Tag.class
example: driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input.gsc-i-id2")
Tag and Attribute
Syntax : Tag[attribute=value]
example: driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name=gsc-i-id2]")
Tag class and Attribute
Syntax : Tag.class[attribute=value]
example: driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input.clss[name=gsc-i-id2]")
Locators –Xpath Selector
XPath is the language used for locating nodes in an XML document.
One of the main reasons for using XPath is when you don’t have a suitable id or name
attribute for the element you wish to locate. You can use XPath to either locate the
element in absolute terms (not advised), or relative to an element that does have an id or
name attribute. XPath locators can also be used to specify elements via attributes other
than id and name.

There are 2 Types of Xpath:

• Absolute Xpath
• Relative Xpath
Locators –Xpath :Absolute Xpath
Absolute Xpath
• It is the direct way to find the element, but the disadvantage of the absolute XPath is that if there are any changes made
in the path of the element then that XPath gets failed.
• The key characteristic of XPath is that it begins with the single forward slash(/) ,which means you can select the
element from the root node.

E.g :
/html/body/div[2]/div[1]/div/h4[1]/b/html[1]/body[1]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/h4[1]/b[1]
Relative Xpath
Relative Xpath starts from the middle of HTML DOM structure. It starts with double forward slash (//). It can search
elements anywhere on the webpage, means no need to write a long xpath and you can start from the middle of HTML
DOM structure. Relative Xpath is always preferred as it is not a complete path from the root element.
E.G :

//div[@class='featured-box cloumnsize1']//h4[1]//b[1]
Locators –Xpath :Relative Xpath
Using XPath Handling complex & Dynamic elements in Selenium
1) Basic Xpath
2) Contains()
3) Using OR & AND
4) Xpath Starts-with
5) XPath Text() Function

1. Basic Xpath
XPath expression select nodes or list of nodes on the basis of attributes like ID , Name, Classname, etc. from the
XML document as illustrated below.

Xpath=//Tagname[@Attribute=‘Value']
Locators –Xpath :Relative Xpath
2. Contains
Contains() is a method used in XPath expression. It is used when the value of any attribute changes dynamically
Xpath=//*[contains(@Attribute,’Value’)]

3. Using OR & AND

In OR expression, two conditions are used, whether 1st condition OR 2nd condition should be true. It is also
applicable if any one condition is true or maybe both. Means any one condition should be true to find the element.
Xpath=//*[@attribute1=‘value1' or @attribute2=‘value2’]
In AND expression, two conditions are used, both conditions should be true to find the element. It fails to find
element if any one condition is false.
Xpath=//*[@attribute1=‘value1’ and @attribute2=‘value2’]

4. Xpath Starts-with
n this method, the starting text of the attribute is matched to find the element whose attribute value changes
dynamically. You can also find elements whose attribute value is static (not changes).
Locators –Xpath :Relative Xpath
Xpath=//Tagname[starts-with(@attribute,’value’)]

5. XPath Text() Function

The XPath text() function is a built-in function of selenium webdriver which is used to locate elements based on text
of a web element. It helps to find the exact text elements and it locates the elements within the set of text nodes. The
elements to be located should be in string form.
Xpath=//Tagname[text()=‘value’]

XPath axes methods:

These XPath axes methods are used to find the complex or dynamic elements. Below we
will see some of these methods.
For illustrating these XPath axes method, we will use the Guru99 bank demo site.
a) Following:
Xpath=//*[@attribute=‘value']//following::tagname
Locators –Xpath :Relative Xpath
b) Ancestor:
The ancestor axis selects all ancestors element (grandparent, parent, etc.) of
the current node as shown in the below screen.
Xpath=//*[text()='Enterprise Testing']//ancestor::Tagname
c) Child:
Selects all children elements of the current node (Java) as shown in the
below screen.
Xpath=//*[@id='java_technologies']//child::Tagname
d) Preceding:
Select all nodes that come before the current node as shown in the below
screen.
Xpath=//*[@type='submit']//preceding::input
Locators –Xpath :Relative Xpath
e) Following-sibling:
Select the following siblings of the context node. Siblings are at the same level of the
current node as shown in the below screen. It will find the element after the current node.
xpath=//*[@type='submit']//following-sibling::input

f) Parent:
Selects the parent of the current node as shown in the below screen.
Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//parent::div

h) Descendant:
Selects the descendants of the current node as shown in the below screen.it identifies all
the element descendants to current element ( ‘Main body surround’ frame element) which
means down under the node (child node , grandchild node, etc.).
Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//descendant::a
Syncronization
These days, most of the web apps are using AJAX techniques. When a
page is loaded by the browser, the elements within that page may load
at different time intervals. This makes locating elements difficult: if an
element is not yet present in the DOM, a locate function will raise an
ElementNotVisibleException exception. Using waits, we can solve this
issue. Waiting provides some slack between actions performed - mostly
locating an element or any other operation with the element.

Selenium Webdriver provides two types of waits

- Implicit Wait
- Explicit Wait
Syncronization – Implicit Wait
IMPLICT WAIT:
An implicit wait tells WebDriver to poll the DOM for a certain amount
of time when trying to find any element (or elements) not immediately
available. The default setting is 0 (zero). Once set, the implicit wait is
set for the life of the WebDriver object.
Syntax:
driver.implicitly_wait(10) # seconds

EXPLICIT WAIT:
An explicit wait is a code you define to wait for a certain condition to
occur before proceeding further in the code
Syncronization – Explicit Wait
Syntax:
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(

EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "myDynamicElement")))
Syncronization – Explicit Wait
Expected Conditions
There are some common conditions that are frequently of use when
automating web browsers. Listed below are the names of each.
Selenium Python binding provides some convenience methods so you
don’t have to code an expected_condition class yourself or create your
own utility package for them.
Methods in Expected Conditions
• title_is • frame_to_be_available_and_switc
.

• title_contains h_to_it
• presence_of_element_located • invisibility_of_element_located
.

• visibility_of_element_located • element_to_be_clickable
• visibility_of • staleness_of
• presence_of_all_elements_located • element_to_be_selected
• text_to_be_present_in_element • element_located_to_be_selected
• text_to_be_present_in_element_v • element_selection_state_to_be
alue • element_located_selection_state_t
o_be
• alert_is_present
Syncronization – time.sleep(sec)
Simply put, the time.sleep() takes as arguments the number of seconds
you want the program to halt or to be suspended before it moves
forward to the next step. Let's see this with the help of a simple
program, where we simply output the current time with a halt of 5
seconds in between the next execution - hence introducing a difference
of 5 seconds between each print of the current time.

The syntax for the function is:

time.sleep(sec)
where sec is the argument that specifies the number of seconds the
program is to be suspended for. The function does not return any
value.
Dropdown
The Select Class in Selenium is a method used to implement the HTML
SELECT tag. The html select tag provides helper methods to select and
deselect the elements. The Select class is an ordinary class so New
keyword is used to create its object and it specifies the web element
location.

There are 2 Type of dropdown to handle

1.Single select dropdown
2.Multiselect dropdown
Dropdown
Element Command Description
selectByVisibleText()/ selects/deselects an option by its displayed
deselectByVisibleText() text

selectByValue()/ selects/deselects an option by the value of

deselectByValue() its “value” attribute

selectByIndex()/
Drop-Down selects/deselects an option by its index
deselectByIndex()
Box

returns TRUE if the drop-down element

isMultiple() allows multiple selection at a time; FALSE if
otherwise

deselectAll() deselects all previously selected options

Mouse and Keyboard
Mouse actions are nothing but simulating the mouse events like
operations performed using Mouse. In Selenium Python, handling
Mouse & keyboard events and mouse events (including actions such as
Drag and Drop or clicking multiple elements With Control key) are done
using the ActionChains API.
Mouse Actions :
• mouseMove
• dragAndDrop
• click
• doubleClick
• mouseUp
• mouseDown
Mouse and Keyboard
Keyboard Actions :
• keyDown
• keyUp
• send_keys
perform() is a function that will make the mouse perform an operation
on the webpage, if you don't use perform() function then ActionChains
don't have any effect on the webpage.

When you call methods for actions on the ActionChains object, the
actions are stored in a queue in the ActionChains object. When you call
perform(), the events are fired in the order they are queued up.
 Mouse action - Methods
Method Description

click Clicks an element.

click_and_hold Holds down the left mouse button on an element.

context_click Performs a context-click (right click) on an element.

double_click Double-clicks an element.

Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves to the
drag_and_drop
target element and releases the mouse button.

Holds down the left mouse button on the source element, then moves to the
drag_and_drop_by_offset
target offset and releases the mouse button.
Mouse action - Methods
move_by_offset Moving the mouse to an offset from current mouse position.

move_to_element Moving the mouse to the middle of an element.

move_to_element_with_offs Move the mouse by an offset of the specified element, Offsets are
et relative to the top-left corner of the element.

perform Performs all stored actions.

pause Pause all inputs for the specified duration in seconds

release Releasing a held mouse button on an element.

reset_actions Clears actions that are already stored locally and on the remote end
Keyboard Actions - syntax
Action Arguments Description
keys_to_send – The keys to send.
Send keys to the element that is currently
send_keys(*keys_to_send) Modifier keys constants can be found in
in focus.
the Keys class.

value – Modifier key to send.

element – It is an optional argument. It
Sends a key press without performing the
represents the element on which keys
key_down(value, element=None) release. It should only be used with
need to be sent. If it is not specified, i.e.,
modifier keys like Control, Alt, and Shift.
None, the key is sent to the currently
focused element.

value – Modifier key to send.

element – It is an optional argument. It
Releases a key. It should only be used
represents the element on which keys
key_up(value, element=None) with modifier keys like Control, Alt, and
need to be sent. If it is not specified, i.e.,
Shift.
None, the key is sent to the currently
focused element.

Perform the chain of actions stored in the

perform None
ActionChains object
Keyboard using pyautogui
It has following method

• The write() Function

• The press(), keyDown(), and keyUp() Functions
• The hold() Context Manager
• The hotkey() Function
The primary keyboard function is write().
This function will type the characters in the string that is passed. To add a delay interval in between
pressing each character key, pass an int or float for the interval keyword argument.
For example:
>>> pyautogui.write('Hello world!') # prints out "Hello world!" instantly
>>> pyautogui.write('Hello world!', interval=0.25) # prints out "Hello world!" with a quarter second
Keyboard using pyautogui
The press() function is really just a wrapper for the keyDown() and
keyUp() functions, which simulate pressing a key down and then
releasing it up. These functions can be called by themselves. For
example, to press the left arrow key three times while holding down
the Shift key, call the following:

>>> pyautogui.keyDown('shift') # hold down the shift key

>>> pyautogui.press('left') # press the left arrow key
>>> pyautogui.press('left') # press the left arrow key
>>> pyautogui.press('left') # press the left arrow key
>>> pyautogui.keyUp('shift') # release the shift key
Keyboard using pyautogui
The hold() Context Manager
To make holding a key convenient, the hold() function can be used as a context
manager and passed a string from the pyautogui.KEYBOARD_KEYS such as shift,
ctrl, alt, and this key will be held for the duration of the with context block. See
KEYBOARD_KEYS.

>>> with pyautogui.hold('shift'):

pyautogui.press(['left', 'left', 'left’])

The hotkey() Function

To make pressing hotkeys or keyboard shortcuts convenient, the hotkey() can be
passed several key strings which will be pressed down in order, and then released
in reverse order. This code:

>>> pyautogui.hotkey('ctrl', 'shift', 'esc')

Handling Alert
Handle Alert & Pop-up Boxes in Selenium Python
We can broadly categorize the Alerts into following three types.
• i) Simple Alert – with ok button
ii) A Confirmation Alert – with ok and cancel button
iii) Prompt Alert – with ok ,cancel and textbox
• We will now discuss how to handle the above three types of alerts in
detail.
• Whenever an Alert gets triggered, and a pop-up appears on the web
page. The control remains with the parent web page only. So the first
task for the Selenium Webdriver is to switch the focus from the
parent page to the Alert pop-up. It can be done using following code
snippet.

alert_obj = driver.switch_to.alert
Handling Alert
• After the control has moved to Alert pop-up, we can do different
actions on it using the recommended methods as.

alert_obj.accept() – used to accept the Alert

alert_obj.dismiss() – used to cancel the Alert
alert.send_keys() – used to enter a value in the Alert text box.
alert.text – used to retrieve the message included in the Alert
pop-up.
Verification and Validation commands
Validation : (it will return only Boolean value)
• is_enabled() - Webdriverobject. Is_enabled()
• is_selected() - Webdriverobject. is_selected()
• is_displayed() - Webdriverobject. is_displayed()

Verification (it will return string / list of string value)

• title - Webdriverobject.title
• current_url - Webdriverobject. current_Url
• get_attribute - WebElement.get_attribute(“attributename”)
• text - WebElement.text
• current_window_handle - Webdriverobject. current_window_handle
• window_handles - Webdriverobject. window_handles
List Handle
def listhand(self,actualtext):
self.driver.get("https://www.makemytrip.com/")
self.driver.find_element_by_id("fromCity").click()
totalvalue =self.driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//ul[@role='listbox']//li")
sizeoflist = len(totalvalue)
for x in range(1,sizeoflist):
text_Value =
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//ul[@role='listbox']//li["+str(x)+"]//div[2]").t
ext
#print(text_Value)
if text_Value == actualtext :

self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//ul[@role='listbox']//li["+str(x)+"]").click()
break
WebTable Handle
def table(self,actualtext):
self.driver.get("http://www.leafground.com/pages/table.html")
totalrowvalue = self.driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//table[@id='table_id']//tr")
sizeofrowlist = len(totalrowvalue)
for x in range(2, sizeofrowlist+1):
totalcolumnvalue =
self.driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//table[@id='table_id']//tr[" + str(x) + "]//td")
sizeofcolumnlist = len(totalcolumnvalue)
text_Value = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//table[@id='table_id']//tr[" +
str(x) + "]//td[1]").text
print(text_Value)
if text_Value != actualtext:
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//table[@id='table_id']//tr[" + str(x) +
"]//td[3]//input").click()
#break
How to scroll the page
To perform scroll operation we can use the below methods
#scroll down
self.driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, 600)",0) Pixel size

# scroll up
self.driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, -600)", 0)
time.sleep(1)

# scroll right
self.driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(600, 0)", 0)
time.sleep(1)

# scroll left
self.driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(-600, 0)", 0)
How to scroll the page
# scroll bottom
self.driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0,
document.body.scrollHeight);")

# scroll to a specific element (Majorly used in realtime *)

element=self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("//h5[text()='Window']
//parent::a")
self.driver.execute_script("arguments[0].scrollIntoView();",
element)
Screenshot
Selenium offers a lot of features and one of the important and useful
feature is of taking a screenshot. In order to take a screenshot of
webpage save_screenshot() method is used. save_screenshot
method allows user to save the webpage as a png file.

driver.save_screenshot("image.png")

Argument :
filename or the full path you wish to save your screenshot to.

Action performed :
The screenshot will be saved in the same directory as the program, if
path is provided screenshot will be saved at that location only.
Handling Frames
We can handle frames in Selenium. A frame is an HTML element that
keeps a document within another document in a page. HTML has the
<frame> or <iframe> tags for embedding a frame inside a document.

There are multiple APIs available in Selenium to work with the frames.
They are listed below −

1. switch_to.frame(id)
2. switch_to.frame(name)
3. switch_to.frame(webelement)
4. switch_to.parent_frame()
5. switch_to.default_content()
Handling Frames
switch_to.frame(id)

This method is used to identify a frame with the help of frame id and then switch
the focus to that particular frame.
Syntax −
driver.switch_to.frame("frameid") - where frame id is the id attribute present
under the frame/iframe tag in HTML.

switch_to.frame(name)

This method is used to identify a frame with the help of frame name and then
switch the focus to that particular frame.
Syntax −
driver.switch_to.frame("framename")  where frame name is the name attribute
present under the frame/iframe tag in HTML.
Handling Frames
switch_to.frame(webelement) :
This method is used to identify a frame with the help of frame webelement
and then switch the focus to that particular frame.
Syntax −
driver.switch_to.frame("frameclassname")  where frameclassname is
the name of class attribute present under the frame/iframe tag in HTML.

switch_to.parent_frame()
This method is used to come out of the present frame, then we can access
the elements outside that frame and not inside of that frame.

switch_to.default_content()
This method is used to come out of all the frames and switch the focus at
the page. Once we move out, it loses the access to the elements inside the
frames in the page.
Handling Multiple Windows
We can handle child windows or tabs in Selenium. While working with
child windows, we need to always shift the browser focus to the child
windows, then perform operation on them.

By default, the focus remains on the first parent window. There are
multiple methods available in Selenium which are listed below −

current_window_handle
window_handles
switch_to.window(args)

This method fetches the handle of the present window.

driver.current_window_handle
Handling Multiple Windows
window_handles

This method fetches all the handle ids of the windows that are currently open.

Syntax −
driver.window_handles
w = driver.window_handles[2]
The above code gives the handle id of the second window opened in the present session.

switch_to.window(args)

This method switches the focus of Selenium to the window name mentioned in the arguments.

Syntax −
driver.switch_to.window(childwindow)
How to upload the file
1.Upload using send_keys for upload textbox

We can upload files with Selenium using Python. This can be

done with the help of the send_keys method. First, we shall
identify the element which does the task of selecting the file path
that has to be uploaded.

Syntax:
Webelement.send_Keys(“filepathof the file to be upload”)
How to upload the file
2.Upload through windows upload popup as below
self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("(//div[@class='input-file-
upload-hover-placeholder']//parent::div)[1]").click()

//Copy the value in to clipboard

pyperclip.copy("D:\\Besant\\Java basics.pdf")
time.sleep(2)
//Paste the value using keyboard operation
pyautogui.hotkey('ctrl', 'v')
pyautogui.press('enter')
How to download the file
Download the file in the default download location as below

driver =
webdriver.Chrome('D:\Software\chromedriver_win32\chromedrive
r.exe')
driver.get("http://www.leafground.com/pages/download.html")
driver.maximize_window()
driver.find_element_by_link_text("Download Excel").click()
How to download the file – in specific folder
2 .Download the file in the specific folder
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions();
prefs = {"download.default_directory" :
"C:\\Users\\sathishkumar\\PycharmProjects\\SeleniumProject\\Downlo
adfile\\"}
options.add_experimental_option("prefs", prefs)
driver =
webdriver.Chrome('D:\Software\chromedriver_win32\chromedriv
er.exe',options=options)

self.driver.get("http://www.leafground.com/pages/download.html
")
self.driver.maximize_window()
self.driver.find_element_by_link_text("Download Excel").click()
Log Files
Log is used for logginf the information in to the file for tracking the
execution
Types of Logs
• Debug
• Info
• Warning
• Error
• Critical

logger= logging.getLogger()
Pytest – Testing Framework
Pytest is a python based testing framework, which is used to write and
execute test codes. In the present days of REST services, pytest is mainly
used for API testing even though we can use pytest to write simple to
complex tests, i.e., we can write codes to test API, database, UI, etc.

Advantages of Pytest
The advantages of Pytest are as follows −
• Pytest can run multiple tests in parallel, which reduces the execution time
of the test suite.
• Pytest has its own way to detect the test file and test functions
automatically, if not mentioned explicitly.
• Pytest allows us to skip a subset of the tests during execution.
• Pytest allows us to run a subset of the entire test suite.
• Pytest is free and open source.
• Because of its simple syntax, pytest is very easy to start with.
Pytest – Testing Framework
To Run the Pytest we can run by following way

• Run through test runner

• Run through command prompt

Run through test runner

1.Create the Python file with test name as prefix
2.Create a method with test name as prefix
3.Import Pytest
4.Click Edit configuration
Pytest – Testing Framework
Pytest – Testing Framework
Click Edit configuration and select the respective file under the
Target and click ok
Pytest

• Click run button to see the execution

• Output should be like this

Pytest – command prompt
• Select the file package and right click  open in terminal
• Type py.test /pytest
• Then the execution will be completed as like the test runner

You can type the following command

• Pytest –v (too see all the logs as like in the test runner)
• Pytest –v –s (with the print statement details in the output)
• Pytest filename.py –v –s (Run the Test cases in the specific file)
• Pytest –k testcasenamecontainsword –v –s (Run the test which contains the
testcase name)
Pytest – command propmt
Note :
• Test case name should be unique or else the corresponding should not execute
• Test case name =Function name

Pytest provides two ways to run the subset of the test suite.

• Select tests to run based on substring matching of test names.

Pytest –k testcasenamecontainsword –v –s (Run the test which contains the testcase name)
• Select tests groups to run based on the markers applied.
Py.test –m groupname –v -s

Group the test cases

@pytest.mark.groupname ----- just above each testcase to group in to that
Run in command prompt by following command
Py.test –m groupname –v -s
Pytest – Mark and Fixtures
There are 2 types of groups

1.Custom mark  user defined group name

2.Predefined mark  predefined group name

Below are few custom groups

@pytest.mark.skip – to skip that test case
@pytest.mark.xfail – this will run but will not included in the report

Fixtures :
Fixtures are functions, which will run before each test function to which it is applied. Fixtures are
used to feed some data to the tests such as database connections, URLs to test and some sort of
input data. Therefore, instead of running the same code for every test, we can attach fixture
function to the tests and it will run and return the data to the test before executing each test.
@pytest.fixture()
Pytest - Fixtures
• A test function can use a fixture by mentioning the fixture name as
an input parameter.
• This is basically used to execute few code before each test
• E.g
• import pytest

• @pytest.fixture
• def input_value():
• input = 39
• return input

• def test_divisible_by_3(input_value):
• assert input_value % 3 == 0
Pytest – Fixtures
• If we want to execute certain action post the test case then we
have use the following under yield in the fixtures

• @pytest.fixture
• def input_value():
input = 39
return input
Yield
Print(“I am post yield”)
Pytest – Fixtures (Conftest-file)
• We can define the fixture functions in this file to make them
accessible across multiple test files.
File name should be conftest.py
It should contains only fixtures so the each pytest file should not
have the fixtures
How to optimize the fixtures in testcase
Create a class underneath that create a test cases
Now provide the self as parameter to each test case
Then define the following syntax on above class
@pytest.mark.usefixtures(“fixturename”)
Pytest – Fixtures (Conftest-file)
How to run the fixture before the class but not each test cases then
Go to conftestfile and update as below
@pytest.fixture(scope=“class”)

Data Driven Framework :

Fixture is also help to pass the data in to the test cases
If u want to pass a set of data with one time then use the below in
fixtures
@pytest.fixture()
def dataload()
return[“sathish”,”kumar”,”1990”]
Pytest – Fixtures (Conftest-file) -parameterization
Go to the class where your test cases contains and use the below syntax just above the
class

@pytest.mark.usefixtures(“dataload”)
Class Test_classname
def test_testcase1(self,dataload):
print(dataload[0])

Multiple data set: (pick each test on each run)

Under the Fixtures
@pytest.fixture(params=[“chrome”,”firefox”,”IE”])
def crbrws(request)
return request.param
Note : here we have to provide request so that we can get the param value
Pytest – Fixtures (Conftest-file) -parameterization
Go to the class where your test cases contains and use the below syntax just
above the class

Class classname
def test_testcase1(self, crbrws):
print(crbrws)
Other way :
Multiple data set: (pick each test on each run)
Under the Fixtures
@pytest.fixture(params=[(“chrome”,”sathishkumar”,”password”),(”firefox”,”s
athish”,”kumar”),(”IE”,”thirdvalue”)])
def crbrws(paramvalue)
return paramvalue.param
Pytest – Fixtures (Conftest-file) -parameterization
Go to the class where your test cases contains and use the below
syntax just above the class

@pytest.mark.fixture(“crbrws”)
Class Test_classname
def test_testcase1(self , crbrws):
print(crbrws[1])
Reports
1.Html
Install pytest-html
To run
Pytest --html=reportname.html

2 : Html – Reporter
Install pytest-html-reporter
To run
Pytest –html-report=reportname.html

To create the report in specific folder

Pytest –-html-report=./Report/reportname.html

To open this report in a browser then do as below,

Right click the HTML report – Open inBrowserchrome
Run the program based on commanline
So in the commanline you have to use the below command
Py.test - - browser_name browsername

For set the browser value :

def pytest_addoption(parser):
parser.addoption(
"--cmdopt", action="store", default="type1", help="my option: type1 or
type2"
)
For get the browser value:
@pytest.fixture
def cmdopt(request):
return request.config.getoption("--cmdopt")
Page object Model Framework
• What Is Page Object Model?
• Page Object Model is a design pattern where the core focus is on reducing code
duplication and minimization of the effort involved in code update/maintenance. Under
the Page Object Model, page classes are created for all the webpages that are a part of
the Automation Under Test (AUT).
• This makes the code more modular since locators/elements used by the test suites/test
scenarios are stored in a separate class file & the test cases (that contain the core test
logic) are in a different file. Hence, any change in the web UI elements will require minimal
(or no changes) in the test scenarios since locators & test scripts are stored separately.
• Implementation based on the Page Object Model (POM) contains the below crucial
elements:
• Page Object Element (Page Class/Page Object) – The Page Class is an object repository
for the WebElements/Web UI Elements of the web-pages under test. It also contains an
implementation of the interfaces/methods to perform operations on these web elements.
It is loosely based on the fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming.
• Test Cases – As the name suggests, test cases contain the implementation of the actual
test scenarios. It uses page methods/methods in the page class to interact with the page’s
UI elements. If there is a change in the UI of the web page, only the Page Class needs to
be updated, and the test code remains unchanged.
Page object Model Framework
• Why Use Page Object Model (POM)?
• As a software project progresses, the complexity of the development code and the test code
increases. Hence, a proper project structure must be followed when developing automation test
code; else, the code might become unmanageable.
• A web product (or project) consists of different web pages that use various WebElements (e.g., menu
items, text boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, etc.). The test cases will interact with these elements,
and the code complexity will increase manifold if Selenium locators are not managed in the right
way.
• Duplication of source code or duplicated locators’ usage can make the code less readable, resulting
in increased overhead costs for code maintenance. For example, your team needs to test the login
functionality of an e-commerce website. Using Automation testing with Selenium, the test code can
interact with the web page’s underlying UI or locators. What happens if the UI is revamped or the
path of the elements on that page change? The automation test scenarios will fail as the scenarios
would no longer find those locators on the web page.
• Suppose you follow the same test development approach for more web-pages. In that case, a
considerable effort has to be spent on updating the locators that might be scattered (or duplicated)
across different files. This approach is also error-prone as developers need to find & update the path
of the locators. In such scenarios, the Page Object Model can be advantageous as it offers the
following:
• Eases the job of code maintainability
• Increases the readability and reusability quotient
Page object Model Framework
• Advantages Of Page Object Model
• Now that you are aware of the basics of the Page Object Model, let’s have a look at some
of the core advantages of using that design pattern:
• Increased Reusability – The page object methods in different POM classes can be reused
across different test cases/test suites. Hence, the overall code size will reduce by a good
margin due to the increase in the page methods’ reusability factor.
• Improved Maintainability – As the test scenarios and locators are stored separately, it
makes the code cleaner, and less effort is spent on maintaining the test code.
• Minimal impact due to UI changes – Even if there are frequent changes in the UI,
changes might only be required in the Object Repository (that stores the locators). There
is minimal to no impact on the implementation of the test scenarios.
• Integration with multiple test frameworks – As the test implementation is separated
from the repository of page objects (or page classes), we can use the same repository
with different test frameworks. For example, Test Case – 1 can use the Robot framework,
Tese Case – 2 can use the pytest framework, etc. single test suite can contain test cases
implemented using different test frameworks.
Page object Model Framework