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Exploring Writing
Paragraphs and Essays
FOURTH EDITION

Zoé L. Albright
Metropolitan Community College—Longview

John Langan
Atlantic Cape Community College
EXPLORING WRITING: PARAGRAPHS AND ESSAYS, FOURTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2020 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2013, 2010, and 2008.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database
or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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ISBN 978-0-07-353479-4 (bound edition)

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ISBN 978-1-260-16455-8 (loose-leaf edition)
MHID 1-260-16455-1 (loose-leaf edition)

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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Albright, Zoe L., author. | Langan, John, author.

Title: Exploring writing : paragraphs and essays / John Langan, Atlantic Cape
Community College ; Zoâe L. Albright, Metropolitan Community
College—Longview.
Description: Fourth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2020] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018032683 (print) | LCCN 2018046001 (ebook) | ISBN
9781260164541 | ISBN 9780073534794 (bound edition : acid-free paper) |
ISBN 007353479X (bound edition : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781260164558
(loose-leaf edition) | ISBN 1260164551 (loose-leaf edition)
Subjects: LCSH: English language—Paragraphs—Problems, exercises, etc. |
English language—Rhetoric—Problems, exercises, etc. | Report
writing—Problems, exercises, etc.
Classification: LCC PE1439 (ebook) | LCC PE1439 .L36 2020 (print) | DDC
808/.042076—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018032683

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not
indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee
the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Zoé L. Albright has been involved in diverse aspects of

­education for twenty-two years. For the last eighteen years, she
has been a faculty member at Metropolitan Community
College—Longview, teaching developmental writing, composi-
tion, and literature. She has created and implemented traditional
and online curricula for high school and college English and
composition courses and for a variety of literature courses. She
continues to research new educational theory and practices. In
addition to this extensive teaching experience, Zoé is the co-author
of College Writing Skills with Readings 10/e and English Skills with
Readings 9/e. She has also contributed to other Langan texts,
Zoé L. Albright
including the Exploring Writing 3/e books and College Writing Skills Courtesy of Zoé L. Albright
with Readings 9/e. She received her M.A. from Goldsmiths, University
of London; B.S. and B.A. from the University of Idaho; and A.A. from
Cottey College. She is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Curriculum and
Instruction at the University of Kansas. Travel is one of Zoé’s main
passions. Whenever she travels, she incorporates what she has experi-
enced and learned into her writing and teaching. Zoé currently resides
outside Kansas City, Missouri, with her husband and teenage son.

John Langan has taught reading and writing at Atlantic Cape

Community College near Atlantic City, New Jersey, for more
than twenty-five years. The author of a popular series of col-
lege textbooks on both writing and reading, John enjoys the
challenge of developing materials that teach skills in an espe-
cially clear and lively way. Before teaching, he earned advanced
degrees in writing at Rutgers University and in reading at Rowan
University. He also spent a year writing fiction that, he says, “is
now at the back of a drawer waiting to be discovered and
acclaimed posthumously.” While in school, he supported himself
by working as a truck driver, a machinist, a battery assembler, a John Langan
hospital attendant, and an apple packer. John now lives with his Courtesy of Judith Nadell

wife, Judith Nadell, near Philadelphia. In addition to his wife and

Philly sports teams, his passions include reading and turning on non-
readers to the pleasure and power of books. Through Townsend Press,
his educational publishing company, he has developed the nonprofit
“Townsend Library”—a collection of more than one hundred new and
classic stories that appeal to readers of any age.
iii
BRIEF CONTENTS

PART 1 Writing: Skills and 17. Introductions, Conclusions, and

Process 2 Titles 315

1. An Introduction to Writing 4 18. Patterns of Essay Development 329

2. The Writing Process 25

PART 5 Research-Based
Writing 368
PART 2 Basic Principles of
Effective Writing 58 19. Information Literacy 370

3. The First and Second Steps in 20. Working with Sources 385
Writing 60 21. Writing a Research Paper 417
4. The Third and Fourth Steps in
Writing 90 PART 6 Handbook of Sentence
5. Four Bases for Revising Skills 434
Writing 126
SECTION I Grammar 436

PART 3 Paragraph 22. Subjects and Verbs 437

Development 162 23. Sentence Sense 442

6. Exemplification 164 24. Fragments 445

7. Narration 175 25. Run-Ons 457

8. Description 184 26. Regular and Irregular

Verbs 468
9. Process 195
27. Subject–Verb Agreement 476
10. Cause and/or Effect 206
28. More about Verbs 481
11. Comparison and/or Contrast 216
29. Pronoun Agreement
12. Definition 230 and Reference 485
13. Division-Classification 240 30. Pronoun Types 490
14. Argument 251 31. Adjectives and Adverbs 496
32. Misplaced and Dangling
PART 4 Essay Modifiers 501
Development 270
SECTION II Mechanics 511
15. Introduction to Essay 33. Capital Letters 512
Development 272
34. Numbers and Abbreviations 519
16. Writing the Essay 285

iv
 BRIEF CONTENTS v

SECTION III Punctuation 524 PART 7 Readings for

35. Apostrophe 525 Writers 588
36. Quotation Marks 531
INTRODUCTION TO THE
37. Comma 538 READINGS 590
38. Other Punctuation Marks 546
GOALS AND VALUES 594
SECTION IV Word Use 552
EDUCATION AND LEARNING 646
39. Commonly Confused Words 553
40. Effective Word Choice 563 CHALLENGING SOCIETY 679

SECTION V Tests 570 Index 717

41. Editing Tests 571
CONTENTS

Readings Listed by Rhetorical Mode xii Step 2: Support the Point with
Preface xiv Specific Evidence 71
Reinforcing Point and
Support 74
PART 1 Writing: Skills and The Importance of Specific
Process 2 Details 77
The Importance of Adequate
1. An Introduction to Details 81
Writing 4 Writing a Paragraph 87
Point and Support 5
4. The Third and Fourth
Benefits of Paragraph Writing 8
Steps in Writing 90
Writing as a Way to Communicate
with Others: Audience and Step 3: Organize and Connect the
Purpose 9 Specific Evidence 91

Writing as a Skill 12 Step 4: Write Clear, Error-Free

Sentences 105
Writing as a Process of
Discovery 14 5. Four Bases for Revising
Keeping a Journal 15 Writing 126
Using Technology to Work Base 1: Unity 127
Efficiently 17
Base 2: Support 133
MLA Format 22
Base 3: Coherence 136
2. The Writing Process 25 Base 4: Sentence Skills 142
Prewriting 26 Evaluating Paragraphs for
All Four Bases: Unity, Support,
Writing a First Draft 34 Coherence, and Sentence
Revising 36 Skills 146
Editing 37 The Writing Process in
Using Peer Review 40 Action 149

Doing a Personal Review 42

Review Activities 42 PART 3  Paragraph
Development 162
PART 2 Basic Principles of 6. Exemplification 164
Effective Writing 58
Paragraphs to Consider 165

3. The First and Second Developing an Exemplification

Paragraph 167
Steps in Writing 60
Writing an Exemplification
Step 1: Begin with a Point 61 Paragraph 169

vi
 CONTENTS vii

7. Narration 175 13. Division-

Paragraphs to Consider 176 Classification 240
Developing a Narrative Paragraphs to Consider 241
Paragraph 178 Developing a Division-Classification
Writing a Narrative Paragraph 180 Paragraph 244
Writing a Division-Classification
8. Description 184 Paragraph 247
Paragraphs to Consider 185
14. Argument 251
Developing a Descriptive
Paragraph 187 Strategies for Arguments 252
Writing a Descriptive Paragraph 189 Paragraphs to Consider 257
Developing an Argument
9. Process 195 Paragraph 259
Paragraphs to Consider 196 Writing an Argument
Developing a Process Paragraph 263
Paragraph 199
Writing a Process Paragraph 201
PART 4  Essay
10. Cause and/or Development 270
Effect 206
15. Introduction to Essay
Paragraphs to Consider 207
Development 272
Developing a Cause and/or Effect
Paragraph 208 What Is an Essay? 273
Writing a Cause and/or Effect Structure of the Traditional
Paragraph 210 Essay 273
Parts of an Essay 275
11. Comparison and/or Diagram of an Essay 278
Contrast 216 Important Considerations in Essay
Paragraphs to Consider 217 Development 282
Methods of Development 218
16. Writing the
Additional Paragraph to
Consider 222 Essay 285
Developing a Comparison and/or Step 1: Begin with a Point, or
Contrast Paragraph 223 Thesis 286
Writing a Comparison and/or Step 2: Support the Thesis with
Contrast Paragraph 226 Specific Evidence 293
Step 3: Organize and Connect the
12. Definition 230 Specific Evidence 298
Paragraphs to Consider 231 Step 4: Write Clear, Error-Free
Sentences 304
Developing a Definition
Paragraph 233 Revising Essays for All Four Bases:
Unity, Support, Coherence, and
Writing a Definition Sentence Skills 311
Paragraph 235
viii CONTENTS

17. Introductions, Writing an Essay with

Emphasis on Division and
Conclusions, and Classification 361
Titles 315
Developing an Essay with Emphasis
Introductory Paragraph 316 on Argument 362
Concluding Paragraph 319 Writing an Essay with Emphasis on
Identifying Introductions and Argument 365
Conclusions 322
Titles 323
PART 5 Research-Based
Essay Writing Assignments 324
Writing 368
18. Patterns of Essay
Development 329 19. Information
Developing an Essay with Emphasis Literacy 370
on Exemplification 330 Using Online Sources
Writing an Essay with Emphasis Effectively 371
on Exemplification 333 Using the Library in the
Developing an Essay with Emphasis Context of the Digital
on Narration 334 World 377

Writing an Essay with Emphasis on 20. Working with

Narration 338
Sources 385
Developing an Essay with Emphasis
on Description 339 Identifying and Avoiding
Plagiarism 386
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on
Description 342 Writing a Summary 386
Developing an Essay with Emphasis Writing a Paraphrase 397
on Process 343 Using Direct Quotations 400
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Writing a Literary Analysis or
Process 346 Source-Based Essay 402
Developing an Essay with Citing Sources 406
Emphasis on Cause and/or
Effect 347 21. Writing a Research
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Paper 417
Cause and/or Effect 349
Step 1: Get Started by Creating a
Developing an Essay with Schedule 418
Emphasis on Comparison and/or
Contrast 350 Step 2: Select a Topic That You Can
Readily Research 419
Writing an Essay with Emphasis
on Comparison and/or Step 3: Limit Your Topic and Make
Contrast 353 the Purpose of Your Paper
Clear 419
Developing an Essay with Emphasis
on Definition 354 Step 4: Brainstorm and Gather
Information on Your Limited
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Topic 419
Definition 357
Step 5: Keep Track of Your Sources
Developing an Essay with and Take Notes 420
Emphasis on Division and
Classification 358 Step 6: Write the Paper 420
 CONTENTS ix

Step 7: Create a “Works Cited” Verb before Subject 477

Page 421 Compound Subjects 477
A Model Research Paper 421 Indefinite Pronouns 478

28. More about Verbs 481

PART 6 Handbook of
Verb Tense 481
Sentence Skills 434
Helping Verbs 482
SECTION I Grammar 436 Verbals 483

22. Subjects and 29. Pronoun Agreement

Verbs 437 and Reference 485
A Simple Way to Find a Pronoun Agreement 485
Subject 437 Pronoun Reference 487
A Simple Way to Find a
Verb 437 30. Pronoun Types 490
More about Subjects and Subject and Object
Verbs 438 Pronouns 490
Possessive Pronouns 493
23. Sentence Sense 442 Demonstrative Pronouns 494
What Is Sentence Sense? 442
Turning On Your Sentence 31. Adjectives and
Sense 442 Adverbs 496
Summary: Using Sentence Adjectives 496
Sense 444
Adverbs 498
24. Fragments 445
32. Misplaced and Dangling
Dependent-Word Fragments 445 Modifiers 501
-ing and to Fragments 448 Misplaced Modifiers 501
Added-Detail Fragments 451 Dangling Modifiers 502
Missing-Subject Fragments 453
SECTION II Mechanics 511
25. Run-Ons 457
What Are Run-Ons? 457 33. Capital Letters 512
How to Correct Run-Ons 458 Main Uses of Capital
Letters 512
26. Regular and Irregular Other Uses of Capital
Verbs 468 Letters 514
Regular Verbs 468 Unnecessary Use of
Capitals 516
Irregular Verbs 469
34. Numbers and
27. Subject–Verb
Abbreviations 519
Agreement 476
Numbers 519
Words between Subject and
Verb 476 Abbreviations 520
x CONTENTS

SECTION III Punctuation 524 PART 7 Readings for

Writers 588
35. Apostrophe 525
Apostrophe in Contractions 525 INTRODUCTION TO THE READINGS
Apostrophe to Show Ownership or The Format of Each
Possession 526 Selection 590
How to Read Well: Four General
36. Quotation Marks 531 Steps 591
Quotation Marks to Set Off the How to Answer the Comprehension
Words of a Speaker or Writer 531 Questions: Specific Hints 592
Quotation Marks to Set Off Titles
of Short Works 534 GOALS AND VALUES

Other Uses of Quotation What Students Need to Know about

Marks 535 Today’s Job Crisis
Don Bertram 595
37. Comma 538 Propaganda Techniques in Today’s
Six Main Uses of the Comma 538 Advertising
Ann McClintock 605
38. Other Punctuation The Great Spirit
Zitkala-Ša 613
Marks 546
Advice to Youth
Colon (:) 546
Mark Twain 619
Semicolon (;) 546
Inaugural Address
Dash (—) 547 John F. Kennedy 623
Parentheses ( ) 547 Neat People vs. Sloppy People
Hyphen (-) 548 Suzanne Britt 629
A Few Good Monuments Men
SECTION IV Word Use 552 Noah Charney 633
On Homecomings
39. Commonly Confused Ta-Nehisi Coates 640
Words 553
EDUCATION AND LEARNING
Homonyms 553
The Professor Is a Dropout
Other Words Frequently Beth Johnson 647
Confused 557
How to Make It in College, Now That
You’re Here
40. Effective Word Brian O’Keeney 655
Choice 563
L.A. Targets Full-Time Community
Slang 563 College Students for Free Tuition
Clichés 564 Anna M. Phillips 663
Inflated Words 566 Carol Dweck Revisits the “Growth
Mindset”
Carol Dweck 668
SECTION V Tests 570
In Praise of the F Word
41. Editing Tests 571 Mary Sherry 673
 CONTENTS xi

CHALLENGING SOCIETY Serena Williams Is the Greatest

Vann R. Newkirk II 705
Is Sex All That Matters?
Joyce Garity 680 Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce
Crime?
Mayor of Rust
Juleyka Lantigua-Williams 710
Sue Halpern 686
Why You May Need Social Media for Index 717
Your Career
John Warner 696
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
(1865)
Abraham Lincoln 701
READINGS LISTED BY RHETORICAL MODE

Note: Some selections are cross-listed because they illustrate more than one
­rhetorical method of development.

EXEMPLIFICATION
What Students Need to Know about Today’s Job Crisis Don Bertram 595
Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising Ann McClintock 605
Neat People vs. Sloppy People Suzanne Britt 629
A Few Good Monuments Men Noah Charney 633
On Homecomings Ta-Nehisi Coates 640
How to Make It in College, Now That You’re Here Brian O’Keeney 655
L.A. Targets Full-Time Community College Students For Free Tuition Anna
M. Phillips 663
Carol Dweck Revisits the “Growth Mindset” Carol Dweck 668
Is Sex All That Matters? Joyce Garity 680
Mayor of Rust Sue Halpern 686
Serena Williams Is the Greatest Vann R. Newkirk II 705

DESCRIPTION
The Great Spirit Zitkala-Ša 613
Neat People vs. Sloppy People Suzanne Britt 629
Is Sex All That Matters? Joyce Garity 680
Serena Williams Is the Greatest Vann R. Newkirk II 705

NARRATION
What Students Need to Know about Today’s Job Crisis Don Bertram 595
The Great Spirit Zitkala-Ša 613
A Few Good Monuments Men Noah Charney 633
On Homecomings Ta-Nehisi Coates 640
L.A. Targets Full-Time Community College Students For Free Tuition Anna
M. Phillips 663
Mayor of Rust Sue Halpern 686

PROCESS
Advice to Youth Mark Twain 619
Inaugural Address John F. Kennedy 623
A Few Good Monuments Men Noah Charney 633
xii
 Readings Listed by Rhetorical Mode xiii

How to Make It in College, Now That You’re Here Brian O’Keeney 655
Carol Dweck Revisits the “Growth Mindset” Carol Dweck 668
Mayor of Rust Sue Halpern 686

CAUSE AND/OR EFFECT

Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising Ann McClintock 605
A Few Good Monuments Men Noah Charney 633
On Homecomings Ta-Nehisi Coates 640
The Professor Is a Dropout Beth Johnson 647
Is Sex All That Matters? Joyce Garity 680
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address (1865) Abraham Lincoln 701
Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime? Juleyka Lantigua-Williams 710

COMPARISON AND/OR CONTRAST

Neat People vs. Sloppy People Suzanne Britt 629
Carol Dweck Revisits the “Growth Mindset” Carol Dweck 668
Is Sex All That Matters? Joyce Garity 680
Mayor of Rust Sue Halpern 686
Why You May Need Social Media for Your Career John Warner 696
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address (1865) Abraham Lincoln 701

DEFINITION
Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising Ann McClintock 605
Neat People vs. Sloppy People Suzanne Britt 629

DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION
What Students Need to Know about Today’s Job Crisis Don Bertram 595
Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising Ann McClintock 605

ARGUMENT
What Students Need to Know about Today’s Job Crisis Don Bertram 595
Advice to Youth Mark Twain 619
Inaugural Address John F. Kennedy 623
A Few Good Monuments Men Noah Charney 633
In Praise of the F Word Mary Sherry 673
Is Sex All That Matters? Joyce Garity 680
Why You May Need Social Media for Your Career John Warner 696
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address (1865) Abraham Lincoln 701
Serena Williams Is the Greatest Vann R. Newkirk II 705
Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime? Juleyka Lantigua-Williams 710
 Preface
Exploring Personal, Academic, and
Workplace Writing
Exploring Writing: Paragraphs and Essays 4/e is flexible. Throughout the
book, students are exposed to examples of writing that reflect the three
key realms of their lives—personal, academic, and workplace. Seeing
these different types of writing can help them understand the critical
way in which writing will have an impact on the many facets of their
lives.
To help students learn the different characteristics of each type of
writing, icons identifying specific writing pieces, examples, and assign-
ments are integrated throughout the chapters. Writings that employ
first-person point of view, narrative, and/or an informal tone are marked
“Personal.” Writings that employ a third-person point of view, a formal
tone, and focus on academic topics are identified as “Academic.” W­ ritings
that employ a third-person point of view, a formal tone, and focus on employment-­
related topics are marked “Work.”
Students will see models and examples for many writing situations. Parts
Three and Four, for example, include new sample paragraphs reflecting academic
and workplace writing while continuing to offer familiar as well as updated per-
sonal writing examples. Writing assignments and grammar assignments have also
been updated to provide practice with multiple writing situations. This variety
provides great flexibility in the kinds of assignments you prefer to give.

New Focus on Information Literacy

and Research Writing
Exploring Writing: Paragraphs and Essays 4/e has a new, updated focus on infor-
mation literacy, working with sources, and writing research papers. Students are
introduced to using and locating online sources effectively and efficiently and
employing critical thinking skills to determine the reliability and validity of sources
found. Resources available at most college libraries—including the expertise of
resource librarians and how to make best use of that expertise—are discussed in
detail. In addition to learning how to choose sources, students are exposed to a
new, more in-depth look at the skill of incorporating their sources into a source-
based essay. Paraphrasing, summarizing, and direct quoting are explained in more
depth, and multiple activities are provided to give students the practice they need.
Finally, writing a research paper is explained in detail, including how to create a
plan to meet deadlines set by instructors, how to take good notes, how to incor-
porate sources to avoid plagiarism, and how to use proper MLA format. In addi-
tion to the sample research paper, students are also given the opportunity to read
and work with additional source-based essays, including a literary analysis.

xiv
 Preface xv

Exploring and Mastering the Four Bases:

Unity, Support, Coherence, Sentence Skills
Exploring Writing emphasizes writing skills and process. By referring to a set of
four skills for effective writing, Exploring Writing encourages new writers to see
writing as a skill that can be learned and a process that must be explored. The
four skills, or bases, for effective writing are as follows:
• Unity: Discover a clearly stated point or topic sentence, and make sure that
all other information in the paragraph or essay supports that point.
• Support: Support the points with specific evidence, and plenty of it.
• Coherence: Organize and connect supporting evidence so that paragraphs
and essays transition smoothly from one bit of supporting information to
the next.
• Sentence skills: Revise and edit so that sentences are error-free for clearer
and more effective communication.
The four bases are essential to effective writing, whether it be a narrative para-
graph, a cover letter for a job application, or an essay assignment.

UNITY SUPPORT
Discover a clearly stated point, or topic Support points with specific evidence,
sentence, and make sure all the other and plenty of it.
information in the paragraph or essay is
in support of that point.

COHERENCE SENTENCE SKILLS

Organize and connect supporting Revise and edit so that sentences
evidence so that paragraphs and essays are error-free for clearer and more
transition smoothly from one bit of effective communication.
supporting information to the next.
C H A P T E R - B Y- C H A P T E R C H A N G E S

In addition to maintaining its hallmark, the four bases framework for writing and
revising, Exploring Writing: Paragraphs and Essays 4/e includes the following chapter-
by-chapter emphases and changes:

Part 1: Writing Skills and Process

• New sample paragraphs that reflect personal, academic, and workplace
writing
• New section on using technology to write and study efficiently
• Inclusion of Diagram of a Paragraph, with color-coded annotations that
explain the parts of a paragraph and how they flow
• Revised and updated coverage of MLA formatting in research writing
• Revised and enhanced coverage of audience and purpose
• Enhanced discussion of peer and personal review
• Targeted instruction and illustration of proper e-mail and discussion forum
post writing

Part 2: Basic Principles of Effective Writing

• New sample paragraphs that reflect personal, academic, and workplace
writing
• Inclusion of brand-new section, “The Writing Process in Action,” demon-
strating a student’s working through all stages of the writing process from
prewriting through peer review, self-evaluation, and revising

Part 3: Paragraph Development

• Several new student paragraphs and Writing Assignments that reflect per-
sonal, academic, and workplace writing and that address high-interest topics
• Inclusion in each chapter of one complete Checklist that is more focused
on the specific needs of the targeted mode
• Inclusion of multiple across-chapter cross-references to related topics

Part 4: Essay Development

• Inclusion of Diagram of an Essay with brand-new accompanying walk-
through of an annotated essay, illustrating the parts of the essay and how
they work together
• Introductory text for each pattern with explanation of how multiple modes
function together in one essay
• All sample essays emphasize one pattern or mode, but include other modes
as well to more fully reflect real writing
• Inclusion of multiple across-chapter cross-references to related topics
• Updated Essay Checklist

Part 5: Research-Based Writing

Brand-new Part updating and coalescing previous coverage and weaving in new
xvi relevant topics
 Chapter-by-Chapter Changes xvii

Chapter 19: Information Literacy

• New chapter with updated coverage of students’ use of the Internet, tech-
nology, and the library in the digital age

Chapter 20: Working with Sources

• Revised, newly focused, and enhanced treatment of summarizing and
paraphrasing
• Updated and increased coverage of identifying and avoiding plagiarism
• New, visually called out and identified examples of source-based essay writ-
ing and literary analysis
• Revised and updated coverage of MLA formatting in research writing

Chapter 21: Writing a Research Paper

• Updated discussion of key research skills including how to create a work-
able timeline for writing a research paper
• Revised and updated coverage of MLA formatting in research writing

Part 6: Handbook of Sentence Skills

• Revised and strengthened coverage of key sentence skills such as pronoun
usage and verbs
• Revised and newly focused treatment of irregular and regular verbs
• New grammar activities, exercises, and Review Tests that continue to incor-
porate personal, academic, and workplace-related themes
• New and existing test and activity material is typically focused on one issue
so that it reads as a unified passage

Part 7: Readings for Writers

• Newly organized and titled sub-sections:
Goals and Values
Education and Learning
Challenging Society
• Readings updated to include eleven new selections by diverse and well-­
respected authors:
“What Students Need to Know about Today’s Job Crisis” by Don
Bertram
“The Great Spirit” by Zitkala-Ša
“A Few Good Monuments Men” by Noah Charney
“On Homecomings” by Ta-Nehisi Coates
“L.A. Targets Full-Time Community College Students for Free Tuition”
by Anna M. Phillips
“Carol Dweck Revisits the ‘Growth Mindset’” by Carol Dweck
“Mayor of Rust” by Sue Halpern
“Why You May Need Social Media for Your Career” by John Warner
“Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address” (1865) by Abraham Lincoln
“Serena Williams Is the Greatest” by Vann R. Newkirk II
“Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime?” by Juleyka
Lantigua-Williams
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Another random document with
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whether interested in his wife or not or Mrs. Davis or not, Steele was
literally terrorized by convention,—and to the point where he was
floundering about for an excuse. He was weak and he wanted to put
the best face on the situation that he could. As one of the
newspapermen afterward expressed it, “there was something
unpleasant about it all.” Just why had he changed so quickly? Why
the gratuitous insult to Mrs. Davis? Why, after the previous
acknowledgment of an affection of sorts at least for her, was he now
willing to write himself down a bounder and a cad in this open and
offensive way? For a cad he plainly was. Mrs. Davis could not be as
shabby as he had made her out. This was at once and generally
agreed upon. That finally fixed Steele’s position in G—— as a
bounder. He was never again taken back on any local staff.
And for myself, I could not quite fathom it. The thing haunted me.
What was it that moved him—public opinion, fear of the loss of the
petty social approval which had once been his, sorrow for his wife—
what one special thing that Mrs. Davis might or might not have
done? For certainly, as things turned out, she had been guilty of
nothing except loving him—illegally, of course, but loving him. My
mind involuntarily flashed back to the two curled abaft the pilot-
house in the moonlight, those quaint, shadowy, romantic figures. And
now this! And then there was dancing and laughter and love.

VIII

But even this is not the end, however ready you may be to cease
listening. There is an envoi that I must add. This was seven years
later. By then I had removed to New York and established myself as
a cartoonist. From others I had learned that Steele also had come to
New York and was now connected with one of the local papers in
some moderately responsible capacity—copy reading, I think. At any
rate, I met him—one Sunday. It was near the entrance of the Bronx
Zoo, at closing time. He was there with his wife and a second little
son that had come to him since he had left G——. The first one—a
boy of ten by then, I presume—was not present. All this I learned in
the course of the brief conversation that followed.
 But his wife! I can never forget her. She was so worn, so faded, so
impossible. And this other boy by her—a son who had followed after
their reunion! My God! I thought, how may not fear or convention
slay one emotionally! And to cap it all, he was not so much
apologetic as—I will not say defiant—but ingratiating and volubly
explanatory about his safe and sane retreat from gayety and
freedom, and, if you will, immorality. For he knew, of course, that I
recalled the other case—all its troublesome and peculiar details.
“My wife! My wife!” he exclaimed quickly, since I did not appear to
recognize her at first, and with a rather grandiose gesture of the
hand, as who should say, “I am proud of my wife, as you see. I am
still married to her and rightly so. I am not the same person you
knew in G—— at all—at all!”
“Oh, yes,” I replied covering them all with a single glance. “I
remember your wife very well. And your boy.”
“Oh, no, not that boy,” he hastened to explain. “That was Harry.
This is another little boy—Francis.” And then, as though to re-
establish his ancient social prestige with me, he proceeded to add:
“We’re living over on Staten Island now—just at the north end, near
the ferry, you know. You must come down some time. It’s a pleasant
ride. We’ll both be so glad to see you. Won’t we, Estelle?”
“Yes, certainly,” said Mrs. Steele.
I hastened away as quickly as possible. The contrast was too
much; that damned memory of mine, illegitimate as it may seem to
be, was too much. I could not help thinking of the Ira Ramsdell and
of how much I had envied him the dances, the love, the music, the
moonlight.
“By God!” I exclaimed as I walked away. “By God!”
And that is exactly how I feel now about all such miscarriages of
love and delight—cold and sad.
 VI
KHAT
“O, thou blessed that contains no demon, but a fairy! When I follow
thee thou takest me into regions overlooking Paradise. My sorrows
are as nothing. My rags are become as robes of silk. My feet are
shod, not worn and bleeding. I lift up my head——O Flower of
Paradise! O Flower of Paradise!”
Old Arabian Song.
“When the European is weary he calls for alcohol to
revive him; when he is joyful he thinks of wine that he may
have more joy. In like manner the Chinese wooes his
‘white lady,’ the poppy flower. The Indian chews bhang,
and the West African seeks surcease in kola. To the
Yemen Arab, khat, the poor man’s happiness, his ‘flower
of paradise,’ is more than any of these to its devotees. It is
no narcotic compelling sleep, but a stimulant like alcohol,
a green shrub that grows upon the hills in moist places.
On the roads leading to the few cities of Arabia, and in the
cities themselves, it may be seen being borne on the
backs of camels to the market-place or the wedding feast
—the wet and dripping leaves of the shrub. The poor and
the well-to-do at once crave and adore it. They speak of it
as ‘the strength of the weak,’ ‘the inspiration of the
depressed,’ ‘the dispeller of sorrow and too deep care.’ All
who may, buy and chew it, the poor by the anna’s worth,
the rich by the rupee. The beggar when he can beg or
steal it—even he is happy too.”
American Consular Report.

T HE dawn had long since broken over the heat-weary cup and
slopes of the Mugga Valley, in which lies Hodeidah. In the centre
of the city, like a mass of upturned yellow cups and boxes
surrounded by a ring of green and faced by the sea, were the
houses, with their streets and among and in them the shopkeepers
of streets or ways busy about the labors of the day. Al Hajjaj, the
cook, whose place was near the mosque in the centre of the public
square, had already set his pots and pans over the fire and washed
his saucers and wiped his scales and swept his shop and sprinkled
it. And indeed his fats and oils were clear and his spices fragrant,
and he himself was standing behind his cooking pots ready to serve
customers. Likewise those who dealt in bread, ornaments, dress
goods, had put forth such wares as they had to offer. In the mosque
a few of the faithful had entered to pray. Over the dust of the ill-swept
street, not yet cleared of the rubbish of the day before, the tikka
gharries of the better-to-do dragged their way along the road about
various errands. The same was speckled with natives in bright or dull
attire, some alive with the interest of business, others dull because of
a life that offered little.
In his own miserable wattle-covered shed or hut, no more than an
abandoned donkey’s stall at the edge of the city, behold Ibn
Abdullah. Beggar, ne’er-do-well, implorer of charity before the
mosque, ex-water-carrier and tobacco seller in Mecca and Medina,
from whence he had been driven years before by his extortions and
adulterations, he now turned wearily, by no means anxious to rise
although it was late. For why rise when you are old and weary and
ragged, and life offers at best only a little food and sleep—or not so
much food as (best and most loved of all earthly blessings) khat, the
poor man’s friend? For that, more than food or drink, he craved. Yet
how to come by it was a mystery. There was about him not a single
anna wherewith to sate his needs—not so much as a pice!
Indeed, as Ibn Abdullah now viewed his state, he had about
reached the end of his earthly tether. His career was and had been a
failure. Born in the mountain district back of Hodeidah, in the little
village of Sabar, source of the finest khat, where formerly his father
had been a khat farmer, his mother a farmer’s helper, he had
wandered far, here and there over Arabia and elsewhere, making a
living as best he might: usually by trickery. Once for a little while he
had been a herdsman with a Bedouin band, and had married a
daughter of the tribe, but, restlessness and a lust of novelty
overcoming him, he had, in time, deserted his wife and wandered
hence. Thence to Jiddah, the port of debarkation for pilgrims from
Egypt and Central Africa approaching Mecca and Medina, the
birthplace and the burialplace of the Prophet. Selling trinkets and
sacred relics, water and tobacco and fruit and food, and betimes
indulging in trickery and robbery, he had finally been taken in the
toils of the Cadis of both Mecca and Medina, by whose henchmen
he had been sadly drubbed on his back and feet and ordered away,
never to return. Venturing once more into the barren desert, a trailer
of caravans, he had visited Taif, Taraba and Makhwa, but finding life
tedious in these smaller places he had finally drifted southward along
the coast of the Red Sea to the good city of Hodeidah, where, during
as many as a dozen years now, he had been eking out a wretched
existence, story-telling, selling tobacco (when he could get it) or
occasionally false relics to the faithful. Having grown old in this labor,
his tales commonplace, his dishonesty and lack of worth and truth
well known, he was now weary and helpless, truly one near an
unhonored end.
Time was, in his better days and greater strength, as he now
bethought him on this particular morning, when he had had his full
share of khat, and food too. Ay-ee! There had been some excellent
days in the past, to be sure! Not even old Raschid, the khat
drunkard, or Al Hajjaj, the cook, who might be seen of a late
afternoon before his shop, his pillow and carpets and water chatties
about him, his narghili lit, a bunch of khat by his side, his wife and
daughter at the window above listening to him and his friends as
they smoked or chewed and discoursed, had more of khat and food
than had he. By Allah, things were different then! He had had his
girls, too, his familiar places in the best of the mabrazes, where were
lights and delightful strains of song, and dancing betimes. He had
sung and applauded and recounted magnificent adventures with the
best of them. Ay-ee!
But of late he had not done well—not nearly as well as in times
past. He was very, very old now, that was the reason; his bones
ached and even creaked. An undue reputation for evil things done in
the past—Inshallah! no worse than those of a million others—
pursued him wherever he went. It was remembered of him,
unfortunately, here in Hodeidah, as in Mecca and Medina (due no
doubt to the lying, blasting tongue—may it wither in his mouth!—of
Tahrbulu, the carrier, whom he had known in Mecca)—that he had
been bastinadoed there for adulterating the tobacco he sold—a little
dried goats’ and camels’ dung, wind-blown and clean; and as for
Taif, to which place he had gone after Mecca, Firaz, the ex-caravan
guard who had known him in that place—the dog!—might his bones
wither in the sun!—had recalled to various and sundry that at Mecca
he had been imprisoned for selling water from a rain-pit as that of the
sacred well of Jezer! Be it so; he was hard pressed at the time; there
was no place to turn; business was poor—and great had been his
yearning for khat.
But since then he had aged and wearied and all his efforts at an
honest livelihood had served him ill. Betimes his craving for khat had
grown, the while his ability to earn it—aye, even to beg it with any
success!—had decreased. Here in Hodeidah he was too well known
(alas, much too well known!), and yet where else was he to go? By
sea it was all of three hundred miles to Aden, a great and generous
place, so it was said, but how was he to get there at his time of life?
No captain would carry him. He would be tossed into the sea like a
rat. Had he not begged and been roundly cursed? And to Jiddah,
whereby thousands came to Mecca, a full five hundred miles north,
he dare not return. Were he there, no doubt he would do better: the
faithful were generous.... But were he caught in the realm of the
Grand Sherif— No; Hodeidah had its advantages.
He arose after a time, and, without ablutions, prostrating himself
weakly in the direction of Mecca, adjusted his ragged loin- and
shoulder-cloths and prepared to emerge for the day. Although
hungry and weak, it was not food but khat that he desired, a few
leaves of the green, succulent, life-giving plant that so restored his
mood and strength and faculties generally. By Allah, if he had but a
little, a handful, his thoughts concerning life would be so much more
endurable. He might even, though cracked and wretched was his
voice, tell a tale or two to idlers and so earn an honest anna. Or he
would have more courage to beg, to lie, to mourn before the faithful.
Yea, had he not done so often? With it he was as good as any man,
as young, as hopeful; without it—well, he was as he was: feeble and
worn.
As he went forth finally along the hot, dusty road which led into the
city and the public market and mosque, lined on either side by low
one-story mud houses of the poor, windowless, and with the
roadway in front as yet unswept, his thoughts turned in eager
seeking to the khat market, hard by the public square and beyond
the mosque, whose pineapple-shaped dome he could even now see
rising in the distance over the low roofs before him. Here it was that
at about eleven o’clock in the morning the khat camels bearing their
succulent loads would come winding along the isthmus road from the
interior. He could see them now, hear their bells, the long striding
camels, their shouting drivers, the green herb, wet and sweet, piled
in refreshing masses upon their backs! How well he knew the
process of its arrival—the great rock beyond the Jiddah gate casting
a grateful shade, the two little black policemen ready to take custom
toll of each load and give a receipt, the huge brutes halting before
the door of the low kutcha-thatched inn, there to pick at some wisps
of grass while their masters went inside to have a restful pull at a
hubbuk (water-pipe) and a drink of kishr, or maybe a bowl of curds.
Meanwhile, a flock of shrewd youngsters, bribelings of the
merchants of the bazaars within the city, would flit about the loaded
animals, seeking to steal a leaf or to thrust an appraising glance into
the closely wrapped bundles, in order that they might report as to the
sweetness and freshness of their respective loads.
“What, O kowasji, is the quality of your khat to-day? Which beast
carries the best, and has thy driver stinted no water on the journey to
keep it fresh?”
To find true answers to these questions had these urchins taken
their bribe-money in the bazaars. But the barefoot policeman would
chase them away, the refreshed drivers would come out again,
fiercely breathing calumnies against the grandmothers of such brats,
and the little caravan would pick its way upward and downward
again into the market.
 But to-day, too weary to travel so far, even though by sighs and
groans and many prayers for their well-being he might obtain so little
as a leaf or two from the comfortable drivers, he betook himself
slowly toward the market itself. En route, and especially as he
neared a better portion of the city, where tikka gharries might be
seen, he was not spareful of “Alms, in the name of Allah! Allah!
Alms!” or “May thy hours in paradise be endless!” But none threw
him so much as a pice. Instead, those who recognized his familiar
figure, the sad antithesis of all industry and well-being, turned away
or called: “Out of the way, thou laggard! To one side, dog!”
When he reached the market, however, not without having cast a
wishful eye at the shining pots and saucers of Al Hajjaj en route, the
adjoining bazaar had heard of the coming of the green-laden
caravan, and from the dark shops, so silent until now, cheerful cries
were beginning to break forth. Indeed the streets were filled with
singing and a stream of lean figures all headed one way. Like himself
they were going to the khat market, only so much better equipped for
the occasion—rupees and anna in plenty for so necessary and
delectable an herb. Tikka gharries rattled madly past him, whips
were waved and turbans pushed awry; there were flashes of color
from rich men’s gowns, as they hurried to select the choicest
morsels, the clack of oryx-hide sandals, and the blunt beating of tom-
toms. As the camels arrived in the near distance, the market was
filled with a restless, yelling mob. Bedlam had broken loose, but a
merry, good-natured bedlam at that. For khat, once obtained, would
ease whatever ill feeling or morning unrest or weariness one might
feel.
Although without a pice wherewith to purchase so much as a stalk,
still Ibn could not resist the temptation of entering here. What, were
none of the faithful merciful? By Allah, impossible! Perchance—who
knows?—there might be a stranger, a foreigner, who in answer to his
appealing glance, his outstretched hands, an expression of abject
despair which long since he had mastered, would cast him an anna,
or even a rupee (it had happened!), or some one, seeing him going
away empty-handed or standing at the gate outside, forlorn and cast
down, and asking always alms, alms, would cast him a delicious leaf
or spray of the surpassing delight.
But no; this day, as on the day previous, and the one before that,
he had absolutely no success. What was it—the hand of fate itself?
Had Allah truly forsaken him at last? In a happy babel, and before
his very eyes, the delicious paradisiacal stimulant was weighed on
government scales and taxed again—the Emir must live! And then,
divided into delicious bundles the thickness of a man’s forearm, it
was offered for sale. Ah, the beauty of those bundles—the delight
therein contained—the surcease even now! The proud sellers, in
turban and shirt, were mounting the small tables or stands about the
place and beginning to auction it off, each bundle bringing its own
price. “Min kam! Min kam!” Hadji, the son of Dodow, was now crying
—Hadji, whom Ibn had observed this many a day as a seller here.
He was waving a bunch above the outstretched hands of the crowd.
“How much? How much will you give for this flower of paradise, this
bringer of happiness, this dispeller of all weakness? ’Tis as a
maiden’s eyes. ’Tis like bees’ breath for fragrance. ’Tis—”
“That I might buy!” sighed Ibn heavily. “That I might buy! Who will
give me so much as a spray?”
“One anna” (two cents), yelled a mirthful and contemptuous voice,
knowing full well the sacrilege of the offer.
“Thou scum! O thou miserable little tick on the back of a sick
camel!” replied the seller irritably. “May my nose grow a beard if it is
not worth two rupees at the very least!”
“Bismillah! There is not two rupees’ worth in all thy filthy godown,
budmash!”
“Thou dog! Thou detractor! But why should one pay attention to
one who has not so much as an anna wherewith to ease himself? To
those who have worth and many rupees—look, behold, how green,
how fresh!”
And Al Hajjaj, the cook, and Ahmed, the carpet-weaver, stepped
forward and took each a bunch for a rupee, the while Ibn Abdullah,
hanging upon the skirt of the throng and pushed contemptuously
here and there, eyed it all sadly. Other bundles in the hands of other
sellers were held up and quickly disposed of—to Chudi, the baker,
Azad Bakht, the barber, Izz-al-Din, the seller of piece goods, and so
on, until within the hour all was exhausted and the place deserted.
On the floor was now left only the litter and débris of stems and
deadened leaves, to be haggled over by the hadjis (vendors of
firewood), the sweepers, scavengers and beggars generally, of
whom he was one; only for the want of a few pice, an anna at the
most, he would not even now be allowed to carry away so much as a
stem of this, so ill had been his fortunes these many, many days. In
this pell-mell scene, where so many knew him and realized the
craving wherewith he was beset, not one paused to offer him a sprig.
He was as wretched as before, only hungrier and thirstier.
And then, once the place was finally deserted, not a leaf or a stem
upon the ground, he betook himself slowly and wearily to his
accustomed place in the shadow of one of the six columns which
graced the entryway of the mosque (the place of beggars), there to
lie and beseech of all who entered or left that they should not forget
the adjuration of the Prophet “and give thy kinsman his due and the
poor and the son of the road.” At noon he entered with others and
prayed, for there at least he was welcome, but alas, his thoughts
were little on the five prescribed daily prayers and the morning and
evening ablutions—no, not even upon food, but rather upon khat.
How to obtain it—a leaf—a stem!
Almost perforce his thoughts now turned to the days of his youth,
when as a boy living on the steep terraced slope of the mountains
between Taiz and Yerim, he was wont literally to dwell among the
small and prosperous plantations of the khat farmers who flourished
there in great numbers. Indeed, before his time, his father had been
one such, and Sabar and Hirwa, two little villages in the Taiz district,
separated only by a small hill, and in the former of which he was
born, were famous all over Arabia for the khat that was raised there.
Next to that which came from Bokhari, the khat of Sabar, his home
town, was and remained the finest in all Yemen. Beside it even that
of Hirwa was coarse, thin and astringent, and more than once he
had heard his mother, who was a khat-picker, say that one might set
out Sabari plants in Hirwa and that they quickly became coarse, but
remove Hirwa plants to Sabar, and they grew sweet and delicate.
And there as a child he—who could not now obtain even so much
as a leaf of life-giving khat!—had aided his mother in picking or
cutting the leaves and twigs of khat that constituted the crops of this
region—great camel-loads of it! In memory now he could see the
tasks of the cooler months, where, when new fields were being
planted, they were started from cuttings buried in shallow holes four
to six inches apart with space enough between the rows for pickers
to pass; how the Yemen cow and the sad-eyed camel, whose maw
was never full, had to be guarded against, since they had a nice
taste in cuttings, and thorn twigs and spiny cactus leaves had to be
laid over the young shoots to discourage the marauders.
At the end of a year the young shrubs, now two feet high, had a
spread of thick green foliage eighteen inches in diameter. Behold
now the farmer going out into the dawn of each morning to gaze at
his field and the sky, in the hope of seeing the portents of harvest
time. On a given morning the air would be thick with bulbuls,
sparrows, weaver birds, shrilly clamoring; they would rise and fall
above the plants, picking at the tenderest leaves. “Allah be praised!”
would cry the farmer in delight. “The leaves are sweet and ripe for
the market!” And now he would call his women and the wives of his
neighbors to the crop-picking. Under a bower of jasmine vines, with
plumes of the sweet smelling rehan, the farmer and his cronies
would gather to drink from tiny cups and smoke the hubbuk, while
the womenfolk brought them armfuls of the freshly cut khat leaves.
What a joyous time it was for all the village, for always the farmer
distributed the whole of his first crop among his neighbors, in the
name of Allah, that Allah’s blessings might thus be secured on all the
succeeding ones. Would that he were in Sabar or Hirwa once more!
But all this availed him nothing. He was sick and weary, with little
strength and no money wherewith to return; besides, if he did, the
fame of his evil deeds would have preceded him perhaps. Again,
here in Hodeidah, as elsewhere in Arabia, the cities and villages
especially, khat-chewing was not only an appetite but a habit, and
even a social custom or function, with the many, and required many
rupees the year to satisfy. Indeed one of the painful things in
connection with all this was that, not unlike eating in other countries,
or tea at least, it had come to involve a paraphernalia and a ritual all
its own, one might say. At this very noon hour here in Hodeidah,
when, because of his luck, he was here before the temple begging
instead of having a comfortable home of his own, hundreds—aye,
thousands—who an hour earlier might have been seen wending their
way happily homeward from the market, their eyes full of a delicious
content, their jaws working, a bundle of the precious leaves under
their arms, might now be found in their private or public mabraz
making themselves comfortable, chewing and digesting this same,
and not until the second hour of the afternoon would they again be
seen. They all had this, their delight, to attend to!
Aye, go to the house of any successful merchant, (only the
accursed Jews and the outlanders did not use khat) between these
hours and say that you had urgent news for him or that you had
come to buy a lakh of rupees’ worth of skins.... His servant would
meet you on the verandah (accursed dogs! How well he knew them
and their airs!) and offer the profoundest apologies ... the master
would be unutterably sick (here he would begin to weep), or his
sister’s husband’s aunt’s mother had died this very morning and full
of unutterable woe as he was he would be doing no business; or
certainly he had gone to Tawahi but assuredly would return by three.
Would the caller wait? And at that very moment the rich dog would
be in his mabraz at the top of his house smoking his hubbuk and
chewing his leaves—he who only this morning had refused Ibn so
much as a leaf! Bismillah! Let him rot like a dead jackal!
Or was it one who was less rich? Behold the public mabraz, such
as he—Ibn—dared not even look into save as a wandering teller of
tales, or could only behold from afar. For here these prosperous
swine could take their ease in the heat of the day, cool behind
trellised windows of these same, or at night could dream where were
soft lights and faint strains of song, where sombre shadow-steeped
figures swayed as though dizzy with the sound of their own voices,
chanting benedictions out of the Koran or the Prophets. Had he not
told tales for them in his time, the uncharitable dogs? Even now, at
this noon hour, one might see them, the habitués of these same well-
ventilated and well-furnished public rooms, making off in state for
their favorite diversion, their khat tied up in a bright shawl and
conspicuously displayed—for whom except himself, so poor or so
low that he could not afford a little?—and all most anxious that all the
world should know that they went thus to enjoy themselves. In the
mabraz, each one his rug and pillow arranged for him, he would
recline, occupying the space assigned him and no more. By his side
would be the tall narghili or hubbuk, the two water-pots or chatties on
copper stands, and a bowl of sweets. Bismillah, he was no beggar!
When the mabraz was comfortably filled with customers a servant
would come and light the pipes, some one would produce a Koran or
commence a story—not he any more, for they would not have him,
such was his state—and the afternoon’s pleasure would begin.
Occasionally the taraba (a kind of three-stringed viol) would be
played, or, as it might happen, a favorite singer be present. Then the
happy cries of “Taieeb!” or “Marhabba! Marhabba!” (Good!), or the
more approbative “O friend, excellent indeed!” would be heard. How
well he remembered his own share in all this in former years, and
how little the knowledge of it all profited him now—how little! Ah,
what a sadness to be old and a beggar in the face of so much joy!
But as he mused in the shade, uttering an occasional “Alms, alms,
in the name of Allah!” as one or another of the faithful entered or left
the mosque, there came from the direction of the Jiddah gate, the
regular khat-bearing camel route, shrill cries and yells. Looking up
now, he saw a crowd of boys racing toward the town, shouting as
they ran: “Al khat aja!” (the khat has come), a thing which of itself
boded something unusual—a marriage or special feast of some kind,
for at this late hour for what other reason would khat be brought?
The market was closed; the chewers of khat already in their
mabrazes. From somewhere also, possibly in the house of a
bridegroom, came the faint tunk-a-lunk of a tom-tom, which now
seemed to take up the glad tidings and beat out its summons to the
wedding guests.
“Bismillah! What means this?” commented the old beggar to
himself, his eyes straining in the direction of the crowd; then folding
his rags about him he proceeded to limp in the direction of the noise.
At the turn of a narrow street leading into the square his eye was
gladdened truly enough by the sight of a khat-bearing camel,
encompassed by what in all likelihood, and as he well knew was the
custom on such occasions, a cloud of “witnesses” (seekers of
entertainment or food at any feast) to the probable approaching
marriage. Swathed round the belly of the camel as it came and over
its load of dripping green herbs, was laid a glorious silken cloth,
blazing with gold and hung with jasmine sprays; and though tom-
toms thumped and fifes squealed a furious music all about him, the
solemn beast bore his burden as if it were some majesty of state.
“By Allah,” observed the old beggar wearily yet eyeing the fresh
green khat with zest, “that so much joy should be and I have not a
pice, let alone an anna! Would that I might take a spray—that one
might fall!”
“Friend,” he ventured after a moment, turning to a water-carrier
who was standing by, one almost as poor as himself if more
industrious, “what means this? Has not Ramazan passed and is not
Mohorrum yet to come?”
“Dost thou address me, thou bag of bones?” returned the carrier,
irritated by this familiarity on the part of one less than himself.
“Sahib,” returned the beggar respectfully, using a term which he
knew would flatter the carrier, no more entitled to a “Sir” than himself,
“use me not ill. I am in sore straits and weak. Is it for a marriage or a
dance, perhaps?”
“Thou hast said,” replied the carrier irritably, “—of Zeila, daughter
of old Bhori, the tin-seller in the bazaar, to Abdul, whose father is
jemidar of chaprassies at the burra bungalow.”
At the mere mention of marriage there came into the mind of Ibn
the full formula for any such in Hodeidah—for had he not attended
them in his time, not so magnificent as this perhaps but marriages of
sorts? From noon on all the relatives and friends invited would begin
to appear in twos and threes in the makhdara, where all preparations
for the entertainment of the guests had no doubt been made. Here
for them to sit on in so rich a case as this (or so he had heard in the
rumored affairs of the rich), would be long benches of stone or teak,
and upon them beautiful carpets and pillows. (In all the marriages he
had been permitted to attend these were borrowed for the occasion
from relatives or friends.) Madayeh, or water-bubbles, would be
ready, although those well enough placed in the affairs of this world
would prefer to bring their own, carried by a servant. A lot of little
chatties for the pipes would be on hand, as well as a number of fire-
pots, these latter outside the makhdara with a dozen boys, fan in
hand, ready to refill for each guest his pipe with tobacco and fire on
the first call of “Ya yi-yall!” How well he remembered his services as
a pipe-filler on occasions of this kind in his youth, how well his
pleasure as guest or friend, relative even on one occasion, in his
earlier and more prosperous years and before he had become an
outcast, when his own pipe had been filled. Oh, the music! the bowls
of sweets! the hot kishr, the armful of delicious khat, and before and
after those little cakes of wheat with butter and curds! When the
makhdara was full and all the guests had been solemnly greeted by
the father of the bride, as well as by the prospective husband, khat
would be distributed, and the pleasure of chewing it begin. Ah! Yes,
weddings were wonderful and very well in their way indeed, provided
one came by anything through them.
Alas, here, as in the case of the market sales, his opportunities for
attending the same with any profit to himself, the privilege of sharing
in the delights and comforts of the same, were over. He had no
money, no repute, not even respect. Indeed the presence of a
beggar such as he on an occasion of this kind, and especially here in
Hodeidah where were many rich, would be resented, taken almost
as an evil omen. Not only the guests within but those poorer
admirers without, such as these who but now followed the camel,
would look upon his even so much as distant approach as a vile
intrusion, lawless, worthless dog that he was, come to peek and pry
and cast a shadow upon what would otherwise be a happy occasion.
Yet he could not resist the desire to follow a portion of the way,
anyhow. The escorted khat looked too enticing. Bismillah! There
must be some one who would throw him a leaf on so festal an
occasion, surely! By a slow and halting process therefore he came
finally before the gate of the residence, into which already the camel
had disappeared. Before it was the usual throng of those not so
vastly better than himself who had come to rejoice for a purpose,
and within, the sound of the tom-tom and voices singing. Over the
gate and out of the windows were hung silken carpets and jasmine
sprays, for old Bhori was by no means poor in this world’s goods.
While recognizing a number who might have been tolerant of him,
Ibn Abdullah also realized rather painfully that of the number of these
who were most friendly, having known him too long as a public
beggar, there were few.
“What! Ne’er-do-well!” cried one who recognized him as having
been publicly bastinadoed on one occasion here years before, when
he had been younger and healthy enough to be a vendor of tobacco,
for adulterating his tobacco. “Do you come here, too?” Then turning
to another he called: “Look who comes here—Ibn, the rich man! A
friend of the good Bhori, no doubt, mayhap a relative, or at least one
of his invited guests!”
“Ay-ee, a friend of the groom at least!” cried another.
“Or a brother or cousin of the bride!” chaffed still a third.
“A rich and disappointed seeker after her hand!” declared a fourth
titteringly.
“He brings rich presents, as one can see!” proclaimed a fifth. “But
look now at his hands!” A chortle followed, joined in by many.
“And would he be content with so little as a spray of khat in
return?” queried a sixth.
“By Allah, an honest tobacco-merchant! Bismillah! One whom the
Cadi loves!” cried a seventh.
For answer Ibn turned a solemn and craving eye upon them,
thinking only of khat. “Inshallah! Peace be with thee, good citizens!”
he returned. “Abuse not one who is very low in his state. Alms! Alms!
A little khat, of all that will soon generously be bestowed upon thee!
Alms!”
 “Away, old robber!” cried one of them. “If you had ever been
honest you would not now be poor.”
“What, old jackal, dost thou come here to beg? What brings thee
from the steps of the mosque? Are the praying faithful so
ungenerous? By Allah! Likely they know thee—not?”
“Peace! Peace! And mayst thou never know want and distress
such as mine! Food I have not had for three days. My bones yearn
for so much as a leaf of khat. Be thou generous and of all that is
within, when a portion is given thee give me but a leaf!”
“The Cadi take thee!”
“Dog!”
“Beggar!”
“Come not too near, thou bag of decay!”
So they threatened him and he came no closer, removing rather to
a safe distance and eyeing as might a lorn jackal a feast partaken of
by lions.
Yet having disposed of this objectionable intruder in this fashion,
no khat was as yet forthcoming, the reason being that it was not yet
time. Inside, the wedding ceremony and feast, a matter of slow and
ordered procedure, was going forward with great care. Kishr was no
doubt now being drunk, and there were many felicitations to be
extended and received. But, once it was all over and the throng
without invited to partake of what was left, Ibn was not one of those
included. Rather, he was driven off with curses by a servant, and
being thus entirely shut out could only wait patiently in the distance
until those who had entered should be satisfied and eventually come
forth wiping their lips and chewing khat—in better humor, perchance
—or go his way. Then, if he chose to stay, and they were kind—
But, having eaten and drunk, they were in no better mood in
regard to him. As they came forth, singly or in pairs, an hour or more
later, they saw in him only a pest, one who would take from them a
little of that which they themselves had earned with difficulty.
Therefore they passed him by unheeding or with jests.
 And by now it was that time in the afternoon when the effect on the
happy possessor of khat throughout all Arabia was only too plainly to
be seen. The Arab servant who in the morning had been surly and
taciturn under the blazing sun was now, with a wad of the vivifying
leaves in his cheek, doing his various errands and duties with a
smile and a light foot. The bale which the ordinary coolie of the
waterfront could not lift in the morning was now but a featherweight
on his back. The coffee merchant who in the morning was acrid in
manner and sharp at a bargain, now received your orders gratefully
and with a pleasantry, and even a bid for conversation in his eye.
Abdullah, the silk merchant, dealing with his customers in sight of the
mosque, bestowed compliments and presents. By Allah, he would
buy your horse for the price of an elephant and find no favor too
great to do for you. Yussuf, the sambuk-carrier, a three-hundred-
weight goatskin on his back, and passing Ibn near the mosque once
more, assured Ali, his familiar of the same world and of equal load,
as they trudged along together, “Cut off my strong hand, and I will
become Hadji, the sweeper” (a despised caste), “but take away my
khat, and let me die!” Everywhere the evasive, apathetic atmosphere
of the morning had given way to the valor of sentient life. Chewing
the life-giving weed, all were sure that they could perform prodigies
of energy and strength, that life was a delicious thing, the days and
years of their troubles as nothing.
But viewing this and having none, and trudging moodily along
toward his waiting-place in front of the mosque, Ibn was truly
depressed and out of sorts. The world was not right. Age and
poverty should command more respect. To be sure, in his youth
perhaps he had not been all that he might have been, but still, for
that matter, had many others so been? Were not all men weak, after
their kind, or greedy or uncharitable? By Allah, they were, and as he
had reason to know! Waidi, the water-seller? A thief really, no whit
better than himself, if the world but knew. Hussein, the peddler of
firewood; Haifa, the tobacco tramp—a wretched and swindling pack,
all, not a decent loin- or shoulder-cloth among them, possessed of
no better places of abode than his own really, yet all, even as the
richest of men, had their khat, could go to their coffee places this
night and enjoy it for a few anna. Even they! And he!
 In Hodeidah there was still another class, the strictly business or
merchant class, who, unlike men of wealth or the keepers of the very
small shops, wound up their affairs at four in the afternoon and
returning to their homes made a kind of public show of their ease
and pleasure in khat from then on until the evening prayers.
Charpoys, water-pipes and sweetmeats were brought forth into the
shade before the street door. The men of the household and their
male friends sprawled sociably on the charpoys, the ingredients for
the promotion of goodly fellowship ready to their hands. A graybeard
or two might sit among them expounding from the sacred book, or
conversation lively in character but subdued in tone entertained the
company. Then the aged, the palsied, even the dying of the family,
their nearest of kin, were brought down on their beds from the top of
the house to partake of this feast of reason and flow of wit. Inside the
latticed windows the women sat, munching the second-best leaves
and listening to the scraps of wisdom that floated up to them from
the company below.
It was from this hour on that Ibn found it most difficult to endure
life. To see the world thus gay while he was hungry was all but too
much. After noting some of this he wandered wearily down the
winding market street which led from the mosque to the waterfront,
and where in view of the sea were a few of the lowest coffee-houses,
frequented by coolies, bhisties and hadjis. Here in some one of
them, though without a single pice in his hand, he proposed to make
a final effort before night should fall, so that thereafter in some one of
them, the very lowest of course, he himself might sit over the little
khat he would (if fortunate) be permitted to purchase, and a little
kishr. Perhaps in one of these he would receive largess from one of
these lowest of mabraz masters or his patrons, or be permitted to tell
an old and hoarse and quavering tale. His voice was indeed
wretched.
On his way thence, however, via the Street of the Seven
Blessings, he came once more before the door of Al Hajjaj, the cook,
busy among his pots and pans, and paused rather disconsolately in
the sight of the latter, who recognized him but made no sign.
 “Alms, O Hajjaj, in the name of the Prophet, and mayst thou never
look about thy shop but that it shall be full of customers and thy profit
large!” he voiced humbly.
“Be off! Hast thou no other door than mine before which to pause
and moan?”
“Ever generous Hajjaj,” he continued, “’tis true thou hast been kind
often, and I deserve nothing more of thee. Yet wilt thou believe me
that for days I have had neither food nor drink—nor a leaf of khat—
nay, not so much as an wheaten cake, a bowl of curds or even a
small cup of kishr. My state is low. That I shall not endure another
day I know.”
“And well enough, dog, since thou hast not made more of thy life
than thou hast. Other men have affairs and children, but thou
nothing. What of all thy years? Hast thou aught to show? Thou
knowest by what steps thou hast come so. There are those as poor
as thyself who can sing in a coffee-house or tell a tale. But thou—
Come, canst thou think of nothing better than begging? Does not
Hussein, the beggar, sing? And Ay-eeb tell tales? Come!”
“Do thou but look upon me! Have I the strength? Or a voice? Or a
heart for singing? It is true; I have sung in my time, but now my tales
are known, and I have not the strength to gather new ones. Yet who
would listen?”
The restaurant-keeper eyed him askance. “Must I therefore
provide for thee daily? By Allah, I will not! Here is a pice for thee. Be
off, and come not soon again! I do not want thee before my door. My
customers will not come here if thou dost!”
With slow and halting steps Ibn now took himself off, but little the
better for the small gift made him. There was scarcely any place
where for a pice, the smallest of coins, he could obtain anything.
What, after all, was to be had for it—a cup of kishr? No. A small bowl
of curds? No. A sprig of khat? No. And so great was his need, his
distress of mind and body, that little less than a good armful of khat,
or at least a dozen or more green succulent sprays, to be slowly
munched and the juice allowed to sharpen his brain and nerves,