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R Programming Language

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6 views

R Programming Language

Uploaded by

Rameen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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R Programming Language:

R programming is written by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka is a language for statistical computing
and graphics.

R programming is commonly used to solve Statistics, Time series, Classification, and other Data science
tasks.

You can become a Data Scientist, Statistician, Data Analyst, R programmer, Business Analyst.

What in it for you:

 Variable and Data Types


 Logical operators
 Vectors, Matrix, List and Data frames
 Functions and Flow Control Statements
 Dplyr and Tidyr Data Manipulation
 Ggplot library for Data Visualization
 Time series in R

What is R programming Language?

R is an open-source programming language used for statistical computing. It is one of the most popular
programming languages today. R was inspired by S+, it is similar to the S programming language.

Features in R:

 It is open-source programming language. Hence, you can install R for free.


 Non coders can also understand and perform programming in R as it is easy to understand.
 R has various data structures and operators. It can be integrated with other programming
languages like C, C++, Java, and Python.
 R consists of various inbuilt packages. This makes reporting the results of an analysis easier by
using R.

Variables in R:

Variables are used to store data with the named locations that your programs can manipulate.

A variable name can be combination of letters, digits, period and underscore.

R is case sensitive.

Valid variables

Valid Invalid variables Examples


variables
total tot@l >x<-10
sum Sum >.y<-20
.count _count ><-x+.y
.count.total TRUE >print (z)
Var .Oar [1] 30
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Data Types in R:

Logical: TRUE, FALSE

Numeric: 10.5,7,845

Integer: 3L,40L, 4L

Complex: 3+2i

Character: ‘a’, ‘hello’, ‘13.5’

Raw: ‘Hello’ is stored as 48 65 6c 6c 6f

<-: Assignment operator

Logical Operators:

And - & = Return TRUE if both the conditions are true, else return FALSE.

Example: > 10>20 & 10<20

[1] FALSE

Or - | = Returns TRUE if any one of the conditions results in TRUE.

Examples: > 10>20 | 10<20

[1] TRUE

Not -! = Takes each element of the vector and gives the opposite logical value.

Example: > !(10 == 3)

[1] TRUE

Athematic operators:

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division

Remainder/Modulus

Exponent
3

Order of operators:

Parenthesis ()

Exponents (^)

Multi and div (left to right)

Add and sub (left to right)

Rational/Logical operators:

greater than

less than

less than/equal to

equal to

not equal

Print Formatting:

R uses the print () function to display the variables.

For Example: > x <- 10

>print(x)

[1] 10

R uses the paste () and paste0() function to format strings and variables together for printing in a few
different ways.

>print (paste (‘hello’, ‘world’))

[1] “hello world”

>print (paste (‘hello’, ‘world’, sep = ‘- ‘))

[1] “hello- world”

>paste0 (‘hello’, ‘world’) ( Does not allow space)

[1] “helloworld”

>paste0 (‘welcome’, ‘to’, ‘R’)

[1] “welcome”
4

#Basic type of R object is a vector

#Empty vectors can be created with vector () function, A vector can contain objects of same type/class.

#Note list is a vector which can contain objects of different classes.

Vectors:

Vectors: A vector is a sequence of data elements of the same basic type.

We use the c () function to declare a vector.

Example:

v1<- c (1,2,3,4,5)

v2<- c ('red', 'green', ‘yellow')

print (v1) output = [1] 1 2 3 4 5

print (v2) = [1] “red” “green” “yellow”

class (v1) = [1] “numeric”

#Numbers (numeric objects e.g. double precision real numbers)

#numbers such as 1 or 2etc (Thought at integer and represented as numeric objects behind the scenes
such as 1.00 or 2.00)

a <- 1 #numeric object

ai <1L #integer object

#Inf: represents Infinity

1/Inf

PNAN: missing value

List:

List: A list is a generic vector that can contain object of different types.

We use the list () function to create a data frame.

Example:

list_1<-list (x=c (10, 20, 30),

y =c ("a", "b", "c"),

z=c (TRUE, FALSE))

print(list_1)
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Output:

> list_1

$x

[1] 10 20 30

Sy

[1] "a" "b" "c"

$z

[1] TRUE FALSE

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