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PHYSICS Definition Compilation

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Louis Lim
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12 views

PHYSICS Definition Compilation

Uploaded by

Louis Lim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPILATION

OF AS
SYLLABUS PHYSICS
DEFINITION
By: LOUIS LIM KAI YIH
TOPIC 1: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & UNITS
1. Physical quantity: A property which can be measured. It has magnitude and units.
2. Base Quantity: Physical quantity that cannot be derived from other quantities.
3. Base Units: Units which are independent of other units.
4. Derived Quantities: Physical quantities that combines few base quantities in
terms of multiplication or division, defining by an equation.
5. Derived units: Units that are combined from base units, either by multiplication
or division, defining through an equation.
6. Avogadro’s number: The number of molecules contain in one mole of a
substance.

TOPIC 2: MEASUREMENTS TECHNIQUES


1. Accuracy: How close measured reading to actual value.
2. Precision: How close a set of repeating measurements to each other.
3. Systemic Error cause constant deviations from the true value.
4. Random Error cause scatter of readings about the accepted value.

KINEMATICS:
1. Distance: Total path travelled.
2. Displacement: Straight line distance between start and final points in that
direction.
3. Speed: Rate of change of distance.
4. Velocity: Rate of change of displacement.
5. Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.

TOPIC 3: DYNAMICS
1. Newton’s First Law: An object will remain at rest OR keep travelling at constant
velocity unless it is acted on by a resultant force.
2. Inertia: Tendency of objects to resist the sudden change in motion.
3. Mass: A property of an object that resists change in motion.
4. Newton Second’s Law: The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to
the resultant force, and it is in the direction of the force.
5. Newton’s Third Law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the
second objects exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.
6. Linear Momentum: Property of a moving object.
7. Principle of Conservation of Momentum: If no external forces acts on a system, the
total momentum of the system before collision and after collision remain constant.
8. Elastic Collisions: Collision without loss of kinetic energy.
9. Inelastic Collisions: Collision with loss of kinetic energy.
10. Perfect Elastic Collision: Relative speed of approach is equal to relative speed of
separation.

TOPIC 4: FORCES, DENSITY AND PRESSURE


1. Density: Mass per unit volume.
2. Pressure: Force per unit area perpendicular to the force.
3. Upthrust: The upward resultant force on an object placed in a fluid due to
pressure difference between upper and lower surface of the object.
4. Archimedes’ Principle: The upthrust acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal
to weight of the fluid displaced.
5. Frictional Force: A force that resists the relative motion of objects that are in
contact with each other.
6. Viscous Force (Drag): Frictional force exerted on a body moving through fluid.
7. Center of Gravity: The point where the force of gravity (weight) can be considered
to act.
8. Moment: The product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line
of action of force to the point.
9. Couple: A pair force that has equal magnitude but opposite direction, parallel but
not in line with each other.
10. Torque: The product of one of the force of a couple and the perpendicular
distance between the two forces.
11. Principle of Moments: For an object to be in rotational equilibrium, the sum of
anticlockwise moments at any point, is equal to the sum of clockwise moments at
the same point.
12. Concurrent point: Point where all the forces intersects.

TOPIC 5: WORK, ENERGY & POWER


1. Energy: Ability of system to do work.
2. Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be
changed from one form to another.
3. Work done: Product of force and displacement in the direction of the force.
4. Power: Rate of work done.
5. Efficiency: Percentage of output power to input power.

TOPIC 6: DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS


1. Hooke’s Law: The extension of a material is directly proportional to the applied
force, provided that the proportionality limit is not exceeded.
2. Young Modulus: Ratio of stress to strain.
3. Strain Energy / Elastic Potential Energy: Energy stored in a deformed material.
4. Elastic limit: The maximum point before a spring losing elasticity.
5. Spring constant: Force per unit extension.

TOPIC 7: WAVES
1. Progressive wave: A disturbance that propagates through distance with a certain
velocity, and it transfers energy from the point of disturbance.
2. Wavelength: Minimum distance between two points having the same
displacement and moving in the same direction.
3. Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
4. Period: Time taken for one complete oscillation.
5. Frequency: Number of complete oscillations per unit time.
6. Intensity: The rate at which energy is transferred by the wave per unit area
perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave.
7. Transverse wave: The vibration/displacement of the particles in the wave are
always perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave.
8. Longitudinal wave: The vibration/displacement of the particles in the wave is
parallel to the direction of the propagation of the wave / transfer of energy.
9. Doppler Effect: Change in the observed frequency when a source of wave moves
relative to a stationary observer.

TOPIC 8: SUPERPOSITION
1. Principle of Superposition: When two or more waves meet at a point, the
resultant displacement at the point is equal to the sum of the displacement of the
individual waves at the same point.
2. Diffraction: A wave phenomena whereby a wave spread out into geometrical
shadows as it passes by an aperture.
3. Coherent wave sources: Wave sources which maintain a constant phase
difference.
4. Interference: When two or move waves overlap to give a resultant wave whose
amplitude is given by the Principle of Superposition.
5. Path difference: The difference in the total distance of the path travelled by the
waves before they meet.

TOPIC 9: CURRENT OF ELECTRICITY


1. Charge: A property possessed by some atomic particles, such as proton and
electron.
2. Current: Rate of flow of charge.
3. Potential Difference: The electrical energy converted into other forms of energy
per unit charge at the component.
4. Electrical power: The energy transferred per unit time.
5. Resistance: Ratio of Voltage to Current. / Ratio of potential difference across the
conductor to current flowing in it.
6. Ohm’s Law: For a conductor under constant temperature, the current in the
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it.
7. Electromotive Force (e.m.f): Electrical energy gained per unit charge that passes
through the battery.
8. Internal resistance: Resistance of a cell due to the chemical constituents of the
cell against the flow of current.

TOPIC 10: D.C. CIRCUIT


1. Kirchhoff’s First Law: In a network of circuits, the total current flowing into a
junction is equal to the total current flowing out of it.
2. Kirchhoff’s Second Laws: In any closed loop, the algebraic sum of the
electromotive force (e.m.f.) is equal to the algebraic sum of the potentital
difference.

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