Decision Control Structure

• Selection Structure
• Conditional
If statement  provide one option to choose

If statement with compound statements

If-else statement provides two options to choose from

Nested if-else statement  if more then two selections are desired

If-else chains  for multiple alternative

Switch statements better option for multiple choices

• Examples
 Selection Control structure

 Control structure control the flow of execution in a program or

function
 In real life decision making process involve a comparative
assessment of some parameters or characteristics directly
or indirectly
 Selection control structure is a control structure that chooses
among alternative program statements
 Selection process in computer programming would involve
selection of certain statements or blocks of statements for
execution if one or more conditions are true and rejecting them
or choosing other statements for execution if condition are not
true
 is an expression that is
if Statement either false(0) or true(1)

if (condition) F
condition
{
True-statement-block; T
}
True-Statement-block
next-statement;

int X,Y;
if(X%Y)
printf(“X is not divisible Next Statement
by Y”);

o Condition is a C expression, which evaluates to TRUE (non-zero)

or FALSE (zero)
o Statement-Block can be a single statement or compound statement
Example if Statements
Compound statements is a group
of statements bracketed by { and }
if (x <= 10) that are executed sequentially
y = x * x + 5;

if (x <= 10) {
y = x * x + 5; compound statement;
z = (2 * y) / 3; both executed if x <= 10
}

if (x <= 10)
only first statement is conditional
y = x * x + 5;
second statement is
z = (2 * y) / 3; always executed
More if Examples

if (0 <= age && age <= 11)

kids += 1;

if (month == 4 || month == 6 ||month == 9 || month == 11)

printf(“The month has 30 days.\n”);

if (x = 2)
y = 5; always true,
so y = 5 is always executed!

a common programming error (= instead of ==), not caught

by compiler because it’s syntactically correct.
if - else Statement
if (condition)
true block statement(s);
else T F
condition
false block statement(s);

True Block False Block

int X,Y; statement statement
if(X%Y)
printf(“X is not divisible
by Y”);
else
printf(“X is divisible
by Y”);

Note: If-else allows choice between two mutually exclusive

actions without re-testing condition.
If – else Statement example

if(i>j)
k = i++ + --j;
else
k = ++i + j--;

if(i>j && j>k)

{ i++;
j++;
}
else
{ k++;
j--;
}
Chaining if’s and else’s

if(test-1)
statement-1;
else if(test-2)
statement-2;
else if(test-3)
statement-3;
else if(test-4)
statement-4;
else
default-statement;
next_statement;
Example:

if (month == 4 || month == 6 || month == 9 ||

month == 11 )
printf(“Month has 30 days.\n”);
else if (month == 1 || month == 3 ||
month == 5 || month == 7 ||
month == 8 || month == 10 ||
month == 12)
printf(“Month has 31 days.\n”);
else if (month == 2)
printf(“Month has 28 or 29 days.\n”);
else
printf(“Don’t know that month.\n”);
Program using if-else ladder
/* Checking a character whether it is capital letter or
small letter or special symbol*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter a char:");
scanf("%c",&ch);
if(ch>='A' && ch<='Z')
printf("\n Capital letter");
else if(ch>='a' && ch<='z')
printf("\n Small letter");
else if(ch>='0' && ch<='9')
printf("\n Digit");
else
printf("\n Special Symbol");
return 0;
}
Nesting of if –else statements

if(test-1)
{ if(test-2)
{
statement(s)-1;
}
else
{
statement(s)-2;
}
}
else
{
statement(s)-3;
}

next_statement;
Nested if examples

if (x == 3)
if (y != 6) {
z = z + 1;
w = w + 2;
}

is same as...
if ((x == 3) && (y != 6))
{
z = z + 1;
w = w + 2;
}
Matching else with If

Else is always associated with closest unassociated if.

if (x != 10)
if (y > 3)
z = z / 2;
else
z = z * 2;
is the same as... is NOT the same as...
if (x != 10) if (x != 10) {
{ if (y > 3) if (y > 3)
z = z / 2; z = z / 2;
else }
z = z * 2; else
} z = z * 2;
Example: nesting of if-else
int main() /* program to find largest of the three numbers */
{ float a, b, c;
printf(“Enter three values\n”);
scanf(“%f %f %f”,&a, &b, &c);
printf(“Largest value is”);
if(a>b)
{ if(a>c)
printf(“%f”,a);
else
printf(“%f”,c);
}
else
{ if(c>b)
printf(“%f”,c);
else
printf(“%f”,b);
}
return 0;
}
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If-else Points to remember

1. Basically If-else is a two - way decision statement.

2. An If-else statement provides a way of choosing whether or

not to execute a statement.

3. The else part of an if - else statement associates with the

nearest available if. This resolves the “dangling else”
problem.

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Exercise: on if-else
1. Write a program to determine whether a number
is odd or even and print the appropriate
message.

2. Write a program to find the smallest of the

three numbers.

3. Write a program to determine whether the

inputted year is a leap year or not.

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Switch
evaluate
expression
switch (expression)
{
case const1:
block-1; break;
= const1? block-1
T
F
case const2:
block-2; break;
= const2? block-2
default: T
block-3; F
}
block-3
next_statement

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Example using switch

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int num = 8;
switch (num) {
case 7:
printf("Value is 7");
break;
case 8:
printf("Value is 8");
break;
case 9:
printf("Value is 9");
break;
default:
printf("Out of range");
break;
}
return 0;
}
Example: Month’s have how many days

if (month == 4 || month == 6 || month == 9 ||

month == 11 )
printf(“Month has 30 days.\n”);
else if (month == 1 || month == 3 ||
month == 5 || month == 7 ||
month == 8 || month == 10 ||
month == 12)
printf(“Month has 31 days.\n”);
else if (month == 2)
printf(“Month has 28 or 29 days.\n”);
else
printf(“Don’t know that month.\n”);
Switch Example
/* same as month example for if-else */
switch (month) {
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11:
printf(“Month has 30 days.\n”);break;
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 8:
case 10:
case 12:
printf(“Month has 31 days.\n”);break;
case 2:
printf(“Month has 28 or 29 days.\n”);break;
default:
printf(“Don’t know that month.\n”);
}
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More About Switch
Case expressions must be constant.
case i: /* illegal if i is a variable */

If no break, then next case is also executed.

switch (a) {
case 1:
printf(“A”); If a is 1, prints “ABC”.
case 2: If a is 2, prints “BC”.
printf(“B”); Otherwise, prints “C”.
default:
printf(“C”);
}

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switch points to remember

 It is a multi way decision statement, so it is an alternative to

long if-else chain.
 If break is not used, then case "falls through" to the next.
 const-1 and const-2 are constants or constant expressions
also known as case labels.
 Case labels must be unique and must end with colon.
 block-1 and block-2 are statement lists; may contain zero
or more statements.
 The default label is optional. It can be used anywhere
within switch.
 The break statement transfers the control out of the switch.

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goto Statement
To branch unconditionally from one location to
another location in the program.

Syntax: goto label;

label can be anywhere in the program either

before or after the goto statement.

Accordingly jump is called as forward jump or

backward jump.

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Use of goto Statement
Consider the program segment.

label:
printf(“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num==0)
goto label;
num = num/2;

Warning: always Avoid the use of

goto in your program !!!

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Program using switch

#include<stdio.h>/* program for arithmetic operation */

int main()
{ float num1,num2;
char choice;
printf(“Enter two numbers”);
scanf(“%f %f”,&num1,&num2);
printf(“\nEnter your choice”);
printf(“\nEnter A for Addition”);
printf(“\nEnter B for Subtraction”);
printf(“\nEnter C for Division”);
printf(“\nEnter D for Multiplication”);
choice = getchar();
/* continue to next slide */

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switch(choice){
case ‘A’:
res = num1+num2;
printf(“\n Addition of %f and %f” is %f”,num1,num2,res);
break;
case ‘B’:
res = num1-num2;
printf(“\n Sub of %f and %f” is %f”,num1,num2,res);
break;
case ‘C’: res = num1/num2;
printf(“\n Division of %f and %f” is %f”,num1,num2,res);
break;
case ‘D’:
res = num1*num2;
printf(“\n Mul of %f and %f” is %f”,num1,num2,res);
break;
default:
printf(“Not a valid Choice”);
}
return 0;
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}
Note:
Remove all break statements from the program
and observe the output if
Choice = ‘A’ ??
Choice = ‘B’ ??
Choice = ‘C’ ??
Choice = ‘D’ ??
Assume num1 = 125.0 and num2 = 10.0

Programming Exercise
Write the previous program using if–else statement.
And observe which is convenient.

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#include <stdio.h> Example
int main() {
int number=5;
switch (number)
{ case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
printf("One, Two, or Three.\n");
break;
case 4:
case 5:
case 6:
printf("Four, Five, or Six.\n");
break;
default:
printf("Greater than Six.\n");
}
}
Practice Home Task:
Write the program implementation for the decision diagrammed in the accompanying flow
diagram shown below using appropriate selection structure in C language.
Practice Home Task:

2. Write a program that read principal amount, rate of interest and no of days
for a loan and Computes the simple interest for the loan using following
formula.
Simple_Interest = Pincipal_Amount * Rate * Days / 365;

3. Write a program which reads humidity value in percentage(%) and display an

appropriate message as per the following table :
Humidity (%) Human Perception
30 or lower Dry
31-50 Comfortable
51-60 Annoying
61-80 Very annoying
above 80 Uncomfortable
Assume that in this problem only one condition is true at a time.
Question??

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