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Similar chemical properties

Gradation in physical properties
Homologous series
Successive members of a homologous series differ by a -CH
2 group
Primary alcohols
Same general formula
Oxidation of alcohols Secondary alcohols(ketone)
CnH2n+2 color change:orange-> green
therefore react in the presence of 2CH3OH(l)+3O2(g)-> 2CO2(g)+ 4H2O(g)
a strong source of energy enough contains only strong C-C bonds Alcohols Combustion
to break these bonds 2C5H11OH(g)+15O2(g)-> 10CO2(g)+12H2O(g)
alkanes are stable under most conditions (low reactivity)
therefore molecules are not susceptible CnH2n+1OH
non-polar
to attack by most reactants -OH group is polar, increases in solubility in H2O of the molecules,relative to alkanes of comparable molar mass
highly exothermic addition reactions would involve disrupting
reluctant to undergo addition reactions
C3H8(g)+5O2(g) -> 3CO2(g)+ 4H2O(g) the entire cloud of delocalized -e
2C3H8(g)+7O2(g) -> 3CO(g)+ H2O(g) does not behave like other unsaturated molecules no isomers
C3H8(g)+2O2(g) -> 3C(g)+ 4H2O(g)
C6H6 indicates a high degree of unsaturation ( >alkanes & alkenes)
CO2 & H2O are greenhouse gases
absorb Infrared and contribute to global warming & climate change Combustion reaction cyclic structure
Alkanes framework of single bonds attaches each carbon to one on one e- leaves on each C atom
CO is a toxin the special stability of the benzene ring is the result of
it combines irreversibly with the haemoglobin in blood and prevents it from carrying2 O either side and to a hydrogen atom they are delocalized through all 6 C atoms
Benzene delocalized electrons delocalization of e- in benzene produces
Carbon soot is released into the air as particulates each carbon forms three single bonds with bond angles
of 120 foming the planar shape a symmetrical "cloud" of e- charge above
have a direct effect on respiratory system Oraganic Chemistry
and below the plane of ringvery stable
also act as catalysts in forming smog in polluted air and as the source of global dimming Created by Unlicensed Version
bond length all C-C bond lengths in benzene are equal and intermediate in length between single and double bonds
CH4(g)+Cl2(g)-> CH3Cl(g)+HCl(g) electrophiles are reactants that are themselves e- deficient as they have a positive charge,
in the presence of UV light they attracted to the electron-rich benzene ring
Electrophilic substitution reaction
Initiation: NO2+ derived from HNO3
Cl2 -> 2Cl• radicals Examples
Propagation: benzene with halogens
Cl• +CH4-> CH3• + HCl CnH2n+1X
CH3•+Cl2 -> CH3Cl+Cl• Substitution reaction:
CH3Cl+Cl• -> CH2Cl• +HCl Halogenoalkanes A nucleophile is an e- rich species that is attracted to parts of molecules that are- edeficient
Halogenation
Termination: Nucleophilic substitution attracted to the e- deficient carbon atom in the halogenalkanes
Cl•+Cl• -> Cl2 The hydroxide ion, OH- is a good nucleophile
CH3•+Cl• -> CH3Cl
CH3•+CH3•->C2H6 Name alcohol then carboxylic acid
A free radical contains an unpaired -e Esterification Carboxylic acid + alcohols ester + water
Homolytic fission occurs when a bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of e- between the two products Catalyst: con.H2SO4
CnH2n
Catalyst: Ni Addition reaction:
150 Hydrogenation
Alkenes
Addition reaction:
Halogenation
Hydration

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