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Narasimharaju Sadarahalli Narasegowda

 PROJECT REPORT OF WATER PURIFICATION

Objective: To visit water purification plant in Jayanagar Tumkur and prepare a report on the
working principles of water purification and prepare a report on water purification aspects in
detail.
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for
specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking
water), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes,
including medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The methods used
include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological
processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as
flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet
light. Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate including suspended
particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a range of
dissolved and particulate matter. The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by
governments or by international standards. These standards usually include minimum and
maximum concentrations of contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

PH Adjustment: Pure water has a pH close to 7(neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can
have pH values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely
ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the
influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda
ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes.
Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness. For
highly acidic waters, forced draft degasifies can be an effective way to raise the pH, by
stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water. Making the water alkaline helps
coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of
lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead solder in pipe fittings. Sufficient
alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes.

Types of water Units

1. RO Unit
2. Water ATM

1. RO (Reverse Osmosis) Unit:

Reverse Osmosis works by using a high pressure pump to increase the pressure on the salt
side of the RO and force the water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving almost
all (around 95% to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the reject stream. The amount of
required pressure depends on the salt concentration of the feed water. The more concentrated
the feed water, the more pressure is required to overcome the osmotic pressure.

The desalinated water that is de-mineralized or de-ionized, is called permeate (or product)
water. The water stream that carries the concentrated contaminants that did not pass through
the RO membrane is called the reject (or concentrate) stream. From the data collected from
Reverse Osmosis System manufacturers, normally 40-60% water is rejected during the
Reverse Osmosis process.

Reverse Osmosis membrane has a tight pore structure (less than 0.0001 micron) that
effectively removes up to 99% of all contaminants and impurities such as total dissolved
solids, chemicals, bacteria and viruses from drinking water. Anti-microbial filters used in
Reverse Osmosis also help to remove unwanted odors, colors and tastes from water. Reverse
Osmosis Systems have a very high effectiveness in removing protozoa, bacteria and viruses
in comparison to other systems. Reverse Osmosis Systems can also remove common
chemical contaminants (metal ions, aqueous salts), including sodium, chloride, copper,
chromium, lead and can reduce arsenic, fluoride, radium, sulfate, calcium, magnesium,
potassium, nitrate, and phosphorous.
Reverse Osmosis is capable of removing up to 99%+ of the dissolved salts (ions), particles,
colloids, organics, bacteria and pyrogens/pathogens from the feed water (although an RO
system should not be relied upon to remove 100% of bacteria and viruses). Reverse osmosis
removes impurities by two distinct mechanisms. One is based on resistance to passage of
ions, due to their electrical charge. This mechanism is responsible for removal of ionic
impurities. Even the smallest molecules are rejected if they have ionic charge. The efficiency
of removal by this mechanism is in the range of 96- 99%, but this depends on the particular
membrane and the ionic charge. The other mechanism of impurity removal is based on the
ultrafiltration effect, in which the small pores of the reverse osmosis membranes act like
molecular filters. The cut-off molecular size is approximately 14-20 nanometers. Any
impurity whose molecular size is above the cut-off point will be rejected almost completely.
Any impurity whose molecular size is below the cut-off point will pass through almost
totally. Few organics have molecular size below 14-20 nanometers. Examples are: methanol,
formaldehyde, formic acid, and ethanol. Since RO membrane rejects contaminants based on
their size and charge, many gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ethane
that are not ionized (charged) also have very low molecular weight will pass through reverse
osmosis. Any contaminant that has a molecular weight greater than 200 is likely rejected by a
properly running RO system. Because an RO system does not remove gases, the permeate
water can have a slightly lower pH level depending on CO2 levels in the feed water as the
CO2 is converted to carbonic acid. Some pesticides, solvents and volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs) are also not removed by RO.
2. Water ATM:
Water ATMs are automated water dispensing units, which provide communities with 24/7
safe water access. They are solar powered and cloud connected, thus enabling remote
tracking of the water quality and of each pay per use transaction.
1. Aeration:
 Raw water is first collected in large aeration tank and the water is aerated by
bubbling compressed air through perforated pipes.
 Aeration removes bad odors and CO2. It also removes metal such as iron,
manganese by precipitating then as their respective hydroxides.

2. Storage or settling:
 Aerated water is then placed in settling tank and stored for 10-14 days.
 During storage about 90% of suspended solids settle down within 24 hrs and
the water becomes clear.
 Certain heavier toxic chemicals also settle down during storage.
 Similarly pathogenic bacteria gradually die and bacterial count decreases by
90% in first in first 5-7 days of storage.
 During storage organic matter present in water is oxidized by microorganisms.
Similarly NH3 present is oxidized into nitrate by microorganisms during
storage
3. Coagulation:
 Water from storage tank is then placed in coagulation tank and then some
precipitating agents such as alum, lime etc are added in water and mixed.
 These precipitating agents form precipitate of Al(OH)3 when dissolved in
water.
  Suspended solids absorbs on the surface of precipitate, so gradually mass of
precipitate becomes heavier and finally settle down.
 This technique is used to remove very light suspended solids that do not settle
by themselves during storage. Furthermore, if negatively charged colloidal
impurities are present, they are neutralized by Al+++ ions and settle down.
4. Filtration:
 Partially clarified water is then passed through sand gravity filter which removes
98-99% of microorganisms and other impurities.
 Sand gravity water filter:
 Sand filter is a rectangular tank in which filter bed is made up to 3 layers.
 Top layer: fine layer of 1 meter thick
 Middle layer: 0.3-0.5 meter thick layer of coarse sand
 Bottom layer: 0.3-0.5 meter thick layer of gravel
 There is a collection tank at the bottom of the filter bed to collect filtered water.
During filtration filter bed soon gets covered with a slimy layer called vital layer.
 Vital layer consists of thread like algae, diatoms and bacteria.
 During filtration microorganisms presents in vital layer oxidize organic and other
matter present in water. For example if NH3 is present, it is oxidized into nitrate.
 Vital layer also helps in filtration of microbial cells.
 If water contains unpleasant odor, activated carbon may be placed in filter bed that
removes bad odors.

5. Disinfection:
 The filtered water is finally purified by using disinfectants. Eg. Chlorination
 Disinfectant kills pathogenic as well as other microorganism in water.
 After disinfection water is pumped into overhead tank for subsequent domestic
distribution.

Water Purification Unit License &registration

For Proprietor:
 Food safety and standards authority of India: License under FSS Act.
2006
 Test report of purified water from external laboratory.

Interview with the personnel involved in water purification:

1) From where they receive the water for purification
Answer:
2) What is the capacity of water purifier
Answer:
3) How much quantity of water will be wasted during purification
Answer:
4) What is the working timings of the purification unit
Answer: