Chapter 6 - Trigonometric Functions & Graphs

CLA-NMMETHODS-13-0402-006.
indd 282 20/02/14 6:30 PM

Terminology
amplitude
circular measure
cycle
period
periodic
phase
radian
sinusoidal
trigonometric functions
6
trigonometric identities
Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric
functions
and graphs
6.01 Basic trigonometric graphs
6.02 Amplitude changes
6.03 Period changes
6.04 Phase changes
6.05 Angle sums and differences
Shutterstock.com/gualtiero boffi
6.06 Trigonometric equations

6.07 Modelling periodic phenomena
Chapter summary
Prior learning Chapter review
CLA-NMMETHODS-13-0402-006.indd 283 20/02/14 6:30 PM

understand the unit circle definition of cos θ, sin θ and tan θ and periodicity using radians (ACMMM034)
recognise the graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x, and y = tan x on extended domains (ACMMM036)
examine amplitude changes and the graphs of y = a sin x and y = a cos x (ACMMM037)
examine period changes and the graphs of of y = sin bx, y = cos bx, and y = tan bx (ACMMM038)
examine phase changes and the graphs of of y = sin (x + c), y = cos (x + c) and y = tan (x + c) (ACMMM039)
 π  π
examine the relationships sin  x +  = cosx and cos  x −  = sin x (ACMMM040)
 2  2
prove and apply the angle sum and difference identities (ACMMM041)
identify contexts suitable for modelling by trigonometric functions and use them to solve
practical problems (ACMMM042)
solve equations involving trigonometric functions using technology, and algebraically
in simple cases (ACMMM043).
6.01 Basic trigonometric graphs

In Chapter 3 you were introduced to circular measure and radians. You used the unit circle (circle
with radius 1 unit) to find exact values of angles within the 4 quadrants.
In this chapter, you will look at the unit circle more closely and use it to help draw the graphs of the
trigonometric functions y = sin (x), y = cos (x) and y = tan (x).
While you can draw graphs using degrees along the x-axis, it is more meaningful to use radians.
Since radians are ratios of measures around the circumference of a circle, they represent real
numbers. For example, π is approximately 3.14, π is about 0.52 and so on.
6
INVESTIGATION Trigonometric ratios of special angles

Remember from Chapter 3 that y
π
sin (θ) = y, cos (θ) = x and tan (θ) = y . (0, 1) 2
x
Use these to explore the exact values of 0, π , π, 3π and 2π.
2 2
1
For example, since 0 radians is at (1, 0), x = 1 and y = 0. y
(−1, 0) θ (1, 0) 0
So cos (0) = x = 1 and sin (0) = y = 0. π x 2π x
Check these values on the calculator.

Find the other ratios in the same way and check them
on your calculator. Are there any values that you can’t find?
3π (0, −1)
Can you see why? 2
Go around the circle again and find ratios for 2π + π , 2π + π and so on. What do you notice?
2
By using 0, π , π, 3π and 2π as values along the x-axis, could you draw the graphs of y = sin (x),
2 2
y = cos (x) and y = tan (x)? Use your calculator to find other values to help with the shape of
the graphs.
284 Nelson Senior Maths Methods 11 9780170250269

Example 1
Use the unit circle to evaluate
3π
a sin  
 2
b tan(π) c cos  π 
 2
Solution
a Use sin (θ) = y at the point (0, –1). sin  3π  = –1
 2
y 0
b Use tan (θ) =
at the point (–1, 0). tan (π) =
x −1
= 0
c Use cos (θ) = x at the point (0, 1). cos  π  = 0

 2
You can use the exact ratios for multiples of π and the ratios of 0, π , π, 3π and 2π to draw the graphs
6 2 2
of trigonometric functions.
Since sin (θ) = y, take the y values around the unit circle and plot them for sin (θ) on a graph as
shown in the diagram.
Important
y = sin (x)
y
π
2π 12 π
3 1
3
5π π
6 6
π 0
–1 2π π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π x
7π 11π 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
6 6
4π 5π
3π −1
3 3
2
The graph of y = sin (x) fits the ASTC rule as values of sin (x) are positive in the first and second
quadrants (above the x-axis) and negative in the third and fourth quadrants (below the x-axis).
Since cos (θ) = x, take the x values around the unit circle and plot them for cos (θ) on a graph as
shown in the diagram. The x values are horizontal lines so they will not line up directly with
y values. You will need to measure the horizontal lines and then plot them on the graph as vertical
lines.
9780170250269 CHAPTER 6: Trigonometric functions and graphs 285

Important
y = cos (x)
y
π
2π 12 π
1
3 3
5π π
6 6
π–1 0
2π π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π x
π 2π
11π 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
7π
6 6
4π 5π
3π −1
3 3
2
The graph of y = cos (x) fits the ASTC rule as values of cos (x) are positive in the first and fourth
quadrants and negative in the second and third quadrants.
y
tan (θ) = which is a ratio of two sides.
x
Notice that OA = 1 (radius) and using similar triangles OMP P T
and OAT: 1
y AT y
θ
= = AT x
x 1 O M A
This means tan (θ) = AT = the length of the tangent cut off by
the radius extending to touch the tangent. This is why this ratio
is called the tangent.
This happens in all four quadrants. The radius is extended to
meet the tangent in each case.
θ
A θ A θ A
T
T

Important
y = tan (x)
y
π
2π 1 2 π
3 3
5π π
6 6
π–1 0
2π π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π x
π 2π
11π 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
7π
6 6
4π 5π
3 3π 3
2
 π
Notice on the circle that the radii at π and 3π do not meet the tangent, so tan  
2
and
2 2
 3π 
tan   are undefined. These angles occur at points (0, 1) and (0, –1).
2
y  π 1  3π  −1
Using tan (θ) = gives tan  2  = which is undefined and tan   = which is also undefined.
x 0 2 0
This means there are asymptotes at these points on the graph of y = tan (x).
The graph of y = tan (x) fits the ASTC rule as values of tan x are positive in the first and third
quadrants and negative in the second and fourth quadrants.
Remember that angles can be greater than 2π and they can be negative. These values of
trigonometric functions repeat, for example,
(
sin  π  = sin 2π +
 3
π
3 ) ( = sin 4π +
π
3 ) (
= sin −2π +
π
3 ) …
y 1 y
1 y = sin (x)
y = cos (x)
x x
–2π 3π –π –π 0 π π 3π 2π –2π 3π –π –π 0 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
–1 –1

Important
The period of a function f (x) is the smallest value of t such that f (x) = f (x + t) for all x. The
section of the function from f (x) to f (x + t) is called a cycle. Functions with a period are
called periodic functions.
The amplitude of a periodic function is half the vertical distance between the maximum and
minimum values. It is the distance from the centre to the extreme values.
The period of y = sin (x) is 2π and its amplitude is 1.
The period of y = cos (x) is 2π and its amplitude is 1.
The period of y = tan (x) is π and it has no amplitude.
Example 2
Sketch the graph of each function.
a y = cos (x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
b y = sin (x) in the domain –π ≤ x ≤ π
c y = tan (x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ π
Solution
a Notice the shape of y = cos (x) π 3π
x 0 π 2π
between 0 and 2π from the 2 2
important box above or draw y 1 0 –1 0 1
up a table of values.
Sketch the graph as a smooth y
curve showing the main
points. y = cos (x)
1
x
π π 3π 2π
2 2
–1
b Notice the shape of y = sin (x) π π

x –π – 0 π
in the important box above or 2 2
draw up a table of values. y 0 –1 0 1 0

Sketch the graph as a smooth y
curve showing the main
points. 1 y = sin (x)
−π π π π x
−
2 2
−1
c Notice the shape of y = tan (x)

x 0 π π 3π π
between 0 and π from the
4 2 4
important box above or draw
y 0 1 Undefined –1 0
up a table of values.
Look at values of tan (x) to the For x < π , tan (x) > 0 (1st quadrant)
left and right of π . 2
2 π
For x > , tan (x) < 0 (2nd quadrant)
2
Sketch the graph as a smooth

y
curve showing the main 3
points.
2
π π 3π π x
–1 4 2 4
y = tan (x)
–2
–3
Once you know the basic shape of the trigonometric functions, you can use translations and
dilations to draw similar functions.

Important
y
The graphs of y = sin (x) + c,
4
y = cos (x) + c and y = tan (x) + c y = sin (x) + 3
are translated c units vertically compared 3
with the original graphs of y = sin (x), 2
y = cos (x) or y = tan (x). If c > 0,
the graph is translated up and 1
y = sin (x)
if c < 0, it is translated down. For example:
–π
–
π π π 3π 2π x
2 –1 2 2
y = sin (x) –1
–2
–3
Important
The graphs of y = –sin (x), y = –cos (x) and y
y = –tan (x) are reflected in the x-axis. y = –cos (x)

1
For example:
–π
–
π π π 3π 2π x
2 2 2
–1 y = cos (x)
Example 3
Sketch each graph in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = sin (x) + 1 b f(x) = –cos (x) c y = tan (x) + 3
Solution
a Draw the graph of y = sin (x) in the y
domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
1
y = sin (x)
π π 3π 2π x
2 2
–1

The graph y = sin (x) + 1 is a vertical y
translation 1 unit upwards of y = sin (x). 2
y = sin (x) + 1
Draw the new graph.
π 3π x
π 2π
2 2
b The graph of y = –cos (x) is a reflection of y

y = cos (x) in the x-axis (the graph y = cos (x) 1 y = –cos (x)
is shown in Example 2a).
Draw the graph.
π π 3π 2π x
2 2
–1
c The graph of y = tan (x) + 3 is a y

translation 3 units up of the graph 5
y = tan (x) + 3
y = tan (x).
4
x
π π 3π 2π
–1 2 2
EXERCISE 6.01 Basic trigonometric graphs

Concepts and techniques
1 Example 1 Use the unit circle to find the value of
π
a tan (2π) b sin   c cos (π) d sin (π)
 2
3π
e tan (0) f cos   g sin (2π) h cos (0)
 2
2 Example 2 Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = sin (x) b f(x) = cos (x) c f(x) = tan (x)
3 Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function in the domain – π ≤ x ≤ π.

a y = cos (x) b f(x) = tan (x)

4 Sketch the graph of each function in the domain – 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a f(x) = sin (x) b y = tan (x) c f(x) = cos (x)
5 Example 3 Sketch each graph for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

a y = cos (x) + 2 b y = sin (x) – 1 c f(x) = 2 + tan (x)
6 Sketch each graph for – π ≤ x ≤ π.

a f(x) = –sin (x) b y = –cos (x) c f(x) = –tan (x)
7 Draw the graph of y = 2 – cos (x) in the domain –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Reasoning and communication

8 a Draw the graph of the function y = 1 – sin (t) in the domain 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
π
b From the equation, find the exact value of y when t = .
3
c From the graph, find
i values of t where y = 1
ii the approximate value of y when t = 5.
9 The velocity of an object is given by v = 1 + cos (t) cm/s where t is time in seconds.
a Find the exact velocity after
π π π
i seconds ii seconds iii seconds
2 3 4
3π
iv π seconds v seconds.
2
b Sketch the graph of the velocity for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4π.
c From the graph, find all the times when the velocity is 1.
10 A pendulum moves so that its displacement x mm from the centre is given by the formula
x = cos (t) where t is time in seconds.
a Find the displacement, to 2 decimal
places, after 1 second.
b Find the exact displacement of the
pendulum after
π π
i seconds ii seconds.
4 6
c What is the initial displacement
(when t = 0)?
d Draw a graph to show the
displacement of the pendulum from 0
to 2π seconds.
e From the graph, find
i the times when the pendulum is at
the centre
ii when the displacement is 1 mm
either side of the centre.
Photo courtesy of Margaret Grove
f If the graph was extended beyond 2π,

find all the times when the
displacement is 1 mm either side of
the centre.

6.02 Amplitude changes
You have already studied how adding a constant into an equation can change a function in
Chapter 4. In this section you will look at how a f(x) changes f(x) when f(x) is a trigonometric
function. Generally it is a vertical dilation of the original function.
INVESTIGATION y = a sin (x) and y = a cos (x)

1 Use your CAS calculator to explore the functions y = a sin (x) and y = a cos (x) for
different values of a.
TI-Nspire CAS
Use a Graphs page ( ).
To enter f1(x) = sin(x), press and choose
sin by pressing the arrows and
Put x into the function and press ·.
To put in another function, press b and

choose 3: Graph Entry/Edit and 1: Function.
Put in f1(x) = 2 sin(x) and press ·.
Notice that when you move the curser over
one of the graphs it highlights that graph
and shows which graph is highlighted, as
‘graph f1’.

Change the size of the screen using the
Window settings obtained in the b by
selecting 4: Window/Zoom and 1: Window
Settings. Make the horizontal scale to (say)
–6.5 ≤ x ≤ 6.5 and the vertical scale to
–5 ≤ y ≤ 5. You should use the v button for
negative.
The screen should look like this.

Add more functions with different
values of a.
Note that the x and y scales are slightly out of
proportion as they are not in the ratio 3 : 2.
ClassPad
Use the gGraph&Table application and
press k. Tap r to see S, C
and T. Set the bottom right to Rad for
radians (or Deg for degrees).
Enter the two graphs you wish to compare as
y1= and y2=.
Press E or tap Eafter entering each
formula.
Tap View Window 6 to set limits on the

graph.
Since π is a little bigger than 3, make
0 ≤ x ≤ 13 to go from 0 to 4π and –5 ≤ y ≤ 5
will cover values of y for most graphs.
Tap OK.

Tap $ to see the graphs.
If you want to see them individually, the
calculator will only draw the ones which are
ticked, so if, for example, only the first graph
is ticked, the calculator will only draw the
first graph when you tap $.
2 What effect does a have on these functions (remember to try some negative values of a)?
3 Explore the function y = a tan (x). What effect does a have on this function?
Important
The functions y = a sin (x) and y = a cos (x) have amplitude a. All the y values are multiplied
by a, so the graphs are stretched vertically by a factor of a compared with the original graphs
y = sin (x) and y = cos (x). For example:
y
3
y = 3 sin (x)
2
y = sin (x)
1
y = 0.5 sin (x)
x
–π –π π π 3π 2π
2 –1 2 2
–2
–3
The function y = tan (x) has no amplitude but will still be stretched, so it will be steeper.
Example 4
Find the amplitude of each function
a y = 3 cos (x) b y = 7 sin (x)
Solution
a Substitute into y = a cos (x). a=3
State the result. The function has amplitude 3.
b Substitute into y = a sin (x). a=7
State the result. The function has amplitude 7.

Important
Functions in the form y = ± a sin (x) + b or y = ± a cos (x) + b have amplitude a. The line
y = b runs through the centre of the graph. For example with a = 4 and b = –1, y = 4 cos (x) – 1
is centred on y = –1. It has a maximum of 3 and a minimum of –5. The amplitude is the
distance from the centre to the maximum or minimum.
y
3
–π π π π 3π 2π x
–
2 –1 2 2
y = –1
–2
–3 y = 4 cos (x) –1
–4
–5
Example 5
a Sketch the graph of y = –2 sin (x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and find its amplitude.
b Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin (x) + 1 in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and find its amplitude.
Solution
a Use a table of values if you are not sure π 3π
what the graph looks like. x 0 π 2π
2 2
y 0 –2 0 2 0
The graph is reflected in the x-axis and y

stretched vertically by a factor of 2 2
compared to y = sin (x). Sketch the
graph.
1
π π 3π 2π x
2 2
–1
y = –2 sin (x)
–2
State the result. The amplitude is 2.

b Use a table of values if you are not sure π 3π
what the graph looks like. x 0 π 2π
2 2
y 1 4 1 –2 1
The graph is stretched vertically by a y

factor of 3 and raised 1 unit vertically 4
compared to y = sin(x). Sketch the y = 3 sin (x) + 1
3
graph.
2
π π 3π 2π x
2 2
–1
–2
State the amplitude. The amplitude is 3.
You can find the amplitude of a function even if you don’t know its equation.
Example 6
For the function below, find
a the amplitude b the period.
d
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Metres
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 t
Hours
Solution
a Find the top and bottom of the curve. The top of the curve is at d = 0.9 and the
bottom is at d = 0.4.
Find the centre of the curve. The centre is halfway between 0.4 and 0.9.
0.4 + 0.9
= 0.65
2

Find the amplitude, which is the distance from 0.9 – 0.65 = 0.25
the centre to the highest or lowest point. or 0.65 – 0.4 = 0.25
State the result. The amplitude is 0.25
Alternative solution: The amplitude is half the distance between
the highest and lowest points.
Distance = 0.9 – 0.4
= 0.5
0.5
Half the distance = = 0.25
2
b State the period. Since the curve repeats after every 8 hours,
the period is 8 hours
EXERCISE 6.02 Amplitude changes

1 Example 4 Find the amplitude of each function below.
a y = 5 cos (x) b y = 9 sin (x)
c f(x) = 4 sin (x) d f(x) = –sin (x)
e y = –2 cos (x) f y = 6 sin (x) – 1
g y = 8 cos (x) + 3 h f(x) = –11 cos (x) + 1
i y = – 4 sin (x) – 5 j f(x) = 9 – cos (x)
2 Example 5 Sketch each function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and state its amplitude.
a y = 4 sin (x) b y = 5 cos (x)
3 Sketch each function in the domain –π ≤ x ≤ π and and state its amplitude.
a y = –3 cos (x) b f(x) = –4 sin (x)
4 Sketch each function for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and state its amplitude.

a y = 3 cos (x) + 1 b y = 7 sin (x) – 3
5 Example 6 State the amplitude and period of the function below.

y
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 t

6 State the amplitude and period of the function below.
y
1.5
0.5
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
–0.5

7 A trigonometric function is given by the equation y = a sin (x) + b.
a What is its amplitude?
π
b The function passes through the points  , 3 and (π, 1). Find values for a and b and hence
2 
the equation of the function.
c Sketch the function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
8 Assume that in summer the average highest temperature at the beach side is 28° at midday and
the average lowest temperature is 20° at midnight.
Photo courtesy Margaret Grove
a What is the amplitude of the temperatures?

b What is the period of the temperatures?
c If the equation of the temperatures is in the form y = a cos (x) + b, evaluate a and b.
9 CAS By sketching the function f(x) = 3 sin (x) + 4 cos (x), find its amplitude and period.

10 Find the equation of each function.
a y b y
15 3
2
10
1
5
0
π π 3π 2π x
0 2 2
π π 3π 2π x –1
2 2
6.03 Period changes

In this section you will look at how f(bx) changes f(x) in trig functions. Generally this is a
horizontal dilation of the original function.
INVESTIGATION y = sin (bx), y = cos (bx) and y = tan (bx)

1 Use your CAS calculator (see page 293) to explore the functions y = sin (bx), y = cos (bx)
and y = tan (bx) for different values of b.
2 What effect does b have on these functions?
3 Use a table of values to sketch various graphs and find their period. For example,
y = sin (2x).
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y
The function y = sin (x) has a period of 2π. In the example above in the investigation, there are two
complete cycles of y = sin (2x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. So the period is halved.
Important
The functions y = sin (bx) and y = cos (bx)
y
2π y = cos (2x)
have period . This means they are 1
b
compressed horizontally by a factor
of b so they repeat b times as often as
y = sin (x) and y = cos (x).
–π
–
π π π 3π 2π x
2 2 2
–1 y = cos (x)

Important
π y
The function y = tan (bx) has period .
b 3
This means it is compressed horizontally y = tan(2x)
by a factor of b so it repeats b times as 2

often as y = tan (x).
1
y = tan(x)
3π π π 0 π π 3π π x
– – –
4 2 4 –1 4 2 4
–2
–3
Example 7
State the period of each function
 x
a y = sin (7x) b y = cos   c y = tan (3x)
 2
Solution
2π 2π 2π
a The period is , so substitute b = 7. =
b b 7
2π
State the result. The period is .
7
2π 2π
b Substitute b = 1 into . = 4π
1
2 b 2
State the result. The period is 4π.
c Substitute b = 3 into π . π π
=
b b 3
π
State the result. The period is .
3
You can use the period to draw the graph of a trig function.
Example 8
State the period and draw the graph of y = cos (3x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Solution
2π
State the period. The period is
3
Find the number of cycles of cos (3x) There are 3 cycles for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π:
in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. 0≤x≤
2π 2π
, ≤x≤
4π 4π
, ≤ x ≤ 2π
3 3 3 3

Draw the graph. y
y = cos (3x)
1
0
π 2π π 4π 5π 2π x
3 3 3 3
–1
You can use both the period and amplitude to draw the graph of a trig function.
Example 9
State the period and amplitude and draw the graph of each function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = 5 sin (4x) b y = 2 tan (3x)
Solution
a State the period and amplitude. The period is 2π or π and the amplitude is 5.
4 2
Find the number of cycles of There are 4 cycles for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π:
sin (4x) in the domain
0 ≤ x ≤ π , π ≤ x ≤ π, π ≤ x ≤ 3π , 3π ≤ x ≤ 2π
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 2 2 2
Draw the graph. y
5
y = 5 sin (4x)
x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
–5
b State the period and amplitude. The period is π and there is no amplitude.
3
Find the number of cycles of There are 6 cycles for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π:

tan (3x) in the domain π π 2π
0≤x≤ , ≤x≤ ,
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. 3 3 3
2π 4π
≤ x ≤ π, π ≤ x ≤ ,
3 3
4π 5π 5π
≤x≤ , ≤ x ≤ 2π.
3 3 3

Draw the graph. y = 2 tan (3x)
y
0
3 3 3 3
EXERCISE 6.03 Period changes WS
Sketching periodic
Concepts and techniques functions – amplitude

and period
Your teacher will direct you about using your CAS calculator in this exercise.
1 Example 7 Find the period of each function.

a y = sin (6x) b f (x) = cos (9x) c y = cos (2x) d y = tan (8x)
 x  x
e f (x) = 3 sin (2x) f y = 4 cos (7x) g f (x) = tan   h y = cos  
 3  5
 x  πx 
i y = 2 sin   j y = 3 cos (πx) k y = 4 sin  l f (x) = tan (3πx)
 4  4 
2 Example 8 Sketch the graph of each function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = cos (2x) b y = tan (2x) c f (x) = sin (3x)
3 Draw the graph of each function in the domain –π ≤ x ≤ π.

 x
a y = sin (2x) b y = sin   c y = cos (3x) d y = tan (4x)
2  
4 Sketch a graph of each function showing one full cycle (one period).
 x
a y = sin (4x) b y = cos (6x) c y = tan  
 2
5 Example 9 State the period and amplitude of each function.
 x
a f (x) = 4 sin (5x) b y = 2 cos (3x) c y = 8 cos  
 2
d f (x) = –3 tan (2x) e y = –cos (11x)
6 Use the period and amplitude to sketch the graph of each function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = 3 cos (4x) b y = 2 sin (3x) c y = 4 tan (2x)
 x
d y = 6 cos (3x) e y = 2 sin  
2  
7 Sketch each function in the domain –π ≤ x ≤ π.
a y = sin (2x) + 3 b f (x) = 2 cos (2x)
 x  x
c y = –tan   d y = –3 sin   + 2
  4   2
8 Sketch the following graphs in the domain – 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
a y = sin (πx) b y = 3 cos (2πx) c y = 2 tan (πx)
 πt 
9 The sales, S in 100s of units, of a seasonal product are modelled by S = 54.8 + 32.5 cos 
 6 
where t is the time in months (t = 1 is January and t = 12 is December).
a Draw a graph of the sales for a period of 12 months.
b Use the graph to determine the months for which sales exceed 6800 units.

10 In an unusual meteorological investigation, the temperature, T°C, in a town in central
Queensland was found to fluctuate approximately according to the rule T = 25 + 6 sin (0.1πt)
where t is the number of hours after 10:00 a.m.
a Sketch a graph of the temperature fluctuations for a sufficient number of hours to be able to
determine the maximum and minimum temperatures for that day and the next night.
b Use the graph to determine the maximum and minimum temperatures.
c When did they occur?
d At what time was the temperature:
i 27°C? ii 20°C?
e Why is this unusual?
6.04 Phase changes

In this section you will look at how f (x + c) changes f (x) in trig functions.
INVESTIGATION y = sin (x + c), y = cos (x + c) and y = tan (x + c)

1 Use your CAS calculator (see page 293) to explore the functions y = sin (x + c),
y = cos (x + c) and y = tan (x + c) for different values of c.
2 What effect does c have on these functions?
3 Use a table of values to sketch various graphs and find their period. For example,
( )
y = sin x +
π
4
.
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y
Comment on the positions of points in the graph of y = sin x +

the graph of y = sin (x).
( ) π
4
, compared with points on
π
4 Now use your calculator to draw the graphs of sin (x) and cos (x + ) on the same axes.
2
What do you find?
Important
In general, the graphs of functions y = sin (x + c), y = cos (x + c) and \y = tan (x + c) are
horizontal translations or phase changes to the left if c > 0 and to the right if c < 0.
y
1 y = cos(x + c)
c
0
π π 3π 2π x
2 2
c y = cos(x)
–1

A sine, cosine or combination of these is called a sinusoidal function. The phase (shift) of a
sinusoidal function f (x + c) relative to f (x) is c. The graph of f (x) is translated horizontally by
c units. For c > 0, it shifts to the left (earlier) and for c < 0, to the right (later). Whenever
possible, c is taken relative to sin (x) or cos (x).
The functions y = sin (x) and y = cos (x) have the same graphs with different phases.
The phase shift of y = cos (x) relative to y = sin (x) is π , as cos (x) = sin x +
π
2 ( )
π
2
.
cos (x) is ‘ahead’ of sin (x).
( )
2
π
The phase shift of sin (x) relative to cos (x) is − π , as sin (x) = cos x − . sin (x) is π ‘behind’
2 2 2
cos (x).
Example 10
Draw a sketch of each function in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = cos x − ( ) π
3 ( )
b y = tan x +
π
4
Solution
a Describe how
y = cos x − ( ) π
is a phase change or translation
y = cos x − ( ) π
3
is
of
π
3
3
units to the right.
different from y = cos (x).
Complete a table of values π 2π 4π 5π
with x values x 0 π 2π
3 3 3 3
increasing by π .
3 y 0.5 1 0.5 –0.5 –1 –0.5 0.5
Draw the graph. y

1
π
0.5 y = cos x −
3
0
3 3 3 3
–0.5
–1

b Describe how y = tan x +( ) π
4
is different from the graph of
( )
y = tan x +
π
4
is a phase change or translation of
π
4
units to the left.
y = tan (x).
Complete a table of values π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
with x values increasing x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
π
by .
4 y 1 U* –1 0 1 U* –1 0 1
*U = undefined
Draw the graph. y

3
2 π
y = tan x +
4
1
0
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π x
2π
–1 4 2 4 4 2 4
–2
–3
You can put together the phase changes with the amplitude and period that you learnt in the
previous sections.
Example 11
( )
Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin x +
π
6
– 1 in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Solution
Find the main features. The graph has period 2π and amplitude 2. It
differs from the graph of
π
y = 2 sin (x) with a phase change of ≈ 0.191 to
6
the left and a translation of 1 unit downwards.
If you cannot see where the graph will go, π π π 2π 5π
complete a table of values with intervals x 0 π
6 3 2 3 6
of π . y 0 0.732 1 0.732 0 –1 –2
6
7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
x 2π
6 3 2 3 6
y –2.732 –3 –2.732 –2 –1 0

Draw the graph. y
1 π
y = 2 sin x + −1
6
0 x
π π 3π 2π
2 2
-1
-2
-3
INVESTIGATION Phase changes WS
1 Use your CAS calculator to compare the graphs of y = sin (2x) with y = sin 2 x +
phase change
π
? Why, or why not?
( π
2 ). Is the Sketching periodic
functions – phase
and vertical shift
2
2 Explore other trig functions with different periods and look at how phase changes affect
these functions.
EXERCISE 6.04 Phase changes

1 Example 10 Draw the graph of each of the following in the domain –π ≤ x ≤ π.
a y = sin x + ( )π
6 ( )
b f (x) = cos x +
π
3
c y = tan x − ( ) π
4 ( )
d y = cos x +
π
4
2 Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
a y = sin (x + π) ( )
b y = tan x +
π
2
c f (x) = cos (x – π) ( )
d y = cos x −
π
4
( )
3 a Sketch the graphs of y = sin (x) and y = cos x −
π
2
in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
b Show that sin (x) = cos x − ( ) π

2
.
4 CAS Sketch graphs of the following and check with a CAS calculator, showing a full cycle of
each.
a y = sin x − ( )π
2 ( )
b y = sin x +
π
2
c y = cos x − ( )π
6 ( )
d y = cos x +
π
6

5 Example 11 Sketch for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2p.
a y = 3 sin x − ( )π
2 ( )
b f(x) = 2 cos x +
π
2
c f(x) = 2 cos x +( ) π
2
+1 ( )
d y = 2 – 3 sin x −
π
2
6 Sketch the graph of the following in the domain –π ≤ x ≤ π.
a y = 2 tan x − ( )π
4 ( )
b y = – sin x +
π
6
c y = – 2 cos x + ( ) π
2 ( )
d y = 1 – 3 tan x +
π
4
7 Sketch graphs of the following showing a full cycle of each.
a y = 2 sin x − ( )π
3 ( )
b y = 2 sin x +
π
3
c y = 3 cos x − ( )π
4 ( )
d y = 3 cos x +
π
4

8 CAS a Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin x − ( ) π
4
on your CAS calculator.
b Sketch the graph of y = sin (x) – cos (x) on the same screen.
c Find the exact amplitude of y = sin (x) – cos (x).
9 The graph below has the equation in the form of y = a sin (x + c).
y
2
–π – 5π – 2π – π – π – π π π π 2π 5π π x
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
–1
–2
a Find the amplitude of the function.

b Find its equation.
10 Using the following table of values

x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
y –2.1 0.4 2.7 4.4 5 4.4 2.7 0.4 –2.1 –4 –5 –4
a Draw a graph showing this information
b Find the equation of the graph, given that it is in the form y = a cos (x + c).

6.05 Angle sums and differences
There are some trigonometric identities that can be used y
to simplify or evaluate expressions. In Chapter 3 you saw
that in the unit circle, sin (θ) = y, cos (θ) = x and
y
tan (θ) = . B (x, y)
x sin(θ)
This gives the trigonometric identity tan (θ) = 1 unit y
cos(θ)
by substituting sin (θ) for y and cos (θ) for x.
θ
O x A x
In Chapter 4 you saw that the equation of a circle with
centre (0, 0) and radius 1 unit is given by x2 + y2 = 1.
This gives the trigonometric identity
cos2 (θ) + sin2 (θ) = 1.
π
In OAB, ∠OBA = – θ (angle sum of a triangle
2
is 2π)
sin ( )
π
2
−θ =
x
1
= cos (θ)
cos ( )
π
2
− θ = y = sin (θ)
You will need to use some of these trigonometric identities in this section.
Important
Some trigonometric identities
sin (θ)
tan (θ) =
cos (θ)
sin (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1
2
sin ( )
π
2
− θ = cos (θ)
cos ( )
π
2
− θ = sin (θ)
In this section you will look at other trigonometric identities that come from the unit circle.
y
A (cos (y), sin (y))

B (cos (x), sin (x))
x–y 1
1
x
–1 1
–1

By the distance formula:
d 2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
AB2 = [cos (x) – cos (y)]2 + [sin (x) – sin (y)]2
= cos2 (x) – 2cos (x) cos (y) + cos2 (y) + sin2 (x) – 2sin (x) sin (y) + sin2 (y)
= [cos2 (x) + sin2 (x)] + [cos2 (y) + sin2 (y)] – 2cos (x) cos (y) – 2sin (x) sin (y)
= 2 – 2[cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y)] [1]
By the cosine rule:
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos (C)
AB2 = 12 + 12 – 2(1)(1)cos (x – y)
= 2 – 2cos (x – y) [2]
From [1] and [2]:
2 – 2cos (x – y) = 2 – 2[cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y)]
\ cos (x – y) = cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y)
You can prove other identities from this identity. For example, substituting –y gives:
cos (x – (–y)) = cos (x) cos (–y) + sin (x) sin (–y)
cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) – sin (x) sin (y) [since cos (–y) = cos (y) and sin (–y) = – sin (y)]
Important
Sums and differences of angles
sin (x + y) = sin (x) cos (y) + cos (x) sin (y)
sin (x – y) = sin (x) cos (y) – cos (x) sin (y)
cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) – sin (x) sin (y)
cos (x – y) = cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y)
tan( x ) + tan( y )
tan (x + y) =
1 − tan( x )tan( y )
tan( x ) − tan( y )
tan (x – y) =
1 + tan( x )tan( y )
Example 12
a Expand
i cos (3a + 2b)
b Simplify
( )
ii tan α −
π
7
i cos (2p) cos (5q) + sin (2p) sin (5q) ii sin (54°) cos (33°) – cos (54°) sin (33°)
c CAS i cos ( )
π
2
+x ii cos (x + 2y) iii cos (2x) + 2 sin2 (x)

Solution
a i Write the sum formula. cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) – sin (x) sin (y).
Substitute x = 3a and y = 2b. cos (3a + 2b) = cos (3a) cos (2b) – sin (3a) sin (2b)
ii Write the difference formula. tan( x ) − tan( y )
tan (x – y) = .
1 + tan( x )tan( y )
π 
tan  α −
π
=
tan(α ) − tan ()π
7
()
Substitute x = α and y = .
7 7 π
1 + tan(α )tan
7
b i Write the difference formula cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y) = cos (x – y).
backwards.
Substitute x = 2p and y = 5q. cos (2p) cos (5q) + sin (2p) sin (5q) = cos (2p – 5q)
ii Write the difference formula sin (x) cos (y) – cos (x) sin (y) + sin (x – y)
backwards.
Substitute x = 54° and y = 33°. sin 54° cos 33° – cos 54° sin 33° = sin (54° – 33°)
Simplify. = sin (21°)
TI-Nspire CAS
Use a calculator page ( ) and make sure
your calculator is set to radians.
Look at the document settings by pressing
and choosing 7: Settings and Status
and 2: Document Settings.
c i Press b, 3: Algebra and 3: Expand,

type expand() or choose expand()
from the catalogue (k).
Press µ and choose cos. Use the
fraction template ( ), press ¹,
choose p and complete the
expression .
Write the answer. cos ( )

π
2
+ x = –sin (x)

ii Press b, 3: Algebra, B:
Trigonometry and 1: Expand, type
tExpand() or choose tExpand()
from the catalogue and put in
cos(x + 2y).
Go up and scroll across to see the
rest of the answer. The answer might
not be in the form you want.
Write the answer. Notice that the cos (x + 2y) = cos (x) cos2 (y) – cos (x) – 2sin (x)
calculator expands cos(y + y) as sin (y) cos (y)
well.
iii Press b, 3: Algebra, B:
Trigonometry and 1: Collect, type
tCollect() or choose tCollect() from
the catalogue, and put in cos(2x) +
2(sin(x))2. You need to put (sin(x))2
to instruct the calculator to square
the sine.
Write the answer. cos (2x) + 2 sin2 (x) = 1

You can check this by expanding
cos (x + x).
ClassPad
Use the MMain menu and press
k.
Make sure the bottom right is set to Rad
for radians in this case.
c i Enter the following:
tExpand(cos ( )
π
2
+ x ) E.
Tap n, scroll down the ( tab

and tap tExpand(.
Tap u and use the r tab to get
sin, cos and tan. Use the ) tab
for N for fractions and p.
The calculator expands the
expression given using values for sin
 π  and cos  π  .
 
 2  
 2
Write the answer. cos ( )

π
2
+ x = –sin (x)

ii Enter the following in the same way
as for part i.
tExpand(cos (x + 2y)) E
Notice that the calculator expands
cos(y + y) as well.
Tap the right arrow to get the full
expression. (Tapping qwill show
more of the expression on the
screen.) What you get from the
calculator will not always be in the
form you want.
Write the answer. cos (x + 2y) = cos (x) cos2 (y) – cos (x) cos2 (y)
– 2sin (x) sin (y) cos (y)
Use tCollect and enter the following
in the same way as for part i.
tCollect(cos(2x) + 2(sin(x))2) E
The calculator will expand cos 2x
and simplify the answer.
Write the answer. cos (2x) + 2sin2 (x) = 1

You can check this by expanding
cos(x + x).
If you prefer, you can type sin, cos and tan on your CAS calculator instead of accessing the
functions.
In Chapter 3 you found exact ratios for angles of π , π and π . Now you can use sums and differences
6 4 3
of angles to find exact ratios of other angles.
π
Multiples of can be written in terms of these special angles. For example:
12
π π 3π 2π π
− = − =
4 6 12 12 12
π π 3π 2π 5π
+ = + =
4 6 12 12 12
π π 3π 4 π 7 π
+ = + =
4 3 12 12 12

Example 13
Find the exact value of
π
a sin 
 12 
7π
b tan  
 12 
c CAS cos  11π  and tan  π  .

 12   8
3π π 3π π
d cos   cos   – sin   sin  
 16   16   16   16 
e sin (a – b) given sin (a) = 5 and cos (b) = 3 where a and b are both in the first quadrant
7 5
Solution
a Write π as the difference of two π 3π 2π π π
= − = −
12 12 12 12 4 6
known angles.
 π π π π π π
Substitute into sin  −  = sin   cos   – cos   sin  
4 6 4 6 4 6
sin (x – y) = sin (x) cos (y) – cos (x) sin (y).
1 3 1 1
Substitute exact ratios and simplify. = × − ×
2 2 2 2
3 −1
=
2 2
3 −1 2
Rationalise the denominator. = ×
2 2 2
6− 2
=
4
 π 6− 2
State the result. sin  12  =
4
7π 7 π 3π 4 π π π
b Write as the sum of two angles. = + = +
12 12 12 12 4 3
Substitute into
tan( x ) + tan( y ) π π
tan  +  =
tan( ) + tan ( )
π
4
π
3
1 − tan ( ) tan ( )
tan (x + y) = . 4 3 π π
1 − tan( x )tan( y )
4 3
1+ 3
Substitute exact ratios and simplify. =
1−1× 3
1+ 3
=
1− 3

Rationalise the denominator. 1+ 3 1+ 3
= ×
1− 3 1+ 3
4+2 3
=
1− 3
= −2 − 3
 7π 
State the result. tan   = −2 − 3
12 
c TI-Nspire CAS
Use a calculator page .
Check in the Document Settings that the
angle is set to radians and the calculation
mode is Auto or Exact.
Put in cos  11π  and then do tan  π  .

 12   8
2( 3 + 1) 6+ 2
Write the answers, but write the 2 at the cos  11π  = − =−
 12  4 4
front as usual and simplify the expressions.
tan  π  = 2 − 1
 8
ClassPad
Use the Mmenu and press k.
First make sure the calculator is set to
Standard to produce exact values and not
decimals and Rad for radians.
Enter cos  11π 
 12 
Use the r tab to get sin, cos and tan.

Use ) and N for fractions.
Repeat for tan  π  .
 8
11π  2( 3 + 1) 6+ 2
Write the answers. cos   =− =−
12  4 4
π
tan   = 2 −1
8
d Substitute into
cos  3π  cos  π
– sin  3π  sin π
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y.  16   16   16   16 
3π π
= cos  + 
16 16 
Simplify. = cos  4π 
 16 
π
= cos  
4

Find the exact ratio. 2
=
2
3π  π 2 3π  π
State the result. cos   cos   – sin   sin   =
16  16  2 16  16 
e Substitute into sin (a – b) = sin (a) cos (b) – cos (a) sin (b)
sin (x – y) = sin (x) cos (y) – cos (x) sin (y).
5 opposite
Find the exact value of cos (a) from a sin (a) = =
right-angled triangle. 7 hypotenuse
X
7
5
a
Z
Y
By Pythagoras:
c2 = a2 + b2
72 = YZ2 + 52
72 – 52 = YZ2
24 = YZ2
24 = YZ
24
cos (a) = (Positive since a is in the first
7
quadrant)
Find the exact value of sin (b) from a 3 adjacent
cos (b) = =
right-angled triangle. 5 hypotenuse
Q
b
P 3 R
By Pythagoras:
c2 = a2 + b2
52 = QR2 + 32
52 – 32 = QR2
16 = QR2
16= QR
4 = QR
sin (b) = 4 (Positive since b is in the first
5
quadrant)
5 3 24 4
Substitute into sin (a – b) = × − ×
7 5 7 5
sin (a – b) = sin (a) cos (b) – cos (a) sin (b)
and simplify. 15 − 4 24
=
35

You may wish to use your CAS calculator to investigate what other angles have trigonometric ratios
that can be expressed exactly.
You can use the sums and differences of angles to find other identities.
Example 14
Find an expression for cos (2x) in terms of cos (x)
Solution
Use 2x = x + x and substitute into cos (x + x) = cos (x) cos (x) – sin (x) sin (x)
cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) – sin (x) sin (y). = cos2 (x) – sin2 (x)
Use sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1 in the form = cos2 (x) – (1 – cos2 (x))
sin2 (θ)= 1 – cos2 (θ) = cos2 (x) – 1 + cos2 (x)
to substitute for sin2 (x) and simplify. = 2cos2 (x) – 1
State the result. cos (2x) = 2cos2 (x) – 1
EXERCISE 6.05 Angle sums and differences

In this exercise your teacher will tell you where to use your CAS calculator.
1 Example 12 Expand
a sin (3α + β) b cos (5m – 3n) c tan (θ – 3ψ)
d cos (x + 7y) e tan (34° + y) f sin (2θ – 3δ)
2 Simplify
tan(36°) + tan(29°)
a sin (a) cos (b) + cos (a) sin (b) b
1 − tan(36°)tan(29°)
c cos (28°) cos (27°) – sin (28°) sin (27°) d sin (2x) cos (3y) + cos (2x) sin (3y)
tan(3θ) − tan(θ)
e f sin (74°) cos (42°) – cos (74°) sin (42°)
1 + tan(3θ)tan ( θ )
g sin (a + b) + sin (a – b) h sin (x + y) – sin (x – y)
i cos (x – y) – cos (x + y) j cos (m + n) + cos (m – n)
tan( x + y ) + tan( x − y )
3 Simplify .
1 − tan( x + y )tan( x − y )
4 Example 13 Find the exact value of
π 7π 
a cos   b sin 
 12   12 
5π 
c tan  d sin (15°)
 12 

tan(74°) − tan(44°) π π π π
e f cos  cos  – sin  sin 
1 + tan(74°)tan(44°)  15  
10 

15 

10 
g
tan ( ) + tan( )
π
12
π
6 h sin 
7π 
cos  5π  + cos  7π  sin  5π 
1 − tan ( ) tan ( )
 
π π 36  36 36 36
12 6
4π  7π 
i cos 
 9 
cos   + sin  4π  sin  7π 
36   9   36 
j sin (250°) cos (25°) – cos (250°) sin (25°)
5 If sin (x) = 2 and cos (y) = 3 , where x and y are in the first quadrant, find the exact value of
3 4
a sin (x + y) b cos (x – y) c tan (x + y)
6 If sin (x) = 3 and cos (y) = 5 , where x is the second quadrant and y in the fourth, find the exact
5 13
value of
a cos (x) b sin (y) c sin (x – y)
d tan (y) e tan (x + y)
7 Example 14 By taking 2x = x + x, find an expression for:

a sin (2x) b tan (2x)

8 By substituting π – x in the identity cos (x – y) = cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y), show that
2
sin (x + y) = sin (x) cos (y) + cos (x) sin (y)
9 Find an expression for:
a sin (x + y) + sin (x – y) b cos (x + y) – cos (x – y)
c sin (x + y) – sin (x – y) d cos (x + y) + sin (x – y)
10 Find an expression for sin (3x) in terms of sin (x).
6.06 Trigonometric equations

In Chapter 3 you solved trigonometric equations when finding an angle in a right-angled triangle.
For example, sin (θ) = 0.64 gives a solution of θ ≈ 40°. But with extended angles, there are actually
other solutions, such as θ = 140°, 400° and 500°. Check with your calculator to see that the sine of
these other angles is 0.64.
You can solve trigonometric equations by looking at their graphs.

Example 15
a Draw the graph of y = tan (x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π and use the graph to find all solutions
to tan (x) = 1 in this domain.
b CAS Sketch the graphs of y = sin (x) and y = x – 1 and use the graphs to solve sin (x) = x – 1
Solution
a Draw the graph of y = tan (x).
y
1 y=1
x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y = tan (x)
π 5π
From the graph, find all x values where y = 1. x= ,
4 4
b TI-Nspire CAS
Use a graph page and enter the functions as
f1 and f2. Change the Window Settings to focus
on the intersection. See page 298 for a reminder.
Find the point of intersection:

You can use b 6: Analyse Graph and 4:
Intersection. Move around the graphs and press
enter for the lower bound and upper bound to
set the search area.
You can also do this using b 5: Trace and 1:
Graph Trace to step along the graphs. You can set
the display to a higher number of significant
figures using b 9: Settings.
State the result. The solution to the equation

sin (x) = x – 1 is x ≈ 1.93.

ClassPad
Use the gGraph&Table application.
Set the calculator to Rad (radians).
Set y1=sin(x) and y2=x–1.
Tap 6 for View Window.

Think of the maximum and minimum values of sin
x as a horizontal ‘strip’ and set x and y limits
accordingly. A suggestion is –4 ≤ x ≤ 4 and
–2 ≤ y ≤ 2.
Tap OK.
Tap $ to see the two graphs.

Tap Analysis. From the drop down menu, tap
G-Solve and then tap Intersection.
The answer is given as xc= and yc= .
We are only interested in the value of x.
Write the solution. x ≈ 1.93
Notice in Example 16 a that the two solutions to tan (x) = 1 in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π are
x = π , 5π . These angles are in the first and third quadrants where tan (x) > 0. The ASTC rule can
4 4
help solve trig equations.
nπ 
Trig functions of the angles of the form  ± x  for odd n simplify to give the co-ratio, but
2 
functions of angles of the form (np + x) simplify to give the same ratio.
This means that you can simplify an angle of any size to the same ratio of an acute angle by
expressing it as the sum or difference of an acute angle and a multiple of π (180°). You work out the
sign from the ASTC rule for the original angle.
Example 16
a Solve the following equations in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
i cos (x) = –
2
ii tan (x) = 1.2
3
b Solve sin (x) = − in the domain 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.
2
c Solve sin (x) = 0 for the domain –2p ≤ x ≤ 2p.
1
d CAS Solve sin (x) = for –2p ≤ x ≤ 2p.
2

Solution
a i The domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π is in radians, so the
solutions to the equation will be in radians.
S A
Draw the ASTC diagram.
T C
2 π2
Write the acute angle for cos (x) = . cos   =
2 4
2
In which quadrants is cosine negative? Cosine is negative in the 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
π 3π π 5π
Put x in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants. x=p– = or x = p + =
4 4 4 4
3π 5π
State the result. x= ,
4 4
ii Use tan–1 on your calculator in radian mode x ≈ 0.876

to find the acute angle for tan (x) = 1.2.
In which quadrants is tangent positive? Tangent is positive in the 1st and 3rd
quadrants.
Put x in the 1st and 3rd quadrants. x ≈ 0.876, π + 0.876
State the result. x ≈ 0.876, 4.018
3 3
b Write the acute angle for sin (x) = . sin (60°) =
2 2
In which quadrants is sine negative? Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
Put x in the 3rd and 4th quadrants. x = 180° + 60° and 360° – 60°
State the result. x = 240°, 300°
c Sketch the graph over the domain required. y
y = sin(x)
x
0
–2π 3π –π –π π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2
Read the solutions from the sketch. x = –2p, –p, 0, p or 2p

d TI-Nspire CAS
Use a calculator page .
Make sure Document Settings is radians
(see page 298) and type solve(), use b,
3: Algebra and 1: Solve or choose solve() from the
catalogue, k.
Put the equation into the brackets followed by a
comma and x. To get the correct domain put a
vertical line using / = and type in the domain as
x ≥ –2π and x ≤ 2π.
Entering 0.5 instead of a fraction will give
approximate answers.
Write the solution in ascending order. x = – 11π , – 7π , π , 5π
6 6 6 6
ClassPad
Use the M application and press k.
Set the Calculator to Standard and Rad.
Use ` from the ) tab and r for the
trigonometric ratios. For the fraction, tap N.
To get the correct domain, tap - then put a
vertical line U. Also available from - are M
and m. Type in the domain as x ≥–2π and x ≤ 2π .
Tap the right arrow 3to see the full solution, or
tap q.
Interpret the answer. One solution is π plus any whole

6
number of 2πs. In the given domain this
gives π and π – 2π = – 11π .
6 6 6
π
The other solution is – plus any whole
6
number of 2πs. In the given domain this
gives – π and – π + 2π = 11π .
6 6 6
11π 7 π π 5π
Write the solution in ascending order. x=– ,– , ,
6 6 6 6
Some equations need simplifying or the domain extended in order to solve them.
Example 17
a Solve 2cos (x) + 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
b Solve sin2 (θ) = 1 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
2
c Solve 2sin (2x) = 1 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
d Solve 2cos2 (x) + cos (x) – 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

Solution
a Rearrange the equation. 2cos (x) + 1 = 0
2cos (x) = –1
cos (x) = – 1
2
π 1
Write the acute angle for which cos (x) = 1 cos   =
3 2
2
In which quadrants is cosine negative? Cos is negative in the 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
π π
Solve cos (x) = – 1 in the domain. x=π– ,π+
2 3 3
2π 4 π
State the result. x= ,
3 3
1
b Take the square root of both sides. sin2 (θ) =
2
1
sin (θ) = ±
2
1
=±
2
2
Write with a rational denominator. =±
2
2 2
Write the acute angle for which sin (x) = sin (45°) =
2 2
2
Solve sin (x) = ± in the domain. The answer x = 45°, 180° – 45°, 180° + 45°, 360° – 45°
2
can be in any quadrant because it is + and –.
State the result. x = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
c Rearrange the equation. 2 sin (2x) = 1
1
sin (2x) =
2
Adjust the domain for 2x. Since 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
0° ≤ 2x ≤ 720°
Find the acute angle in degrees that has
sin (2x) = 1 . 2x = 30°
2
In which quadrants is sine postive? Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
Solve sin (2x) = 1 in the domain 2x = 30°, 180° – 30°, 360° + 30°,
2 360° + 180 – 30°
0º ≤ 2x ≤ 720º.
Simplify. 2x = 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°
Divide by 2 and state the result for x. x = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°

d This is a quadratic equation in cos (x). 2 cos2 (x) + cos (x) – 1 = 0
Factorise the equation and solve for cos (x). (2 cos (x) – 1)(cos (x) + 1) = 0
2 cos (x) – 1 = 0, cos (x) + 1 = 0
2 cos (x) = 1, cos (x) = – 1
1
cos (x) = , cos (x) = – 1
2
Solve cos(x) = 1 x = π , 2π – π [Cosine is positive in the first
2 3 3
and fourth quadrants]
π 5π
= ,
3 3
Solve cos (x) = – 1 x = π [from the unit circle or the graph of
y = cos (x)]
State the result. π 5π
x= , π,
3 3
EXERCISE 6.06 Trigonometric equations

1 Solve graphically for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
Example 15
1
a sin (θ) = 0.35 b cos (θ) = – c tan (θ) = –1
2
3 3
d sin (θ) = e tan (θ) = – f cos (θ) = 0.72
2 3
2 CAS Solve graphically for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
1 1
a cos (x) = b sin (x) = – c tan (x) = 1
2 2
3 3
d tan (x) = 3 e cos (x) = − f sin (x) =
2 2
3 CAS Solve graphically in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
a tan (x) = x b cos (x) = 2x – 3 c sin (2x) = x
d sin (x) = cos (x) e sin (x) = x
4 CAS Example 16 Solve each of the following in the domain indicated.

1
a tan (θ) = 1 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360° b sin (θ)= for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
2
3 2
c cos (θ) = – for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2p d sin (θ) = – for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2p
2 2
1
e tan (θ) = 3 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2p f cos(x) = – for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
2
5 CAS Solve the following trig equations in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Check your answers with
your CAS calculator.
a cos (x) = 1 b tan (x) = 0 c sin (x) = –1
d cos (x) = 0 e sin (x) = 1

6 Example 17 Solve for –π ≤ θ ≤ π
a tan (θ) – 3 = 0 b 2 sin (θ) – 1 = 0 c 3 tan2 (θ) – 1 = 0
d CAS sin (θ) + 1 = 0 e CAS 2 cos2 (θ) – 1 = 0
7 Solve for –180° ≤ x ≤ 180°

a CAS tan2 (x) – 1 = 0 b CAS 2 sin2 (x) – sin (x) = 0
c tan (2x) = 1 d 2 cos (2x) + 3 = 0

8 Solve sin (x) = 3 cos (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
9 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the two values of x closest to 0 for which 5 sin 2 x − ( π
6 ) –2=0
10 Solve
a 2 sin2 (x) + cos (x) – 2 = 0 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
b tan2 (x) – 3 tan (x) + 2 = 0 for –π ≤ θ ≤ π
6.07 Modelling periodic

phenomena
In this section you will look at some examples where trigonometry can model periodic situations
such as tides, temperatures over the seasons and a pendulum.
If you recognise that a graph has periodic data, you can measure its amplitude and period and in
some cases find its equation.
Example 18
The table shows the highest average monthly temperatures in Sydney over 12 months.
x Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
T (°C) 26.1 26.1 25.1 22.8 19.8 17.4 16.8 18.0 20.1 22.2 23.9 25.6
a Draw a graph of this data, by hand or on a CAS calculator.
b What is the period? c Find the amplitude.
Solution
a Draw the graph. T °C Temperature
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ov er
em r
ch
M y
r
Fe ary
pt st
ril
ne
O er
ay
Au ly
D mbe
be
r
Se gu
N tob
ua
Ju
b
Ap
ar
M
Ju
nu
em
br
c
e
Ja
ec
Months

b State the period. The curve is approximately a cosine curve with one
full period.
The period is 12 months.
c Find the amplitude. The maximum temperature is about 26° and the
minimum is about 17°.
26° − 17°
Amplitude =
2
= 4.5°
When a graph looks periodic, you can find a model for its equation by using the skills you learned
earlier in this chapter and checking the model on a CAS calculator.
Example 19
Find a model for this periodic function. Check your
4
answer using a CAS calculator, spreadsheet or other
0
computer program. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−4
Solution
Find the period and amplitude. From the graph, the period is 5 and the amplitude
is 6.
2π
Period: =5
b
2π = 5b
2π
=b
5
a=6
2πx 
Substitute into the equation y = a sin (bt). y = 6 sin 
 5 
Check the model on a CAS calculator.
The graph looks the same as the one given so

2πx 
y = 6 sin  is a good model for the original
 5 
graph.
When you know the equation, you can use it to find out extra information.

Example 20
The distance, in metres, of a wave from a point on a beach can be modelled by the equation
d = 5 sin (4πt) + 7 where t is time in minutes.

a What are the maximum and minimum distances of the wave from this point?
b What is the initial distance of the wave from the point on the beach?
c How long does it take each wave to wash up on the beach?
d How many waves wash up onto the beach in an hour?
e At what times are the waves 9.5 m out from this point on the beach?
Solution
a Find the centre and amplitude of the model. The centre is 7 and the amplitude is 5.
Find the maximum and minimum distance. 7 – 5 = 2 and 7 + 5 = 12.
So the maximum distance is 12 m and the
minimum distance is 2 m.
b Substitute the initial value of t = 0 into the d = 5 sin (4π × 0) + 7
equation d = 5 sin (4πx) + 7. = 7
State the result. Initially the wave is 7 m out from the point
on the beach.
c Find the period. 2π 2π
=
b 4π
1
=
2
State the result. It takes 1 a minute for a wave to wash up
2
onto the beach.
d Use the result from c. Each wave takes 1 a minute.
2
This means 2 each minute or 2 × 60 each
hour.
State the result. 120 waves wash up on the beach in an
hour.

e Substitute d = 9.5 into the equation 9.5 = 5 sin (4πt) + 7
d = 5 sin (4πt) + 7.
Subtract 7 from both sides. 2.5 = 5 sin (4πt)
Divide both sides by 5. 1
= sin (4πt)
2
π
Find the angle that has sin (4πt) = 1 and π π
4πt = , π – , 2π + , 2π + π – , …
π
2 6 6 6 6
the quadrants where sin (4πt) is positive
(find all solutions).
Solve for t. t= 1 5 13 17
, , , , … minutes
24 24 24 24
Change to seconds. t = 2.5, 12.5, 32.5, 42.5, … seconds
State the result. The wave is 9.5 m out from the point on
the beach after 2.5 s, 12.5 s, 32.5 s, 42.5 s, ...
EXERCISE 6.07 Modelling periodic phenomena

1 Example 18 The graph below shows the times of sunsets seen over 2 years.
Sunsets
10
9
8
7
Time (p.m.)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
pt ly
pt ly
ay
ay
ch
ch
M ry
M ry
em r
nu r
em r
r
ov e
Ja be
ov e
be
Se Ju
Se Ju
N emb
N emb
a
a
M
M
ar
ar
nu
Ja
a Find the period and amplitude of the graph.

b At approximately what time would you expect the sun to set in July?

2 The electrical impulses of the heart are shown in the diagram.
Electrical impulses of the heart
Diastole Systole
Relaxation of Contraction of
heart muscle heart muscle
Contraction of
the ventricles
Millivolts (mV)
Contraction Recovery of
of the atria the ventricles
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Time (s)
a What is the period?
b What is the pulse rate in heart beats/minute?
c How are the pulse rate and period (in minutes) related?
d How long does it take for the heart to beat 1000 times?
3 The graph on the right Drag over insect’s wing
shows how the drag over
the wing of an insect in 2
flight varies over time. 1
Drag (mN)
a What is the period?

0
b What is the amplitude 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
of the drag? −1 Time (ms)
c At what times up to −2
3 ms will the drag be
the greatest?
d The period of the drag represents one beat of the insect’s wings. How many times will the
insect’s wings beat in 10 s?
4 Example 19 Find equations of each of the following.
a 8 b y
4
4
2
0 x
1 2 0
−4 0.5 1 1.5
−8 –2
–4
c d y
8 6
4 4
2
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 0
−4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–2
−8 –4
–6

5 Find a model (equation) for each of the periodic functions shown below, and check your
answers using a CAS calculator, spreadsheet or other computer program.
a y b y
6 7
5 6
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
1
−1 1 2 3 x
0 1 2 3 x
6 Example 20 The displacement d cm of a spring from a fixed point O at time t seconds is given by
the equation d = 5 cos (2t) + 5.
a What is the spring’s initial displacement from O?
b How far is the spring from O after
i 3s? ii 7 s ? iii 1 minute?
c At what exact times is the spring
i at O ? ii 5 cm from O ? iii 10 cm from O ?
d After how long is the spring first 2 cm from O (to 1 decimal place)?
7 A reflector on a bicycle wheel is fixed at a distance of 25 cm from the centre of the wheel. The
wheel has a diameter of 66 cm. For the starting position of the wheel, the reflector is at its
lowest height.
Height
How it moves
a What is the least height of the reflector from the ground as the wheel turns?
b What is the greatest height of the reflector as the wheel turns?
c How far does the wheel roll along the ground when it makes one complete turn?
d Draw a graph to show the height of the reflector as the wheel rolls along.
e From your graph, estimate how far the wheel rolls before the reflector is first at a height
of 33 cm.
f Estimate how far the wheel rolls before the reflector is first at a height of 40 cm.
Shutterstock.com/Diego Barbieri

8 The depth of a tidal pool on a particular day could be modelled by the function
 πt 
h(t) = 3 sin   + 5 where h is the depth in metres and t gives the hours since midnight.
 6
a What was the depth at midnight?
b What was the depth at 6:00 a.m.?
c What was the earliest time at which the depth was 2 m?
d At what times was the pool at maximum depth?
9 A cable-car ride can take tourists to an observation deck 240 m above the base level in
15 minutes without stopping. The cable cars travel in an approximately straight line from the
base level to the observation deck and return, stopping for 2 minutes at either end of the trip.
There are four cable cars on the cable.
a How many times does a cable car stop between the same points on a round trip?
b How long does a round trip take?
c Draw a graph showing the height of a cable car for two round trips.
d How many round trips are made by a single cable car in 12 daylight hours?
e If each cable car can take 10 passengers, how many people can do the return trip in one
12-hour day, assuming that the cable cars going to the top are full on every trip?
f How long is it from the time a cable car is at 200 m until it is again at this height?
Shutterstock.com/Kitch Bain

10 The time between successive high tides at a pier is 12 h 20 min. The average depth of water is
4 m, but at low tide it is 3.1 m. Write an equation to model this relationship as a sine curve and
use it to find the lengths of time that boats with draughts of 3.5 m and 4.5 m can use the pier.
The draught of a boat is the minimum depth of water it needs.
Shutterstock.com/Lauren orr

6 CHAPTER SUMMARY
and graphs
For a periodic function f (x) the smallest
value t such that f (x) = f (x + t) for all x is
called the period. The section of the function
from f (x) to f (x + t) is called a cycle.
The amplitude of a periodic function is half
the vertical distance between the maximum
y = a cos (bx) + c has amplitude a, period 2π
and is translated vertically by c units.
y = a tan (bx) + c is stretched or compressed
b
by a factor of a vertically, has period π and is

translated vertically by c units.
Phase changes:
b
and minimum values. y = sin (x + c) is a horizontal translation of

y = sin (x) c units to the right (later) if c < 0,
Trigonometric graphs:
to the left (earlier) if c > 0.
y = sin (x) has period 2π and amplitude 1 y = cos (x + c) is a horizontal translation of
y y = cos (x) c units to the right if c < 0, to the
1 left if c > 0.
y = sin (x) y = tan (x + c) is a horizontal translation of
y = tan (x) c units to the right if c < 0, to the
0 left if c > 0.
π 2π x
( )
π 3π
2 2 π
sin x + = cos (x)
2
( )
–1
π
cos x − = sin (x)
2
y = cos (x) has period 2π and amplitude 1
Trigonometric identities:
y
sin (θ)
1 tan(θ) =
cos (θ)
y = cos (x)
sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1
0
π π 3π 2π x
sin ( )
π
2
− θ = cos (θ)
( )
2 2
π
cos − θ = sin (θ)
–1 2
Sums and differences of angles:
y = tan (x) has period π and no amplitude sin (x + y) = sin (x) cos (y) + cos (x) sin (y)
y sin (x – y) = sin (x) cos (y) – cos (x) sin (y)
3 cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) – sin (x) sin (y)
2 y = tan (x) cos (x – y) = cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y)
1 tan( x ) + tan( y )
tan (x + y) =
0 1 − tan( x )tan( y )
π π 3π 2π x
–1 tan( x ) − tan( y )
2 2 tan (x – y) =
–2 1 + tan( x )tan( y )
–3 Many periodic phenomena can be modelled
by the sinusoidal functions y = a sin (bx) + c
General amplitude and period: or y = a cos (bx) + c.
y = a sin (bx) + c has amplitude a, period 2π Trigonometric equations can be solved
b
and is translated vertically by c units. graphically or algebraically.

CHAPTER REVIEW

Multiple choice
1
2
Example 7
A
2
3
Example 12
cos (a + b) =
3
C
3
and graphs
The period of y = 2 tan (3πx) is

1 π
3 E
D 3π
6
A sin (a) cos (b) – sin (a) cos (b) B cos (a) cos (b) + sin (a) sin (b)
C sin (a) cos (b) + cos (a) sin (b) D cos (a) cos (b) – sin (a) sin (b)
E cos (a) sin (b) – sin (a) cos (b)
3 Example 16 Solve cos (x) = – 1 for – 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π

π π 3π
A x = π B x= x=– ,
C
2 2 2
D x = ± π E
x = 0, ± 2π
4 Example 19 Find the equation of the following graph.
y
1
0.5
π π πx
– 5π – 2π – π – 3 – 6
–π π π π 2π 5π
6 3 2 6 3 2 3 6
–0.5
–1

( )
A y = sin x + π
6 ( )
B y = sin x −
π
6
y = sin (3πx)
C
( )
D y = sin x +
π
3
 πx 
y = sin 
E
 6 
Short answer
5 Example 1 Use the unit circle to evaluate:
a sin 270° b cos 2π c tan π
d cos 90° e sin π
6 Example 2 Sketch y = cos (x) for – π ≤ x ≤ π.

7 Example 3 Sketch in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
a y = cos (x) – 1 b y = –tan (x)

CHAPTER REVIEW • 6
8 Example 4 State the amplitude of:
a y = 7 cos (3x) b y = –4sin (2x)
9 Example 5 Draw the graph of y = –3 cos (x) in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

10 Example 6 Find the amplitude and period of the graph below.
y
12
10
0
5 10 15 20 x
11 Example 7State the period of the following functions

 x
a y = tan (4x) b y = sin   c y = cos (3πx)
 5
12 Example 8 Sketch the graph of the following functions in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
 x
a y = sin (2x) b y = tan  
 2
13 Example 9 State the period and amplitude and draw one full cycle of the graph of y = 5cos (3x).
14
( )
Example 10
π
a Draw the graph of y = cos x − for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
b What other function is the same as this one?
15 Example 10 Draw the graph of y = tan x − ( ) π

4
in the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
16 Example 11 Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x − ( ) π

6
–2 for – π ≤ x ≤ π.
17 Example 12 Simplify.
tan(2θ) − tan(β)
a sin (2a) cos (3b) + cos (2a) sin (3b) b
1 + tan(2θ)tan(β)
c cos (3x) cos (4y) – sin (3x) sin (4y)
18 Example 13 Find the exact value of:

π 5π
a tan   b cos  
 12   12 
19 Example 14 Show that sin (2θ) = 2 sin (θ) cos (θ).

x
20 Example 15 CAS By drawing the graphs y = sin (x) and y = , solve graphically the equation
x 2
sin (x) =
2

6 • CHAPTER REVIEW
21 Example 16 Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
a cos (x) = b tan (x) = − 3 c sin (x) = –0.37
2
2
22 Example 17 Solve 2 cos (α) – 1 = 0 for 0° ≤ α ≤ 360°.
23 Example 18 The graph shows the incidence of crimes committed over 24 years in Gotham City.
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
a Approximately how many crimes were committed in the 10th year?

b What was the:
i highest, and
ii lowest number of crimes?
c Find the amplitude and the period of the graph.
24 Example 19 Find an equation for the periodic function below.

y
3
0
2 4 6 8 x
–1
–2
–3
25 Example 20 A large hoop is rolling along the ground. The vertical distance above the ground of a
Point P on the rim of the hoop is given by y = 1.25 – 1.25 cos (2πt) where y is in metres and t is
in seconds. Find the first three times at which P is 2.00 m above the ground.
P

CHAPTER REVIEW • 6
Analysis
26 The monthly average overnight minimum temperature for Melbourne can be modelled by the
πm 
function T = 4.5 cos  + 10.5, where T is the temperature in degrees Celcius and m is the
 6 
number of months since January, assuming they can be taken as equal in length.
a What is the maximum average overnight minimum, and when does it occur?
b What is the mean value of the average overnight minimum, and during what months does it
occur?
c During what months is the average overnight minimum increasing?
πt
27 The depth of water in a port is given by d = 3.8 cos   + 12.2 where d is in metres and t is the
 6
number of hours since high tide.
a How many hours are there between high tides?
b If high tide was at midnight, during what hours was the depth more than 12.2 m?
c During what hours was the depth less than 10.3 m?
28 A clock stands on a shelf. The centre of the clock, where the hands are attached, is 15 cm above
the shelf, and the minute hand is 10 cm long. The distance of the tip of the hand from the shelf
Qz
can be modelled by a sinusoidal function. Write an equation for the model in terms of the time,
t, where t is the number of minutes past midnight. Hence find the number of times during the
Practice quiz day when the tip is 10 cm above the shelf.

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CLA-NMMETHODS-13-0402-006.

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6.06 Trigonometric equations

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6.01 Basic trigonometric graphs

INVESTIGATION Trigonometric ratios of special angles

Check these values on the calculator.

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c Use cos (θ) = x at the point (0, 1). cos  π  = 0

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b Notice the shape of y = sin (x) π π

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c Notice the shape of y = tan (x)

Sketch the graph as a smooth

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y = –tan (x) are reflected in the x-axis. y = –cos (x)

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b The graph of y = –cos (x) is a reflection of y

c The graph of y = tan (x) + 3 is a y

EXERCISE 6.01 Basic trigonometric graphs

3 Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function in the domain – π ≤ x ≤ π.

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5 Example 3 Sketch each graph for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

6 Sketch each graph for – π ≤ x ≤ π.

7 Draw the graph of y = 2 – cos (x) in the domain –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.

Reasoning and communication

f If the graph was extended beyond 2π,

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INVESTIGATION y = a sin (x) and y = a cos (x)

Put x into the function and press ·.

To put in another function, press b and

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The screen should look like this.

Tap View Window 6 to set limits on the

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The graph is reflected in the x-axis and y

State the result. The amplitude is 2.

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The graph is stretched vertically by a y

State the amplitude. The amplitude is 3.

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EXERCISE 6.02 Amplitude changes

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