Logical Thinking

1. According to the pattern shown below, what is the number in the blank?

2. Crystal’s brother’s age this year minuses 4, multiples 5, adds 4 and is divided by 9. The
result will be 11 years old. How old is Crystal’s brother this year?
3. There are 27 blue balls, 28 red balls and 18 green balls in a bag. At least how many
balls should be picked up to ensure there are 6 non-blue and 8 non-green balls?
4. Find the average of the following sequence.
2023, 2048, 2073,2098, 2123, … , 3023
5. There are some chickens and rabbits in a cage and the number of chickens is 4 times
of the number of rabbits. They have 120 legs in total. How many rabbit(s) is / are
there?
Arithmetic
6. Find the value of:
5
.
4
2− 3
3+ 2
4−
5
7. Find the value of:
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ + 81 + 243 + 729.
729 243 81
8. Find the value of:
592 − 17 × 68.
9. Find the value of:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ + .
60 140 252 1292 1596
10. Find the value of:
52 + 62 + 72 + ⋯ +152 + 162 + 172 .
Number Theory
11. How many positive simplified proper fraction(s) with denominator 444 is/are there?
12. If a 9-digit number ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
123𝐵4567𝐴 is divisible by 44, find the sum of the value(s) of 𝐵 ×
𝐴.
4×𝑎×𝑏
13. It is known as 𝑎 ≠ 4 and define the operation symbol ⊗ 𝑏 = 𝑎−4 , find the value of
16 ⊗ (12 ⊗ 5).
14. Find the last digit of:
32 + 33 + 34 + 35 + ⋯ + 399 .
15. A 3-digit number has a remainder 1 when divided by 4, has a remainder 2 when
divided by 7 and has a remainder 5 when divided by 6. What is such largest 3-digit
number?
Geometry
16. How many rectangle(s) with 2 “*” is / are there in the figure below?

17. How many time(s) is the interior angle of a regular 14-sided polygon as the exterior
angle?
18. How many rectangle(s) is / are there in the figure below?

19. There is a cuboid. When the length increases 2 cm, the volume will be increased by
180 cubic centimeters. When the width increases 4 cm, the volume will be increased
by 320 cubic centimeters. When the height increases 3cm, the volume will be
increased by 216 cubic centimeters. How many cubic centimeter/s is the volume of
the cuboid?
20. A square is formed by 169 rectangles that are 1𝑐𝑚 × 4𝑐𝑚. Find the difference in total
perimeter in cm.
Combinatorics
21. Twelve students join a competition. Only top 4 students can be promoted to next
round. How many different way(s) of promotion advance is/are there?
22. Two identical red cups, 4 identical blue cups and 8 identical yellow cups are put from
left to right. How many different permutation(s) is/are there?
23. Numbers are drawn from 120 integers 24 to 143. At least how many number(s) is/are
drawn at random to ensure that there are two numbers whose sum is 99?
24. A flight of stairs has 11 steps. Crystal can go up for 1 step, 2 steps or 3 steps each time.
The 6th step and the 8th step cannot be stepped on as they are destroyed. How many
way(s) is/are there for Crystal to go up the stairs?
25. Choose 3 digits from 0 to 9 to form 3-digit numbers. How many odd number(s) lesser
than 500 is/are there? (The repetition of digits is not allowed)
Logical Thinking
1. According to the pattern shown below, what is the number in the blank?

Answer: 24
Solution:

The observable pattern is: 𝐷 = (𝐴 − 𝐵) × 𝐶

? = (18 − 6) × 2 = 24
2. Crystal’s brother’s age this year minuses 4, multiples 5, adds 4 and is divided by 9. The
result will be 11 years old. How old is Crystal’s brother this year?
Answer: 23
Solution:
Working backwards
11 × 9 = 99
99 − 4 = 95
95 ÷ 5 = 19
19 + 4 = 23
3. There are 27 blue balls, 28 red balls and 18 green balls in a bag. At least how many
balls should be picked up to ensure there are 6 non-blue and 8 non-green balls?
Answer: 33
Solution:
1st case prioritizing 6 non-blue:
18 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 + 8 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 26 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
2 case prioritizing 8 non-green:
nd

27 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 6 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 = 33 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

Worst-case scenario we pick 2nd case: 33 balls
4. Find the average of the following sequence.
2023, 2048, 2073,2098, 2123, … , 3023
Answer: 2523
Solution:
Average of arithmetic sequence:
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 2023 + 3023
= = 2523
2 2
5. There are some chickens and rabbits in a cage and the number of chickens is 4 times
of the number of rabbits. They have 120 legs in total. How many rabbit(s) is / are
there?
Answer: 10
Solution:
Let 𝑐 = 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑐 = 4𝑟 (𝑒𝑞. 1)
2𝑐 + 4𝑟 = 120 (𝑒𝑞. 2)
(1) to (2)
2(4𝑟) + 4𝑟 = 120
8𝑟 + 4𝑟 = 120
12𝑟 = 120
𝑟 = 10
Arithmetic
6. Find the value of:
5
.
4
2− 3
3+ 2
4−
5
Answer: 115/22
Solution:
5 5 5 5 5 5 345 115
= = = = = = =
4 4 4 4 72 66 66 22
2− 3 2 − 3 2 − 2 − 69 2 −
15 69 69
3+ 2 3 + 18 3 + 18 18
4−
5 5
7. Find the value of:
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ + 81 + 243 + 729.
729 243 81
364
Answer: 1093 729
Solution:
1 1 1
𝑥= + + + ⋯ 81 + 243 + 729
729 243 81
1 1
3𝑥 = + + ⋯ 81 + 243 + 729 + 2187
243 81
1 728
3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 2187 − ; 2𝑥 = 2186
729 729
364
𝑥 = 1093
729
8. Find the value of:
592 − 17 × 68.
Answer: 2325
Solution
= 592 − 17 × 2 × 2 × 17 = 592 − 172 × 22 = 592 − 342
Applying difference of 2 squares:
(59 + 34)(59 − 34) = 93 × 25 = 2325
9. Find the value of:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ + .
60 140 252 1292 1596
Answer: 1/28
Solution:
We have a telescoping series:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+ +
6 × 10 10 × 14 14 × 18 34 × 38 38 × 42
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − + − + − + ⋯+ − + − )
4 6 10 10 14 14 18 34 38 38 42
1 1 1
= ( − )
4 6 42
1 1 1
= × =
4 7 28
10. Find the value of:
52 + 62 + 72 + ⋯ +152 + 162 + 172 .
Answer: 1755
Solution:
52 + 62 + 72 + ⋯ 152 + 162 + 172 = (12 + ⋯ + 172 ) − (12 + ⋯ + 42 )

𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Using sum of square numbers: 6
17 × 18 × 35 4 × 5 × 9
= −
6 6
= 1785 − 30
= 1755
Number Theory
11. How many positive simplified proper fraction(s) with denominator 444 is/are there?
Answer: 144
Solution:
444 = 22 × 3 × 37
Using Euler’s Totient Theorem:
2 − 1 3 − 1 37 − 1
22 × 3 × 37 ( × × ) = 2 × 1 × 2 × 36 = 144
2 3 37
12. If a 9-digit number ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
123𝐵4567𝐴 is divisible by 44, find the sum of the value(s) of 𝐵 ×
𝐴.
Answer: 40
Solution:
For divisibility rule of 44: The number must be divisible by 4 and 11
Divisibility rule of 4: The last 2 digit must be divisible by 4
𝐴 = 2,6
Divisibility rule of 11: Difference of the sum of alternating digits must be 0 or divisible
by 11
(1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 𝐴) − (2 + 𝐵 + 5 + 7) = 14 + 𝐴 − 14 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 − 𝐵
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 0; 𝐴 = 𝐵
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (2,2)(6,6)
(2 × 2) + (6 × 6) = 4 + 36 = 40
4×𝑎×𝑏
13. It is known as 𝑎 ≠ 4 and define the operation symbol ⊗ 𝑏 = 𝑎−4 , find the value of
16 ⊗ (12 ⊗ 5).
Answer: 160
Solution:
4 × 12 × 5 4 × 12 × 5
12 ⊗ 5 = = = 1 × 6 × 5 = 30
12 − 4 8
4 × 16 × 30 4 × 16 × 30
16 ⊗ 30 = = = 1 × 16 × 10 = 160
16 − 4 12
14. Find the last digit of:
32 + 33 + 34 + 35 + ⋯ + 399 .
Answer: 6
Solution:
Unit digit pattern of 3=3,9,7,1
98
= 24𝑟. 2
4
= 32 + 33 + 34 + 35 + ⋯ 399
= 9+7+1+3+⋯+9+7
= 24(9 + 7 + 1 + 3) + 9 + 7
= 24 × 20 + 16
=0+6=6
15. A 3-digit number has a remainder 1 when divided by 4, has a remainder 2 when
divided by 7 and has a remainder 5 when divided by 6. What is such largest 3-digit
number?
Answer: 989
Solution:
We need to find the smallest positive number that satisfy our 3 conditions:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4
𝑥 ≡ { 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 7
5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 6 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 6
Focusing on 𝑥 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4 and 𝑥 ≡ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7
The smallest possible value is 9 we keep on adding 𝐿𝐶𝑀 (4,7) = 28 tell we satisfy
𝑥 ≡ 5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 6
9,37,65
65 is the smallest positive number that satisfy our 3 conditions
𝑥 ≡ 65 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝐿𝐶𝑀 (4,7,6)
𝑥 ≡ 65 𝑚𝑜𝑑 84 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑟 65 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 168
999
𝑥=⌊ ⌋ × 84 + 65 = 989
84
Geometry
16. How many rectangle(s) with 2 “*” is / are there in the figure below?

Answer: 32
Solution:

2 × 2 × 2 × 4 = 32
17. How many time(s) is the interior angle of a regular 14-sided polygon as the exterior
angle?
Answer: 6
Solution:
(𝑛 − 2)180
𝑛 𝑛−2
=
360 2
𝑛
14 − 2
= =6
2
18. How many rectangle(s) is / are there in the figure below?

Answer: 750
Solution:

4 × 5 × 8 × 9 3 × 4 × 8 × 9 9 × 10 × 3 × 4 4 × 5 × 3 × 4 3 × 4 × 3 × 4
= + + − −
4 4 4 4 4
= 360 + 216 + 270 − 60 − 36 = 750
19. There is a cuboid. When the length increases 2 cm, the volume will be increased by
180 cubic centimeters. When the width increases 4 cm, the volume will be increased
by 320 cubic centimeters. When the height increases 3cm, the volume will be
increased by 216 cubic centimeters. How many cubic centimeter/s is the volume of
the cuboid?
Answer: 720
Solution:
𝑉𝑙′ 𝑉𝑤′ 𝑉ℎ′
𝑉=√ × ×
𝑙′ 𝑤′ ℎ′

180 320 216

𝑉=√ × × = √90 × 80 × 72 = √9 × 10 × 10 × 8 × 8 × 9
2 4 3
𝑉 = 8 × 9 × 10 = 720
20. A square is formed by 169 rectangles that are 1𝑐𝑚 × 4𝑐𝑚. Find the difference in total
perimeter in cm.
Answer: 1586
Solution:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 4
𝐴𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑙𝑒 × 169 = 4 × 169 = 676

𝑆𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = √𝐴𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = √676 = 26

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑃𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 169 × 2(1 + 4) − 4 × 26 = 1690 − 104 = 1586
Combinatorics
21. Twelve students join a competition. Only top 4 students can be promoted to next
round. How many different way(s) of promotion advance is/are there?
Answer: 495
Solution:
12! 12! 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8!
12𝐶4 = = =
4! (12 − 4)! 4! 8! 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 8!
= 11 × 5 × 9 = 495
22. Two identical red cups, 4 identical blue cups and 8 identical yellow cups are put from
left to right. How many different permutation(s) is/are there?
Answer: 45045
Solution:
(2 + 4 + 8)! 14! 14 × 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8!
= =
2! 4! 8! 2! 4! 8! 2 × 1 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 8!
= 7 × 13 × 11 × 5 × 9 = 45045
23. Numbers are drawn from 120 integers 24 to 143. At least how many number(s) is/are
drawn at random to ensure that there are two numbers whose sum is 99?
Answer: 95
Solution:
99 − 24 = 75
(24,75) (25,74) (26,73) …
Only numbers from 24 to 75 have pairs
75 − 24 + 1
𝑃=⌊ ⌋ = 26 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠
2
Worst-case scenario:
𝐼 − 𝑃 + 1 = 120 − 26 + 1 = 95
24. A flight of stairs has 11 steps. Crystal can go up for 1 step, 2 steps or 3 steps each time.
The 6th step and the 8th step cannot be stepped on as they are destroyed. How many
way(s) is/are there for Crystal to go up the stairs?
Answer: 60
Solution:
1st Step 1
2nd Step 2
3rd Step 4
4th Step 7
5th Step 13
6th Step 0
7th Step 20
8th Step 0
9th Step 20
10th Step 40
11th Step 60

25. Choose 3 digits from 0 to 9 to form 3-digit numbers. How many odd number(s) lesser
than 500 is/are there? (The repetition of digits is not allowed)
Answer: 144
Solution:
Case 1: 100-199 and 300-399
2 × 8 × 4 = 64
Case 2: 200-299 and 400-499
2 × 8 × 5 = 80
80 + 64 = 144