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AICTE Activity 2023-24

CHAPTER 2

ACTIVITY 2: “CONTRIBUTION TO ANY NATIONAL


LEVELINITIATIVE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, SWACHH
BHARATH”

SWACHHBHARATABHIYAN

Figure 2.1: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is one of the most popular and significant missions in the
History of India. This campaign was introduced by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, and was
launched on 2nd
October 2014 to honour Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of a clean country.
Slogan ―One step towards cleanliness‖.

Note: Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi received the award of ―Global Goal
keeper from the Gates Foundation forth initiative of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on September 25,
2019, in New York.
Initially, this Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign was run on a national level in all the towns,
rural and urban areas.

2.1 Background of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh that is cleanliness is the abstract state of being clean and the habit of achieving and
maintaining that state. Cleanliness may imply a moral quality, as indicated by the aphorism

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"cleanliness is next to godliness", and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as
health and beauty on a practical level cleanliness is related to hygiene and diseases prevention.
When we talk about hygiene and diseases then it is necessary to add drinking water and
sanitation with it. Without proper sanitation we can‘t keep our surroundings clean and prevent
ourselves from diseases. Around 1989, David Strachan put forth the "hygiene hypothesis" in the
British Medical Journal that environmental microbes play a useful role in developing the
immune system; the fewer gems peoples are exposed to in early childhood, the more likely they
are to experience health problems in childhood and as adults.

Sanitation and drinking water in India have always been the central issue. However, it
continues to be inadequate despite of the longstanding efforts by the various levels of the
government and communities to improve the coverage. The rural sanitation programmed in India
was introduced in 1954 as a part of First Five Year Plan of Government of India. The 1981
census revealed that rural sanitation coverage was only 1%. The government has begun giving
emphasis on rural sanitation after declaration of International Decade for Drinking water and
Sanitation during 198190. In 2015, 40% population has access to improved sanitation, 63% in
urban and 29% in rural area. In 2008, 88% of population in India had access to an improved
water source but only 31% had access to improved sanitation. In rural areas where 72% of
India‘s population lives, the respective share is 84% for water and 21% of sanitation. In the light
of the above, on 2nd October, 2014, Prime Minister of India launched a nationwide cleanliness
campaign called Swachh Bharat Mission.

 Campaigns under Swachh Bharat Mission


These are:

• PlasticseRaksha‖

• SwachhtaPakhwada‖

• SwachhtaShramdaan‖

• SwachhtaHeeSeva‖

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2.2 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Action Plan

The action plan for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is laid by the Ministry of Drinking
Waterand Sanitation. The vision is to triple the facility of sanitation by 2019. The major change
to be implemented is in the Making of an Open Defecation Free (ODF) India.

 Action Plan Highlights:


• Improve the growth percentage of toilets from 3% to 10% by 2019.
• Increase in the construction of toilets from 14000 to 48000 daily.
• Launch of a National Level/State Level Medical campaign through audio-visual,
mobile telephony, and local programmers to communicate the message of awareness.
• Involvement of school children in the activities for spreading awareness on Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene.

 Swachh Bharat Mission(Urban)1.0


• Coming to Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), it is under the Ministry of Urban
Development and is commissioned to give sanitation and household toilet facilities in
all 4041 statutory towns with a combined population of 377 million.
• The estimated cost is Rs62,009 crore over five years with the center‘s share of
assistance being Rs14,623 crore.
• The Mission hopes to cover 1.04 crore households, give 2.5 lakh community toilet

seats, and 2.6 lakh public toilet seats. It also proposes to establish solid waste
management facilities in every town.

 Swachh Bharat Mission(Urban)2.0


The government in the Union Budget 2021 allocated Rs1,41,678 crores for the
Swachh Bharat Mission (U) 2.0.
The components of SBM-Urban 2.0 are:
• New component-Waste water treatment, including faucal sludge managementinall
ULBs with less than 1 lakh population.
• Sustainable sanitation (construction of toilets).
• Solid Waste Management.

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• Information, Education and Communication.


• Capacity building.
The Finance Ministry announced in February 2021 that Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) will be
launched under the ―Health and Well-being‖ vertical. The SBM-U phase-II will have a new
component of wastewater treatment, including faucal sludge management in all Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) with less than 1 lakh population 3.3.

 Achievements expected out of SBM Urban 2.0


• ODF + certification to all statutory towns.
• ODF + certification to all statutory towns with less than 1 lakh population.
• Water + certification to half of all the statutory towns with less than1 lakh
population.
• Rating of at least 3-star Garbage Free to all statutory towns as per Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA‘s) Star Rating Protocol for Garbage Free cities.
• Bio-remediation of all legacys dumpsites.
2.3 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Objective:

The major objective of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to spread the awareness of
cleanliness and the importance of it. The concept of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to provide basic
sanitation facilities like toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and
safe and adequate drinking water supply to every person.
At the core of these mission components:
1. Individual house hold toilets.
2. Community toilets.
3. Public toilets.
4. Municipal Solid Waste Management.
5. Information and Education Communication (IEC) .
6. Capacity Building.
• The Urban Clean India mission seeks to eradicate open defecation; convert insanitary toilets
to flush toilets; eradicate manual scavenging, and facilitate solid waste management.

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• The mission emphasizes on ushering in a behavioral change among people, for healthy
sanitation practices, by educating them about the damaging effects of open defecation, the
environmental dangers spreading from strewn garbage, and so on.
• To achieve these objectives, urban local bodies are being brought in and fortified to design,
implement and operate systems to promote a facilitating environment for the participation of the
private sector in terms of both capital and operations expenditure.

 Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural)


• The Rural mission, known as Swachh Bharat Garmin, aims to make Village Panchayats open
defecation free by October 2, 2019.
• Removing obstacles and addressing critical issues that affect results is the new thrust of this
rural sanitation mission, which aims to provide all rural households with individual latrines; and
build cluster and community toilets on public-private partnership mode.
• Considering the filt hand unhygienic conditions in village schools, this programmed lays
special emphasis on toilets in schools with basic sanitation amenities.

• Construction of Anganwadi toilets and management of solid and liquid waste in all Village
Panchayats is the object of the Clean India mission.

 Ranking of cities
Every year, cities and towns across India are awarded the title of ―Swachh Cities‖ based on their
cleanliness and sanitation drive as a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan that was launched in
2014.

 Highlights
• Indore in Madhya Pradesh is India‘s cleanest city and Howrah in West Bengal is the
filthiest.
• Out of 10 cleanest cities, 3 are from Andhra Pradesh, 2 are from Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra, and while Gujarat, Telangana, and Delhi each have one.
• Out of 10 dirtiest cities are from West Bengal only.
• 118 out of 500 cities were found to be Open Defecation Free (ODF).

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• 297 cities have 100% door to door collection of garbage.


• 37 lakh citizens showed interest in Swachh Surveksan.
• There are 404 cities where 75% of residential areas were found substantially clean.
• Gujarat has a maximum of 12 cities among the top 50 cleanest, followed by Madhya
Pradesh with 11 and Andhra Pradesh with eight.

• According to the survey among top 50 clean cities: Gujarat has a maximum of 12
cities followed by Madhya Pradesh with 11 and 8 in Andhra Pradesh.

• Telangana and Tamil Nadu account for 4 cities each followed by Maharashtra with 3
cities.

• Note: The 2024 ranks are yet to be out. It will be released post the complete of
Swachh Survekshan 2024 (1st February – 15th February 2024).

2.4 Issues come up during the Discussion with villagers :


 Disposal of Waste Water :
It was informed by the participants that most of household use to drain the waste water in
the open or adjacent to the house called Bari. Even, nobody cares the place around the hand
pump or well which was the source of drinking water. It resulted made the village full of dirt and
in the rainy season it becomes pool of mud which also resulted rise in number of mosquito and
housefly. Due to this, possibility of Malaria and dysentery became increased. Some time it
becomes a reason for criminal breach of peace. During last one-year numbers of soak pits,
individual as well as community level, have been contracted. To drain the waste water.

 Comments on the effect of Soak pit:

• Now at accumulation on road and around the water source.

• Number of mosquitoes and house fly reduced.

• Prevention of discuses resulted increase in saving.


• Mutual relation among the villagers secured.

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 Construction and Use of Toilet


It was come up in the discussion that those who have constructed toilet with their own
resources are using toilet however, not all are using those who constructed toilet obtained
government subsidy. However, participant was found of the view that they constructed toilet
because government has made this mandatory. It was revealed by many that they do not need
toilet because defecation in the open became habit. Non-availability of water or insufficient
water was found another reason why some people do not use toilet. Moreover, water sources are
located away from the household. Some of the participants said that cleaning the tank is very
difficult because few people are available who do this work.

 Following are there marks related to toilet:


• Dignity of women has been built up.
• Prevention from diseases like dysentery and malaria.
• Increase in saving due to less expenditure on treatment of diseases.
• Got freedom from fear of wild animals.
• Overall, cleanliness in the village.

 Disposal of Solid Waste/Garbage


It was informed by the participants that almost all house hold have go town garbage pit
and the same has used to throw garbage. Villagers use to burn the garbage time to time and the
ash used as compost. This resulted less use of fertilizer and also saving of money.

 Drinking Water
Well, hand pump and pond are the major source of water in the village. In recent times,
awareness level on drinking water has been increased. Purification of water is believed to be a
preventive measure which decreases the possibility of water borne diseases.

 Some comments are:


 Boiling the water before consume is the most effective purification method used by most
of villagers.
 Filter the water by using cotton cloths.
 It was observed that the abovementioned methods have helped in reducing the diseases
like Diarrheal, Typhoid and other water borne diseases.

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 Health
In the past, villagers use to visit to the quacks for treatment of diseases. However, awareness on
health has been increased considerably. Now, most of the villagers got the PHC or private
doctors.

2.5 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Survey :

 Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey

Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Ministry of Urban Development and carried out


by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitation survey across several hundred cities to
check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of competition
among the cities. The performance of each city is evaluated on six parameters:
• Municipal solid waste, sweeping, collection and transportation.
• Municipal solid waste, processing, and disposal of solid waste.
• Open defecation free and toilets.
• Capacity building and E-Learning.
• Provision of public toilets and community toilets.
• Information, education and communication, and behavior change.
 Survey results
Even though elimination of open defecation was the core objective of the mission, it was
never monitored by either of the Ministries. They both kept a track of toilets constructed and
funds spent. Therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys was very different from that
reported by Government sponsored surveys. Researchers found divergence between findings of
the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey
(NARSS), both conducted by the Government only a few months apart.

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2.6 Pictures During Activity

Students of K R Pet Krishna Government Engineering College, K R Pet are taking part in
AICTE Activity-2 at Surroundings of Government engineering college, K R Pet below we will
see how things are done by those days.

 Environmental Cleaning Activity

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Summary
We chose the topic ―Developing and managing efficient Swachh Bharat system‖ as the second
activity, under this we took up the cleanliness of the college, we did this activity for five days as
two hours a day, we picked some places and took their cleaning, disposal of waste, plastic, tear
down unwanted we did in the grounds that our college campus looks beautiful compared to
before, this has resulted in good places to sit on the college campus, all teachers have encouraged
us to complete this activity, and I would like to thank them all.

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ACTIVITY-3:“HELPING LOCAL HIGH SCHOOL


STUDENTSTO ACHIEVE GOOD RESULTS AND THEIR
ENROLMENT INHIGHER/TECHNICAL/MEDICAL
EDUCATION”

3.1 Introduction
“The Roots of Education are Bitter, but the Fruit is Sweet”–Aristotle

 General Introduction :

In every student‘s life SSLC examination is an important stage, in this stage almost all
students are feared about the public examination. Most of the students will scoreless marks in the
examination, though they worked hard due to lack of systematic study and planning.

 Some hints to score more marks in 10th class exam:


Here, we are trying to help the students to score more marks in the examination by giving
some hints and tricks. If the students will follow these hints and tricks definitely they will score
more marks and face the examination confidently.

 Courses after class 10t:h


Every student admires to pursue a career that can make him or her to achieve their goals.

At times it becomes confusing for students after completing their class 10th board‘s examination

what to do next. Some students try to take a break, and some move ahead to choose after 10 th

courses. 10th standard is a significant point in a student‘s life. The stream/path that he/she

chooses after 10th will co-operate a large role in determining his/her career path.

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 Some hints to score more marks in 10th class exam:

“Live as if you were to die tomorrow, Learn as if you were to live forever” –
Mahatma Gandhi
Celebrate the exams as a festival‖ it means don‘t be too much worried about the exams,
feel freely. Start your preparation right now. When you do smart work, it is not too difficult to
score more than 90 marks in all subjects in 10th class exam. The figure 2.1 shows the four major
things we need to focus. There are:
• Reading.
• Writing.
• Time.
• Health.

Figure 3.1: Main focus points

 The Methods of Reading:


Reading is the process of understanding the meaning of letters, words, symbols and etc., reading
skills are very important to school/college students. Read the text books thoroughly and pay
attention to syllabus in the academic year 2022-2023.

 Reading Tips: "Weapons practice should not be during war", it means do not read
overnight on exam days, finish the work as soon as possible. Please understand and read
it will help you more.
The following points will tell you how to read:
• Make a proper time table (later we discuss in detail how to make a time table), and read as
per the schedule mentioned in that time table.

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• Collect some previous year question papers. Practice solving previous years question paper
sand sample/model Papers, because by solving previous year question papers, we are aware
of these things:

 Selection of question.
 Quality.
 About quantity of answer.
 About composition of lessons.

• Read the chapters in detail and try to summarize each chapter in your own words.

• Do practice to get the speed and accuracy.

• First read the question paper properly, use the first 15 minutes effectively and don‘t worry too
much about difficult questions, first attend the easy questions properly.

• Make Key Notes: Making of key notes play a very important role, let us see how to make
key notes among individual subjects, recall the key points once before you go to sleep.

• Language oriented subjects (Kannada, English, and Hindi):

 Prepare a poet's introduction chart.


 Note down the bullet in points.
 Write down the paragraphs of the poem to memorize.

• Queen of the subject “Mathematics”: Mathematics is a high scoring subject; you just need
to make sure to be clear with the concepts. Practice more and more to solve your problems.

 Make separate copies for formula and theorems to revive easily any Time.
 In the key notes, write the theorems and practice well.
 Note down the formulas separately.

• Social Science:

 Make a mind map.


 Make a flow chart of (only names) important dates, events.
 Write a very short summary of each important episode/policies.
 Practice drawing them perfectly.

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 Be perfect at locating the place, rivers, multi-purpose river valley projects, air ports and
etc.

• Science:

 Practice pictures by drawing.


 Try to identify at least 8 to 10 parts in a diagram.
 Make a mind map

 Writing Skills

Written communication is an exceptional characteristic of the human species, writing skills


include all the knowledge and abilities related to expressing ideas through the written word,
writing and presentation play a very important role in scoring. In this chapter we will discuss
about writing skills, presentation skills, pro-verb writing, an essay writing and letter writing.

• Hand Writing: Try to write neatly as much as possible, your writing should be eligible, if
your hand writing is not so good, don‘t worry too much about hand writing, then give more
importance to presentation that will help you score more marks.
• Presentation Skills: Presentation is also an important skill to gain good marks in exams.
From our presentation we can attract evaluators. The following points will help you how the
presentation should look like:
 Write your answers point by point.
 Avoid strike offs.
 Make strike offs by marking a single line over the word or sentence, wherever necessary.
 Under line the highlight points by using pencil.

 Time Management:

Time is very precious and we should not waste it in anyway. Likewise, we can earn the
money we spent but we cannot get back the time we have lost. So, this makes the time more
valuable than money. Hence, we should utilize the time in the most possible way.

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 Making of Time Table: Make a proper time table and read as per the schedule
mentioned in that time table, when preparing a time table, consider the following points:
 Make a time table yourself depend on your convince.
 Allot the time for all the subjects, in that time table.
 Which subjects are more difficult for you, allocate more time for the difficult subject.
Give some break between the one subject to the another subject.
 How to manage time during examination: Time is more precious in exam hall, manage
the time thoroughly and utilize the 3 or 2(1/2) hours properly in exam hall.

• Answer the easy and known questions first.


• Don't forget to carry the hall ticket, ID, sanitizer, water bottle, pen and pencil.
• Attend the1, 2, 3 mark questions first, and then right long answers.
• At the end of the writing revive your answers once again. Avoid writing unnecessary points in
your answer.

 Health

Health is wealth, health is very important so give importance on your health, when you have
good physical health, then you can write the exam well or else it will be very difficult. Eat
healthy food in appropriate quantities.

 Health Care Tips: Don‘t read overnight during exam days, because our mind need five
to six hours of sleep, stop negative thoughts and motivate yourself, and take care of your
health.

• Give more importance to personal cleanness.

• Drink energy water.

• Avoid heard food and junk foods.

• Getting enough sleep.

• Eat healthy food.

• Take rest.

• Carry water bottle.

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• Keep your study place cleanly.


• Give more attention to health.

• Don't join the mass group.


 Experts Tips

The figure 3.2 shows some more experts tips on how to get good grades/marks in 10th class

exams, it consists of 12 valuable tips, more concentrated on these tips and study well,

―ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMS".

Figure 3.2: Experts Tips on How to Get Good Grade

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3.2 Courses After Class 10th

“If you are planning for a year, sowrice; if you are planning for a decade, plant trees; if you
are planning for a lifetime, educate people” –Chinese Proverb

Many students as well as parents today are perplexed by this question. Choosing your future
begins with self-analysis; and we do mean SELF. The opinion of your parents, teachers, and
friends should count a little, but not too much. Traditional thinking seems to limit your choices
to science, mathematics, commerce and humanities – but that‘s no longer the case. Your careers
are now best based on your natural skills and talents-whether for writing or for sports or for any
interest dear to you. If you have a pen chant for music, acting or modeling then choose subjects
that will help you pursue these career courses after 10th. You have many options as……..

 Elements that going to choosing your optimal career after 10th


• An open mind that‘s ready to assess alternatives.
• ASWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat, Analysis). Consult a career advisor
for the best way to go about this.
• Your own priorities.
• Ask questions and clear doubts from people who are already in your chosen profession.
• Do not let anyone at all cause you to doubt your abilities and talents.
• Focusing on your interest will enhance your academic performance.
• Research deeply every path available to you.
• Do not assign unqualified superiority to traditional professions such as medicine,
engineering or civil services (unless that‘s your natural preference). Let your talents and
interests determine your path for the best possible career –a choice you‘ll have to make
from near limitless career opportunities after 10th.

 List of courses after class 10th

• PRE UNIVERSITY COURSES (PUC): „Science, Commerce and Arts‟. Though some
streams do offer combinations between the above three, most schools and colleges have

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clearly defined optional subjects. Except in NIOS (or if a student has obtained
exemption due to Learning Disability), one has study another language with English.
The most common choices offered are Kannada, Hindi and Sanskrit, while selected
colleges do offer French and other languages also.
The four ―core‖ [3] or ―optional‖ subjects define which category the student belongs to.

Commerce: Commerce is the most popular stream among the students after 10th
standard. There are more career options available after completing graduation in
commerce stream.

The students have interest making career as Chief Financial Accountant, Financial Manager

Economist, Finance Consultant, Company Secretary, Financial Planner, Foreign Trade cost, and
works account and banking jobs take commerce stream after 10th standard.

1. CEBA – Computer Science, Economics, Business studies and Accountancy.


2. MEBA – Basic math‘s, Economics, Business studies and Accountancy.
3. HEBA - History, Economics, Business studies and Accountancy.
4. SEBA - Statistics, Economics, Business Studies and Accounts.

Science: craze for the subjects of science has its special space in education field where
students learn physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, electronics and other subjects.
Students may have career opportunities to become doctor, engineer, scientist and others
in this stream.
1. PCMB - Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology.
2. PCMC - Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computer Science.
3. PCME - Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Electronics.

Arts: Students who plans their career mainly in IAS, Economist and Psychologist etc. In
fact, this stream is for those students who have strong linguist, social, artist and
interpersonal intelligence. This stream have interesting subjects such as Psychology,
Sociology, Education, Languages, Music, Economics, History, Geography, Political
Science, Logic, etc.

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1. HESP – History, Economics, Sociology, Political Science.


2. HEPK – History, Economics, Political Science, Kannada.
3. HESK – History, Economics, Sociology, Kannada.
4. HEPS – History, Economics, Political Science, Sociology.

 DIPLOMA COURSES: Engineering Diploma courses are job oriented and enable the
diploma holders to work for reputed employers. These courses happen to be of 3 years of
span and every academic year is separated into two semesters. So altogether, there are 6
semesters with each having a 6 monthly term. Post completion, the students will be
granted with the Diploma degree.
 Diploma Streams: Moreover you can have option for having Diploma from Industrial
Training Institutes as well as Diploma in Commercial Art, Diploma in Stenography,
Diploma in Laboratory Technician, Diploma in Hotel Management & Catering
Technology, Marine Diplomas, Diploma in Beauty Culture & Hair Dressing , Diploma in
Garment Technology, Diploma in Art Teaching and etc.
 Diploma in Journalism.
 Diploma in Fashion Designing.
 Diploma in Engineering.
 Diploma in Nursing.
 Diploma in Interior Designing.

 Diploma in engineering branches:


 Diploma in Computer Science and Engineering.
 Diploma in Civil Engineering.
 Diploma in Automobile Engineering.
 Diploma Mechanical Engineering.
 Diploma in Electrical Engineering.
 Diploma in Mining Technology.
 Diploma in Electronics and Communications Engineering.
 Diploma in Metallurgy.
 Diploma in Aeronautical Engineering.

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 Diploma in Information Technology.

 Paramedical Courses: Diploma in any of the courses listed underneath is useful for
students who are not willing to opt in for junior college and wish to straight away go in
for something semi-professional. Once you complete this, you are all set for a job at the
age of 17 or 18. This is useful for individuals who wish to join the work force quickly.
On the other hand, post you complete this course; you can opt for another course in
degree or certification in the event that you wish to specialize in something different or
switch the stream. List of paramedical courses:

 Diploma in Emergency Medicine.


 Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology.
 Diploma in Hospital Administration.
 Diploma in O.T .Technician.
 Diploma in Biomedical Instrumentation.

 ITI Corses: Industrial Training Institutes offers admission to ITI courses for students
who have completed their class 10. The main aim of the institute is to provide the
technical skills of the aspirants and help them grow in the industrial sector. There are
many ITIs across the country in public as well as private sectors providing professional
training to the candidates. The ITI courses are certificate program for engineering and
non-engineering stream. The aspirants will receive a National Trade Certificate on
successful completion of the course. The institutes offer training in two types of courses:

 Engineering
 Non-Engineering
The courses under engineering background are technical in nature focusing on concepts of
mathematics, science and technology.
The non-engineering courses cover non-technical concepts including soft languages and specific
skills and knowledge of other sectors.

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The duration of these courses can vary from six months to three years. The top
government and private institutes analyze the skills of the students with the written test. Some
private institutes also provide direct admission.

The courses under engineering background are technical in nature focusing on concepts
of mathematics, science and technology.
The non-engineering courses cover non-technical concepts including soft languages and
skills specific and knowledge of other sectors.
The duration of these courses can vary from six months to three years. The top
government and private institutes analyze the skills of the students with the written test.

Different ITI Courses are as follows:


 Fitter
 Electric Mechanic
 Electrical
 Automobile
 Electronics
 Plumb
“When you educate one person you can change a life, when you educate many you can change
the world” – Shai Reshef

The Class 10th results are announced by CBSE, ICSE and most of the state education
boards, it will be time for students to decide what to do next. If you think that industrial work and
smallscale businesses are your things then ITI courses after 10th can help you in getting good
jobs after completing the course. ITI courses after 10th are for students who want to pursue
short-term courses in order to pursue jobs.

If you want to start earning early, then courses offered by ITI after class 10 is one of the options
that you have.ITI courses after 10th can also help you choose specializations according to your
area of interest as Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) offer diverse programs in engineering as
well as non-engineering fields.

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 ITI Course Benefits


Not everyone has to be a doctor or engineer in the world to survive. If you plant to be a
mechanic or a technician, there is no need to pursue a diploma or a complete degree. ITI courses
are specially designed for these purposes, have a look at the benefits of ITI Courses:
 Easy Employment.
 Early Job settlement.
 No Need to Study a Regular Degree of 3 Years.
 ITI Courses can be studied after 10th and 12th Standard.

 ITI Courses Eligibility Criteria


Getting admission to any course depends on you clearing its eligibility criteria. If you fail to meet
the eligibility conditions set by the institute for the course, you will not be considered for
admission to the program. Given below are some basic eligibility criteria for ITI courses. That
you must qualify. A part from these, the institute from which you seek to pursue the course might
have some other set of conditions as well. You must check out the detailed prerequisites of the
course at the institute before applying for admission.
 You must have cleared class 10th in the regular mode.
 The School from which you complete your degree must come under a recognized
board of education.
 It is mandatory for you to have received passing marks in all the exams that you have
in class 10th.

 ITI Courses Admission Process: The admission process for ITI courses in India
varies from state to state. Some states conduct a centralized admission process for ITI
courses, and the selection of candidates will be based on merit i.e., marks scored in Class
10th exams.
 ITI Courses: ITIs or Industrial Training Institutes are usually organizations or training
centers that provide courses to students seeking easy employment just after completing
school. These

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Vocational center strain students in performing certain tasks to enable them to get a job by the
end of the course duration. These courses can be technical as well as non- technical and students
can pick one according to their preferences.
 ITI in Tool and Die Making: This is one among the unique courses and the duration of
the course will be three years. One will learn about metal working skills, hot- working of
metals, surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, engineering drawing and others.
 ITI in Mechanic of Radio and TV: The employment opportunities are huge after
pursuingthiscourse.Onewillfindopportunitiesintelevisionandradio-manufacturing
companies and refurbishing firms besides government undertaking. One can also consider
self- employment.ITI in Mechanic Medical Electronics: With ITI course in this
specialization, one can also aim for higher studies such as BE in medical electronics and
diploma in medical electronics. After pursuing this course, one will get opportunities as a
biomedical equipment technician, medical equipment repairer, network specialist and
others.
 ITI in Laboratory Assistant of Chemical Plant: This is a well-known position in the
chemical plants with a lucrative pay band. This is also a two-year course and candidates
will learn both practical and theory. The positions involved after pursuing this course is
research associate, R&D associate and laboratory analyst.
 ITI in Horticulture: This course involves an agriculture plant cultivation trade. One will
learn about various techniques involved in the cultivation that includes fruit and vegetable
cultivation. They will also learn about soil fertility and soil fertility management.
 ITI in Draughtsman (Mechanical): This two-year course will make students get
familiar with all the basic concepts involved in draughtsman. One will get jobs as a junior
technical assistant, an AutoCAD draughtsman, a draughtsman piping and a structural
draughtsman.ITI in Building Maintenance: The course is all about how to repair and/or
maintain residential buildings with many things such as painting, roofing, installation and
drywall. They will get opportunities in commercial complexes such as multi scale
operative and maintenance assistant.

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 Exam and Certification

On the completion of the classwork, candidates have to appear for the AITT (AllIndiaTrade Test)
that is organized by NCVT (National Council for Vocational Training).Once the candidates pass
the AITT, candidates will be awarded a National Trade Certificate that will enable them to
practice different courses. Candidates seeking job opportunities in welding, carpenter workshops,
electrician shops, textile mills, etc. can find different opportunities after completing this course.
After completing courses from ITI, candidates can also seek jobs in government workshops and
various other government job profiles. Students looking for ITI course can also have a look at the
diploma courses to pursue after class 10th.

 Higher Studies

Diploma Courses: There are several engineering diploma courses available for students who
have completed ITI training in technical or engineering courses.

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3.3 ITI Job Opportunities

“Aninvestmentinknowledgepaysthebestinterest”–BeniaminFranklin

Just like other professional and vocational courses institute, even ITIs have dedicated placement
cells which look after placement of students. These placement cells have tie-ups with various
governmental organizations, private companies and even foreign companies, who hire the
students for jobs in several trades.

 Jobs in Public Sector Units: The biggest employer of ITI students is the public
sector or the government agencies. Students who have completed their ITI can seek
employment with various Public Sector Units / PSUs such as Railways, Telecom / BSNL,
IOCL, ONCG, State wise PWDs and others. In addition to this, they can also explore
career opportunities with the Indian Armed Forces i.e., Indian Army. Indian Navy, Air
force, BSF, CRPF and other paramilitary forces.
 Jobs in Private Sector: Private sector, especially the ones dealing in manufacturing
and mechanics seek out ITI students for trade specific jobs. The key sectors in which ITI
students can find lucrative career opportunities include construction, agriculture, textiles,
energy. As far as specific job profiles are concerned, electronics, welding refrigeration
and air- conditioner mechanic are the most sought- after skills in an ITI student in the
private sector. SelfEmployment: This is probably the most important advantage of
opting for ITI course, a sit allows one to start own business and be self-employed. Thanks
to the preference towards whitecollar jobs, professionals who do blue collar services.
Therefore, today we find an acute shortage of trained and qualified plumbers, carpenters,
construction workers, agricultural workers etc. This is a great opportunity for students
with an ITI certificate to start their business and be selfemployed.
 Jobs in Foreign Countries: Another career opportunity that ITI students can
explore after the completion of their course is off-shore jobs. Similar to India, many
developed and developing countries are facing the shortage of blue-collar professionals;
people who can fix things or provide associated services. Especially for specific trades

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like Fitters, there are many job opportunities with international oil and gas factories and
shipyards etc.

3.4 Pictures During Activity :


Students of K R Pete Krishna Government Engineering College, K R Pet are taking part
in AICTE
Activity-3 in ―GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOL, VITALAPURA.We all visited the
school to give awareness to students how to score more than 90 marks and what are the courses
available after 10th. We are so happy with the students.

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Summary
Planning is the key of success. If we study as per the planning definitely we will succeed in the
examination. I hope you all go through proper planning and get succeed, if you score more, my
effort will be effective and fruitful. Work smartly, all the best to everyone.

Many of you must have already chosen the stream and subjects which you are going to study in
the higher education, and some of the students are confused to choose the right one, I hope this
section will helpful to everyone. All of you have a bright future, All the best for your future.

I hope you all make a good marks in your upcoming 10th examination, and also choose the best
course after class 10th.

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CHAPTER 4

ACTIVITY-4:“DIGITAL TRANSACTION”
4.1 Introduction
Digital payments are transactions that take place via digital or online modes, with no
physical exchange of money involved. This means that both parties, the payer and the payee, use
electronic mediums to exchange money.

The Government of India has been undertaking several measures to promote and
encourage digital payments in the country. As part of the “Digital India” campaign, the
government has an aim to create a „digitally empowered‟ economy that is “Faceless, Paperless,
and Cashless’. There are various types and methods of digital payments.

Digital payments can take place on the internet as well as on physical premises. For
example, if you buy something from Amazon and pay for it via UPI, it qualifies as a digital
payment. Similarly, if you purchase something from your local Kirani store and choose to pay
via UPI instead of handing over cash, that also is a digital payment.

 Digital Transaction:

A digital transaction is a seamless system involving one or more participants, where transactions
are effected without the need for cash. The digital transaction involves a constantly evolving
way of doing things where financial technology (fintech) companies collaborate with various
sectors of the economy for the purpose of meeting the increasingly sophisticated demands of the
growing tech-savvy users.

 Key Takeaways:

• A digital transaction is a process by which transactions take place without the use of cash.

• A digital transaction involves the collaboration of several parties including large financial
firms and a number of sectors within the economy.

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4.2 Background of Digital Transaction :

The rise of the digital payments era has been nothing short of meteoric. From its birth in
the early 90s to its dominance today, we have reached the stage where it is almost impossible to
fathom a world in which digital payments didn‘t exist.

As the use of physical cash continues its decline, digital payments continue to strengthen
its iron grip on the financial transaction environment, offering users a greater level of speed,
safety, convenience, and efficiency than cash ever could.

The history of digital payments is quite recent, making its development all the more remarkable.

• A web of opportunity

It‘s safe to say that the introduction of the internet opened up a realm of opportunities that had
never been dreamed of before. The launch of ARPANET back in 1966 laid the technical
foundation for the internet as we know it today.

While the platform existed in the mid-1960s, it was not until the late 1980s when we started
truly noticing the internet‘s potential.

In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee devised a system of pages and sites which could be connected by
hyperlinks, effectively paving the way for the realization of digital payments.

• Taking things online

The mid-1990s saw the introduction of online payments. The Stanford Federal Credit
Union is credited as the first organization to offer their clients an online payment system, having
first done so in 1994.

Legend has it that the first-ever online purchase was a pizza from Pizza Hut! Several
corporations soon followed suit, with digital payment giants Millicent and E-cash launching
in1995 and 1996 respectively.

These corporations specialized in supplying electronic cash alternatives, such as digital cash,
emoney and tokens. This period also saw the birth of another ecommerce company: a little
corporation called Amazon.

• The PayPal era

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In 1998, Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Ken Howery and several other investors founded a company
called PayPal. PayPal, considered to be one of the first companies to specialize in online
payment systems, became a game-changer in the online payment environment.

The company‘s system became wildly popular with eBay users, the online auction firm. As
PayPal continued to push the boundaries with innovative solutions such as making payments
using email addresses and mobile payment apps, eBay launched its online payment service
called Billpoint to ring-fence their clients and rival PayPal.

However, Billpoint never gained much traction with users. E-Bay eventually gave up on

Billpoint and purchased PayPal in October 2002. As the saying goes, if you can‟t beat them,

acquire them.

 Facilitating 100% Digitized Money Transaction Action Plan

Modi government‘s six-point action plan to boost digital transactions.

In the coming decade there will be numerous factors that shape the way the government
delivers services to the citizens. Indian consumers are hungry for new, simple and personalized
digital experiences. From 10,000 million transactions in 2016-17 to 20,540 million in 2017- 18,
there has been a large-scale adoption of digital transactions in India, because of the spread of
smartphones and mobile internet at affordable prices. With Digital India, the government aims to
make the country a faceless, paperless, cashless society. It has come up with a six-point formula.

• All cash counters in government offices should put up BHIM-UPI QR codes for
accepting digital payments.

• Cash counters can send an indent to customers‟ phones to enable payment through UPI.

• Campaign to cover all merchants through BHIM-UPI;

• Getting more vehicles to adopt FASTag;

• All government utility bills to carry a QR code;

• Push to National Common Mobility Card in metros to cover common transportation


needs.
• UPI is a one-touch transaction for transferring money between parties using a „unique
virtual address‟. UPI-driven payments follow the IMPS (Immediate Payment Service)
structure. Since launch, UPI has been adopted by banks and fintech companies. The

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Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) is an extension of UPI and Unstructured
Supplementary Service Data (USSD) technology launched in December 2016. BHIM
enables digital payments through UPI.

• Cash counters at government departments are a major source of payments. By putting


QR codes (static or dynamic), the idea is to enable cashless payments. The dynamic code
requires a screen facing the customer as well as cashier. A third option, which can be
enabled on any government cash counter, is to ask for the mobile number of the payer
and send a requisition or indent of the payable amount on the phone— through UPI the
person can make a payment easily.

There are only 3.1 million POS (point-of-sale) terminals in India compared with nearly
60 million merchants, creating a challenge for the government. However, over the past two
years, the POS terminal presence has improved substantially. Reduced debit card pricing for
merchant payments, increase in use of cards for non-cash withdrawal transactions and improving
adequacy of POS terminals are healthy signs for sustaining the cashless momentum.

There will be a saving of Rs2 lakh crore if the country goes for digital payments, as the
cost of handling and transporting cash would go down. For the digital dream of India to
materialise, digital trust in the government will be at its core.

4.3 Digital Money Transaction Objective :


The main objectives of digital transactions are to reduce the costs and risks of handling cash,
increase the ease of conducting online transactions, and increase transparency among monetary
transactions among people.

 Methods of Digitized Money Transaction


• Unified Payments Interface (UPI)

• Mobile Wallets

• Bank Prepaid Cards

• Phone pay

• Google pay

• Paytm
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• PoS Terminals

• Internet Banking

• Mobile Banking

 Benefits of Digital Payments


In a country like India, where disparities are sometimes poles apart, ensuring financial
equality becomes an issue of prime importance. One of the reasons why our government started
vocalizing Cashless Economy and Digital India was to improve access to financial resources.

• Ease and convenience

One of the most significant advantages of digital payment is the seamless experience they
provide to customers. Reduced dependency on cash, fast transfer speed, and the ease of
transacting make online payments a preferred option.

• Economic progress

Customers transact more online when they see the ease security of online payment

4.4 Digitized Money Transaction Survey


Modern day trade demands massive payments to be settled fast over long distances with
minimum transaction cost. Evidently, to suit these needs the payment systems are being
digitized globally. Cash, however, remains a crucial part of the trade. Therefore, the discourse on
the current age payment system revolves around cash vs digital transactions.

While demographic factors like age, gender and income are relevant factors which
determine this choice, we find compelling evidence that a person’s usage of digital payment
methods is influenced by her perception of these instruments, as well as her trust in the overall
payments framework and banking system in general.

This activity was done in Kikkeri Village as per our survey Kikkeri has a total population
of 647 peoples. Literacy rate of Kikkeri village is 56.31% out of which 66.17% males and
48.13% females are literate. There are about 77 houses in Kikkeri village. Pincode of Kikkeri
village locality is 571423.

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Among these many people only 56.31% are educated and they were aware of this digital
money transaction along with this others have aware about this. Even though they don‟t the
complete information, benefits and complete knowledge. From this we came to know by doing
this survey.

 Survey Results
This survey given the information about number of people using online payment, UPI, mobile
banking like phone pay, Google pay and other method.

Main Action taken by our sides are:

• Gave complete information of digital transaction and their advantages

• Digitized money transaction methods and installation steps

• How to use the apps while doing transactions

• Shown installation demo in our mobiles

• Then with our instructions villagers installed themselves and made their first payments.

• Villagers insisted their neighbors to use digital money transactions.

4.5 Pictures During Activity


Students of K R Pete Krishna Government Engineering College, KR Pet are taking part
in AICTE Activity-4 at Kikkeri village Chowdenahalli grama panchayat, KR Pet.

Below we will see how things are done by order of days:

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Conclusion
We chose the topic ―Facilitating 100% Digitized Money Transaction‖ as the second activity,
under this we took up the digitization of the village, we did this activity for five days as two
hours a day, we picked Mallenahlli village.

Digital payments are transactions that take place via digital or online modes, with no physical
exchange of money involved. This means that both parties, the payer and the payee, use
electronic mediums to exchange money. By giving all information made a installation of digital
payment toaware them and made theirs payment by giving demo to the to people.

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CHAPTER 5

ACTIVITY-5:“DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE WATER


MANAGEMENTSYSTEM”
5.1 Introduction :
Water is at the foundation of sustainable development as it is the common denominator of all
global challenges: energy, food, health, peace and security, and poverty eradication.

 Definitions

Sustainable water management means the ability to meet the water needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. Water sustainability also
means effective and holistic management of water resources. Sustainable development is systems
are commonly defined by the brunt land as meeting the needs of present generations without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ―Needs‖ include
economic, environmental and ecosystem service delivery, and cultural goals including identify
and subjectively defined values. Together, these are commonly referred to as the sustainability
triple bottom line. Sustainable development is the combination of sustaining the natural
environment, resources, and community, and development of the economy and societal goals.
(SWM) is a critical component of sustainable development. May defines SWM as meeting
current water demand for all water users without impairing future supply. More specifically
SWM should contribute to the objectives of society and maintain ecological, environmental, and
hydrologic integrity. For groundwater management cites protection of the components in the
sustainability triple bottom line environment, economy and society. A more holistic objective is
provided in agenda 21 which ensures that ―adequate supplies of water of good quality are
maintained for the entire population of the planet, while preserving the hydrological, biological
and chemical functions of ecosystems, adopting human activities within the capacity limits of
nature and to combat vectors of water –related diseases.

 Integration of sustainable development and sustainable water management

Sustainable development and SWM are inherently related due to the requirement of water for
development .water is a fundamental requirement for human life and well-being, thus proper
management of water means to improve food production ,reduce poverty and water related
diseases.SWM involves allocating water between competing purposes and users. This allocation
can be represented as a hierarchy, similar to maslow‘s hierarchy of human needs (table 1).

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 Table1. Comparison of Maslow‘s hierarchy of human needs and the hierarchy of water
management needs. Adapted from Melloul and Collin.

Level Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Human Needs Hierarchy of water Management Needs

• Physiological for survival (Air, water, food, shelter, procreation) Biophysical individual needs
(water for survival).

• Safety (security, stability, law, order) Local development (agriculture, domestic water, water
quality standards).

• Social ( family, community) Regional water projects (supply, treatment, plants).

• Esteem (status, recognition) National water projects (supply, remediation, public awareness).

• Self-fulfillment Water resource sustainability.

Level Maslow’s Hierarchy of human needs Hierarchy of water Management Needs

5 Self-fulfillment Water resource sustainability

4 Esteem (status, recognition) National water projects

3 Social (family, community) Regional water projects

2 Safety (security, stability, law order) Local development (agriculture, domestic)

1 Physiological for survival Biophysical individual needs

(Air, water, food, procreation)

5.2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) on Water


As the time limit for the millennium development goals (MDGs) draws to a close in 2015,
the global community is taking stock of how it can move towards a sustainable future. The MDG
framework did not address the full water and development agenda, nor fully recognize its
energies with other areas and concerns. Emphasis on ‗sustainability‘ was not included and human
rights and inequalities were also largely ignored in the MDG framework. Subsequently, member
states have agreed that human rights, equality and sustainability should from the core of the
development agenda and be recognized as critical for true development.
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UN-Water‘s overarching goal is ―Securing Sustainable Water for all‖. The water goal and
targets directly address the development aims of societies, promote human dignity and ensure
achievements are sustainable over the long term leading to the following development outcomes,
amongst others.

5.3 The Benefits of Water Management

• Reduced water and sewer costs: Low flow water conservation devices reduce water usage
and costs as well as sewer costs.
• Weather –based irrigation controls: This type of control system saves water usage and cost
especially during the hot summer months.
• Reduced energy usage: Low flow water devices reduce the amount of hot water used
which, in turn, reduces the amount of energy used to heat the water.
• Reduction of unbilled water: Replacing old, inaccurate water meters and distribution
piping can result in increased revenues for the water district.
• Wastewater treatment energy usage: Wastewater treatment plants are one of the largest
users of energy within a city. Plant upgrades and aeration optimization can dramatically
reduce energy usage and save money.

5.4 The Importance of Water Management


Water Management is important since it helps to determine future irrigation expectations
.water management is the management of water resources under set policies and regulations.
Water, once an abundant natural resource, is becoming a more valuable commodity due to
drought and overuse.

Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. of the water resources on earth only three
percent of its fresh and two-thirds of the fresh water is locked up in icecaps and glaciers of the
remaining one percent ,a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall in
monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used.

At present only about 0.08percent of all the world‘s fresh water is exploited by mankind in ever
increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agriculture.

5.5 The Methods of Sustainable Water Management System

• Surface water • Ground water

• Rainwater harvesting

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• Desalinization

• Reclaimed water • Bottled water

 LIMITATIONS

• The exclusive scope of urban, agricultural, and natural systems.

• The challenge of obtaining municipal and other types of non–peer reviewed document.

• Omission of relevance of country geography, climate, and other factors. While urban and
agricultural systems account for over 80% of global water consumption, other water uses such
as industrial and recreational can be significant in some countries or local regions.

Future reviews of other water uses would be complementary to this one, and provide value
in improving water management practices across sectors. Much of the relevant literature,
especially for urban water management, may include white papers, municipal reports, and other
documents which are not typically available in academic databases. This review likely overlooked
numerous documents describing SWM assessments, practices, challenges, and solutions. Future
reviews would benefit from a more thorough search for these reports. Lastly the scope of this
paper did not include a synthesis of how country geography, climate, and other factors affect
SWM practices.

5.5 Photos During the Activity :

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Conclusion

SWM of urban, agriculture, and environmental systems is integral to continued


development. Numerous models and metrics exist for evaluating sustainable management
practices. Improvements to these methods should focus on the interconnectedness of social and
physical systems using robust quantitative metrics. Urban water management in developing
regions faces challenges of equitable delivery, especially under rapid urban pollution growth.
Sustainable management plans should focus on continued improvements in stakeholder insolent
and infrastructure in developing regions, and on water reclamation and reuse in developed
regions. Water reuse will reduce stress during drought periods. Water reuse will reduce stress
during drought periods, though technology adoption costs and risks are still barrier in both
developing and developed nations. Improvements to crop water productivity can benefit all
sectors of water users discussed in this article by reducing competition between the agricultural
sector and urban and environmental users. Crop water production in irrigated areas can be
improved with changes in crop water allocation and adoption of efficient irrigation and form
technology, while rained agricultural areas will benefit from supplemental irrigation.
Maintaining sustainable water supplying natural systems can be seen to conflict with
development practices if only looking at the near term future. Long term economic development
is clearly linked to environmental system health, evidenced by developed country focus on
restoration and protection of water resources. In application, decision informed by the estimated
value of ecosystem services may be used to set thresholds for environmental degradation, in the
contacts of social economics development goals. SWM will vary with geography and economic
capabilities, though all regions can manage water resources in a way that supports sustainable
social, economic, and environment development.

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