creatLAB WORK

DML COMMANDS
1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (ID INT , NAME VARCHAR(30) , DEPT VARCHAR(20), SALARY INT , DOB DATE ,
GENDER CHAR(1) ) ;
2. DESC EMPLOYEE ;
3. INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(1,'PRAVEEN' , 'CSE' , 4000 , '1980-12-12' , 'M') , (2 , 'RAJU ' , 'CSE ' ,
5000 , '1982-02-01' , 'M' ) , ( 3 , 'RANI' , 'CSE' , 6000 , '1985-12-25' , 'F' ) , (4 , 'RAJITHA' , 'ECE' , 6500 ,
'1989-01-24' , 'F' ) ,( 5 , 'KARUN' , 'EEE' , 4500 , '1990-08-14' , 'M') ;
4. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ;
5. SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE ;
6. SELECT NAME,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE ;
7. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ID =1 ;
8. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DEPT = 'CSE' ;
9. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE YEAR(DOB) = '1980' ;

ID NAME DEPT SALARY DOB GENDER

1 PRAVEEN CSE 4000 1980-12-12 M

10. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY < 5000 ;

11. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DEPT<> 'CSE' ;
12. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 4000 AND 5000 ;

ID NAME DEPT SALARY DOB GENDER

1 PRAVEEN CSE 4000 1980-12-12 M

2 RAJU CSE 5000 1982-02-01 M

5 KARUN EEE 4500 1990-08-14 M

13. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ID BETWEEN 3 AND 4 ;

14. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DEPT = 'CSE' OR ID =4 ;

ID NAME DEPT SALARY DOB GENDER

1 PRAVEEN CSE 4000 1980-12-12 M

2 RAJU CSE 5000 1982-02-01 M

3 RANI CSE 6000 1985-12-25 F

4 RAJITHA ECE 6500 1989-01-24 F

15. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ID NOT BETWEEN 1 AND 3 ;

16. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE LENGTH(NAME) = 4 ;
 I NAME DEPT SALARY DOB GENDER
D

3 RANI CSE 6000 1985-12-25 F

17. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NAME LIKE '_R%' ;

18.
ID NAME DEPT SALARY DOB GENDER

1 PRAVEEN CSE 4000 1980-12-12 M

NOTE : THE MOST COMMONLY USED OPERATION ON STRING IS PATTERN MATCHING USING THE
OPERATOR LIKE . WE DESCRIBE PATTERN BY USING TWO SPECIAL CHARACTERS .
a) PERCENT (%) : THE % CHARACTER MATCHES ANY SUBSTRING.
b) UNDERSCORE(_ ) : THE _ CHARACTER MATCHES ANY CHARACTER .

PATTERNS ARE CASE SENSITIVE

19. ELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NAME LIKE 'R%' ;

20. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NAME LIKE '%N' ;
21. UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET NAME ='MOHAN' WHERE ID =1 ;
22. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ;
23. DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ID =2 ;
24. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ;
25. TRUNCATE TABLE EMP ;

VIEWS
1. CREATE TABLE STUD ( ID INT , NAME VARCHAR(20) , AGE INT(11) , GENDER VARCHAR(2) ) ;
2. INSERT INTO STUD VALUES ( 1,'A',19,'F'),(2,'B',20,'M'),(3,'C',22,'M'),(4,'D',21,'F')
3. SELECT * FROM STUD
4. CREATE VIEW STUD_VIEW AS SELECT ID ,NAME FROM STUD
5. DESC STUD_VIEW
6. SELECT * FROM STUD_VIEW
7. INSERT INTO STUD_VIEW VALUES(5,'E')
8. SELECT * FROM `STUD

OUTPUT

1 A 19 F

2 B 20 M

3 C 22 M

4 D 21 F

5 E NULL NULL

9. DELETE FROM STUD WHERE ID = 5

10. SELECT * FROM STUD

ORDER BY
 SQL USES ORDER BY CLAUSE TO DISPLAY THE TUPLES IN THE RESULT OF THE QUERY TO APPEAR IN SORTED
ORDER

11. CREATE TABLE STUD1 ( ID INT , NAME VARCHAR(20) , AGE INT(11) , GENDER VARCHAR(2) ) ;
12. INSERT INTO STUD1 VALUES ( 1,'A',19,'F'),(2,'B',20,'M'),(3,'C',22,'M'),(4,'D',21,'F')
13. SELECT * FROM STUD1
14. SELECT NAME FROM STUD1 ORDER BY NAME
15. SELECT AGE FROM STUD1 ORDER BY AGE
16. SELECT AGE FROM STUD1 ORDER BY AGE DESC
17. SELECT * FROM STUD1 WHERE ID > 2 ORDER BY AGE DESC
18. SELECT * FROM STUD1 ORDER BY AGE ASC , ID DESC

OUTPUT

ID NAME AGE GENDER

1

1 A 19 F

2 B 20 M

3 C 22 M

4 D 21 F

AGGREGATION

AGGREGATION FUNCTIONS ARE FUNCTIONS THAT TAKE A COLLECTION OF VALUES AS

INPUT AND RETURN A SINGLE VALUE .SQL OFFERS FIVE BUILT IN AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

a) AVERAGE : avg
b) MINIMUM : min
c) MAXIMUM :max
d) TOTAL: sum
e) COUNT : count
19. CREATE TABLE EMP2(ID INT , NAME VARCHAR(20) , DOB DATE , GENDER VARCHAR(3) ,
SALARY INT , DEPT VARCHAR(5) , COLLEGE VARCHAR(20) , AGE INT ) ;
20. DESC EMP2 ;
21. INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES (1, 'ANUSHA' , '2000-10-10' , 'F' , 10000 , 'CSE' , 'KITS',20) ,
(2,'AKANKSHA','1990-12-10' , 'F',8000,'ECE' , 'KITS' , 30 ) , (3,'ANJALI' ,'1995-08-14' ,
'F' ,15000 ,'CSE' , 'KITSW' ,40) , (4,'KARUN' ,'1990-12-06' , 'M' , 9000 , 'ECE' , 'KITSW' , 38) ,
(5,'KARTHIK' , '1995-12-09' , 'M' ,8500 , 'CSE' , 'KITS' , 30) ,(6 , 'PRATHIK' , '1992-09-13' ,
'M' , 9500 , 'ECE' , 'KITSW' , 30 ) , (7 , 'NULL' , '1994-05-06' , 'F' , 120000 , 'CIVIL' , 'KITSW' ,
32 ) ;
22. SELECT * FROM EMP2
23. SELECT COUNT(NAME) FROM EMP2 ;
OUTPUT
 COUNT(NAME
)
7

24. SELECT MIN(SALARY) FROM EMP2 ;

OUTPUT

MIN(SALARY)
8000

25. SELECT MIN(AGE) FROM EMP2 ;

26. SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMP2 ;
27. SELECT MAX(SALARY) AS EMP_SAL FROM EMP2 ;

OUTPUT

EMP_SA
L
120000

28. LECT AVG(SALARY) FROM EMP2 ;

29. SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM EMP2 ;

GROUP BY

GROUP BY CLAUSE IS USED TO GROUP THE ROW BASED ON CERTAIN CRITERIA . FOR
EXAMPLE IN AN EMPLOYEE TABLE(EMP2) YOU CAN GROUP THE EMPLOYEE BY DEPARTMENT
(DEPT) AND SO ON . GROUP BY IS USUALLY USED IN CONJUCTION WITH AGGREGATE FUNCTION
LIKE SUM , AVG , MIN , MAX ETC

30. SELECT DEPT ,COUNT(*) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPT ;

OUTPUT

DEPT COUNT(*)

CIVIL 1

CSE 3

ECE 3

31. SELECT DEPT , MIN(SALARY) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPT ;

OUTPUT :
DEPT MIN(SALARY)

CIVIL 120000

CSE 8500

ECE 8000

32. SELECT DEPT , SUM(SALARY) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPT ;

OUTPUT:

DEPT SUM(SALARY)

CIVIL 120000

CSE 33500

ECE 26500

33. SELECT GENDER , COUNT(*) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY GENDER ;

GENDE COUNT(*)
R

F 4

M 3

34. SELECT COLLEGE , GENDER ,COUNT(*) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY COLLEGE , GENDER ;

COLLEG GENDER COUNT(*)

E

KITS F 2

KITS M 1

KITSW F 2

KITSW M 2

35. SELECT COLLEGE , DEPT ,GENDER ,COUNT(*) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY COLLEGE ,DEPT ,
GENDER ;

COLLEGE DEPT GENDER COUNT(*)

KITS CSE F 1

KITS CSE M 1

KITS ECE F 1
COLLEGE DEPT GENDER COUNT(*)

KITSW CIVIL F 1

KITSW CSE F 1

KITSW ECE M 2

HAVING CLAUSE :

THE HAVING CLAUSE TELLS SQL TO INCLUDE ONLY CERTAIN GROUPS PRODUCED BY THE GROUP
BY CLAUSE IN THE QUERY RESULT SET. HAVING IS EQUIVALENT TO THE WHERE CLAUSE AND IS
USED TO SPECIFY THE SEARCH CRITERIA OR SEARCH CONDITION WHEN GROUP BY CLAUSE IS
SPECIFIED .

36. SELECT DEPT , COUNT(*) FROM EMP2 GROUP BY DEPT HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 ;

DEPT COUNT(*)

CSE 3

ECE 3
JOIN
1. CREATE TABLE MOBILE (MODEL VARCHAR(20) , PRICE INT) ;
2. DESC MOBILE ;
3. CREATE TABLE LAPTOP (MODEL VARCHAR(20) , PRICE INT) ;
4. DESC LAPTOP ;
5. INSERT INTO MOBILE VALUES ('NOKIA' , 10000) ,('SAMSUNG' , 20000) , ('IPHONE' , 500000) ;
6. SELECT * FROM MOBILE ;
7. INSERT INTO LAPTOP VALUES ('DELL' , 30000) ,('ACER' , 20000) , ('AUES' , 100000) ;
8. SELECT * FROM LAPTOP ;
9. SELECT MOBILE.MODEL , LAPTOP.MODEL FROM MOBILE JOIN LAPTOP ON MOBILE.PRICE < LAPTOP.PRICE
;

OUTPUT

MODEL MODEL

NOKIA DELL

SAMSUNG DELL

NOKIA ACER

NOKIA AUES

SAMSUNG AUES

10. SELECT MOBILE.MODEL , LAPTOP.MODEL FROM MOBILE JOIN LAPTOP ON MOBILE.PRICE =

LAPTOP.PRICE ;

OUTPUT

MODEL MODEL

SAMSUNG ACER

NOKIA AUES

NATURAL JOIN

11. CREATE TABLE DEPT2 (DNAME VARCHAR(20) , MANAGER VARCHAR(20) , PRIMARY KEY (DNAME) ) ;
12. DESC DEPT2 ;
13. CREATE TABLE EMP3(EMPID INT , ENAME VARCHAR(20) , DNAME VARCHAR(20) , PRIMARY KEY(EMPID) ,
FOREIGN KEY(DNAME) REFERENCES DEPT2(DNAME)) ;
14. DESC EMP3;
15. INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES ('FIN' , 'M1' ) ,('SALES' , 'M2') ;
16. SELECT * FROM DEPT2 ;
17. INSERT INTO EMP3 VALUES (1,'A' ,'FIN' ) ,( 2 , 'B' ,'SALES' ) ,(3 , 'C' , 'SALES') ;
 18. SELECT * FROM EMP3 ;
19. SELECT * FROM DEPT2 NATURAL JOIN EMP3 ;

OUTPUT:

DNAM MANAGER EMPID ENAME

E

FIN M1 1 A

SALES M2 2 B

SALES M2 3 C

FULL JOIN

20. CREATE TABLE COUNTRY (CID INT , CNAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL , PRIMARY
KEY(CID) ) ;
21. DESC COUNTRY ;
22. CREATE TABLE STATE (SID INT , CID INT ,SNAME VARCHAR(20) , PRIMARY KEY (SID) ,
FOREIGN KEY(CID) REFERENCES COUNTRY(CID)) ;
23. DESC STATE ;
24. INSERT INTO COUNTRY VALUES (1 , 'NEPAL') , (2 , 'INDIA' ) , (3 , 'SRILANKA') ;
25. SELECT * FROM COUNTRY ;
26. INSERT INTO STATE VALUES (1 , 1 , 'TS') , (2,1,'AP') , ( 3,2,'A') ,(4,1,'KATMANDU') ;
27. SELECT * FROM STATE ;

a) FULL JOIN
28. SELECT * FROM COUNTRY LEFT JOIN STATE ON COUNTRY.CID = STATE.CID ;

OUTPUT :

CID CNAME SID CID SNAME

1 NEPAL 1 1 TS

1 NEPAL 2 1 AP

2 INDIA 3 2 A

1 NEPAL 4 1 KATMANDU

3 SRILANKA NULL NULL NUL

29. SELECT * FROM COUNTRY RIGHT JOIN STATE ON COUNTRY.CID = STATE.CID ;

OUTPUT :
CID CNAM SID CID SNAME
E

1 NEPAL 1 1 TS

1 NEPAL 2 1 AP

1 NEPAL 4 1 KATMANDU

2 INDIA 3 2 A

NESTED QUERIES
30. CREATE TABLE DEPT4(DNAME VARCHAR(20) , DNO INT , PRIMARY KEY(DNO) ) ;
31. DESC DEPT4 ;
32. INSERT INTO DEPT4 VALUES( 'HR' ,01) ,('HR' , 02) ;
33. SELECT * FROM DEPT4 ;
34. CREATE TABLE EMP4 (DNO INT , ENO INT ) ;
35. DESC EMP4 ;
36. INSERT INTO EMP4 VALUES (01 , 123 ) , (02 , 145) ;
37. SELECT * FROM EMP4 ;
38. SELECT DNAME FROM DEPT4 WHERE DNO =(SELECT DNO FROM EMP4 WHERE ENO = 123 )
39. OUTPUT :

DNAME
HR

SET OPERATIONS

1. CREATE TABLE DEPOSITOR(CUSTOMER_NAME VARCHAR(20) , ACCOUNT_NO INT) ;

2. INSERT INTO DEPOSITOR VALUES ('JOHN' ,1001 ) , ('SITA' ,1002 ) ,('VISHAL' , 1003) , ( 'RAM' , 1004 ) ;
3. CREATE TABLE BORROWER(CUSTOMER_NAME VARCHAR(20) , LOAN_NO INT) ;
4. INSERT INTO BORROWER VALUES ('JOHN' ,2001 ) , ('TONNY' ,2003 ) ,('VISHAL' , 2002) , ( 'ROHIT' , 2004 ) ;

UNION
UNION MAY CAUSE MERGE THE OUTPUT OF TWO OR MORE QUERIES INTO A SINGLE SET OF ROWS
AND COLUMN .

5. SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM BORROWER UNION SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM DEPOSITOR ;

OUTPUT:

CUSTOMER_NAM
E

JOHN

TONNY

VISHAL
CUSTOMER_NAM
E

ROHIT

SITA

RAM

6. SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM BORROWER UNION ALL SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM DEPOSITOR ;

OUTPUT:

CUSTOMER_NAM
E

JOHN

TONNY

VISHAL

ROHIT

JOHN

SITA

VISHAL

RAM

NOTE:

a) IF WE WANT TO RETAIN ALL DUPLICATE , WE MUST WRITE UNION ALL IN PLACE OF UNION .
b) UNION CANNOT BE USED IN SUBQUERIES.
c) YOU CANNOT USE AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS IN UNION .

THE INTERSECT OPERATION

THE INTERSECT CLAUSE OUTPUTS ONLY ROWS PRODUCED BY BOTH THE QUERIES INTERSECTED i.e THE
INTERSECT OPERATION RETURNS COMMON RECORDS FROM THE OUTPUT OF BOTH QUERIES .

7. SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM BORROWER INTERSECT SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM DEPOSITOR ;

( DOES NOT WORK IN APP SERVER)
 8. SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM BORROWER INTERSECT ALL SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM
DEPOSITOR ; ( DOES NOT WORK IN APP SERVER)

THE EXCEPT OPERATION

THE EXCEPT ALSO CALLED AS MINUS OUTPUTS ROWS THAT ARE IN FIRST TABLE BUT NOT IN SECOND TABLE

9. SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM DEPOSITOR MINUS SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM BORROWER ;

( DOES NOT WORK IN APP SERVER)

NULL VALUES

SQL ALLOWS THE USE OF NULL VALUES TO INDICATE ABSENCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT
THE VALUE OF AN ATTRIBUTE.

10. CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER (CUST_NO INT , CUST_NAME VARCHAR(20) , CUST_PH_NO

INT ) ;
11. INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES ( 101 , 'TELCO' , 5346772 ) , ( 102 , 'BAJAJ' , 5429810 ) ,
(103 , 'MAHINDRA' , NULL ) ;
12. DESC CUSTOMER ;
13. SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER ;
14. SELECT CUST_NAME FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUST_PH_NO IS NULL ;

OUTPUT :

CUST_NAME
MAHINDRA

15.SELECT CUST_NAME FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUST_PH_NO IS NOT NULL ;

NESTED SUBQUERIES
SQL PROVIDES A MECHANISM FOR NESTING SUBQUERIES . A SUBQUERY IS A SELECT – FROM WHERE
EXPRESSION THAT IS NESTED WITHIN ANOTHER QUERY . MOSTLY SUBQUERIES ARE USED TO
PERFORM TESTS FOR SET MEMBERSHIP TO MAKE SET COMPARISIONS.

A) SET MEMBERSHIP

SQL USES IN AND NOT IN CONSTRUCTS FOR SET MEMBERSHIP TESTS

 IN : THE IN CONNECTIVE TESTS FOR SET MEMBERSHIP , WHERE THE SET IS A COLLECTION OF VALUES
PRODUCED BY SELECT CLAUSE
  NOT IN : THE NOT IN CONNECTIVE TESTS FOR THE ABSENCE OF SET MEMBERSHIP .
16. SELECT CUST_NO , CUST_NAME FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUST_NO IN(101 , 102 ,103 ,104)

OUTPUT :

CUST_NO CUST_NAME

101 TELCO

102 BAJAJ

103 MAHINDRA

17. SELECT CUST_NO , CUST_NAME FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUST_NAME NOT IN ('RAMCO' , 'BAJAJ' , 'TCS'
);

OUTPUT :

CUST_NO CUST_NAME

101 TELCO

103 MAHINDRA

18. SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME FROM DEPOSITOR WHERE CUSTOMER_NAME NOT IN ( SELECT

CUSTOMER_NAME FROM BORROWER ) ;

OUTPUT :

CUSTOMER_NAM
E

SITA

RAM

B) SET COMPARISON :
NESTED SUBQUERIES ARE USED TO COMPARE SETS . SQL USES VARIOUS COMPARISION OPERATORS
SUCH AS < , <= , > , > = , = , < > , ANY ,ALL AND SOME ETC TO COMPARE SETS .
19. CREATE TABLE BOOK (TITLE VARCHAR(15) , AUTHOR_NAME VARCHAR(20) , PUBLISHER_NAME
VARCHAR(20) , PUB_YEAR DATE ) ;
20. DESC BOOK ;
21. INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES( 'ORACLE' , 'ARORA' , 'PHI' ,'2004-01-01' ) , ('DBMS' ,'BASU', 'TECHNICAL' ,
'2004-02-01' ) , ( 'ADBMS' , 'BASU' ,'TECHNICAL' ,'2004-02-02' ) , ('UNIX' , 'KAPOOR' , 'SCITECH' ,'2000-01-
01' ) ;
22. SELECT * FROM BOOK ;
23. ALTER TABLE BOOK ADD UNIT_PRICE INT ;
24. UPDATE BOOK SET UNIT_PRICE=399 WHERE TITLE = 'ORACLE' ;
 25. UPDATE BOOK SET UNIT_PRICE=400 WHERE TITLE = 'DBMS' ;
26. UPDATE BOOK SET UNIT_PRICE=450 WHERE TITLE = 'ADBMS' ;
27. UPDATE BOOK SET UNIT_PRICE=300 WHERE TITLE = 'UNIX' ;
28. INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES( 'DOS' , 'KUMAR' , 'SCAND' ,'2000-01-01' ,250) ;
29. SELECT * FROM BOOK ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE AUTHOR_NAM PUBLISHER_NAME PUB_YEAR UNIT_PRICE

E

ORACLE ARORA PHI 2004-01-01 399

DBMS BASU TECHNICAL 2004-02-01 400

ADBMS BASU TECHNICAL 2004-02-02 450

UNIX KAPOOR SCITECH 2000-01-01 300

DOS KUMAR SCAND 2000-01-01 250

30. SELECT DISTINCT B1.TITLE FROM BOOK B1 , BOOK B2 WHERE B1.UNIT_PRICE > B2.UNIT_PRICE AND
YEAR(B2.PUB_YEAR) ='2004' ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE

DBMS

ADBMS

SOME

31. SELECT DISTINCT TITLE FROM BOOK WHERE UNIT_PRICE > SOME (SELECT UNIT_PRICE FROM BOOK
WHERE YEAR(PUB_YEAR) = '2004' ) ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE

DBMS

ADBMS

NOTE:

1. THE SUBQUERY GENERATES THE SET OF ALL UNIT PRICE VALUE OF BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE YEAR 2004 .
THE >SOME COMPARISION IN THE WHERE CLAUSE OF THE OUTER SELECT IS TRUE IF THE UNIT PRICE
VALUE OF THE TUPLE IS GREATER THAN AT LEAST ONE MEMBER OF THE SET OF ALL UNIT PRICE VALUES
OF THE BOOK PUBLISHED IN THE YEAR 2004 .
 2. SQL ALLOWS <SOME , >SOME , <=SOME , >=SOME , =SOME AND <>SOME COMPARISION . =SOME IS
IDENTICAL TO IN AND <> SOME IS IDENTICAL TO NOT IN . THE KEYWORD ANY IS SIMILAR TO SOME .

ALL

32. SELECT DISTINCT TITLE FROM BOOK WHERE UNIT_PRICE > ALL (SELECT UNIT_PRICE FROM BOOK WHERE
YEAR(PUB_YEAR) = '2004' ) ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE

NO ROW SELECTED

NOTE:

1. THE “>ALL” CORRESPONDS TO THE PHRASE ‘GREATER THAN ALL’ .

2. SQL ALLOWS <ALL , <=ALL , <=ALL , >=ALL , < >ALL , =ALL COMPARISIONS. < >ALL IS IDENTICAL TO NOT IN
CONSTRUCT.
33. SELECT AUTHOR_NAME FROM BOOK GROUP BY AUTHOR_NAME HAVING SUM(UNIT_PRICE * 2) >=ALL
(SELECT SUM(UNIT_PRICE*2) FROM BOOK GROUP BY AUTHOR_NAME) ;

OUTPUT :

AUTHOR_NAME
BASU

TEST FOR EMPTY RELATION

EXISTS IS A TEST FOR NON EMPTY SET . IT IS REPRESENTED BY AN EXPRESSION OF THE FORM ‘EXISTS ( SELECT
…… FROM …… ) . SUCH AN EXPRESSION EVALUATES TO TRUE ONLY IF THE RESULT OF EVALUATING THE
SUBQUERY REPRESENTED BY THE ( SELECT …… FROM …… ) IS NON EMPTY.
 34. ALTER TABLE BOOK ADD BOOK_ID INT ;
35. UPDATE BOOK SET BOOK_ID =1001 WHERE TITLE = 'ORACLE' ;
36. UPDATE BOOK SET BOOK_ID =1002 WHERE TITLE = 'DBMS' ;
37. UPDATE BOOK SET BOOK_ID =2002 WHERE TITLE = 'ADBMS' ;
38. UPDATE BOOK SET BOOK_ID =2001 WHERE TITLE = 'DOS' ;
39. UPDATE BOOK SET BOOK_ID =2003 WHERE TITLE = 'UNIX' ;
40. SELECT * FROM BOOK ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE AUTHOR_NAM PUBLISHER_NAME PUB_YEAR UNIT_PRICE BOOK_ID

E

ORACLE ARORA PHI 2004-01-01 399 1001

DBMS BASU TECHNICAL 2004-02-01 400 1002

ADBMS BASU TECHNICAL 2004-02-02 450 2002

UNIX KAPOOR SCITECH 2000-01-01 300 2003

DOS KUMAR SCAND 2000-01-01 250 2001

41. CREATE TABLE ORDER_INFO ( ORDER_NO INT(3) , BOOK_ID INT , ORDER_DATE DATE , QTY INT(5) ,
PRICE INT(5) ) ;
42. INSERT INTO ORDER_INFO VALUES( 1,1001, '2004-10-10' , 100 , 399 ) , (2,1002 , '2004-01-11' ,50 , 400 ) ;
43. GET THE NAMES OF ALL BOOKS FOR WHICH ORDER WAS PLACED SELECT TITLE FROM BOOK WHERE
EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM ORDER_INFO WHERE BOOK.BOOK_ID = ORDER_INFO.BOOK_ID ) ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE

ORACLE

DBMS

SIMILAR TO THE EXISTS WE CAN USE NOT EXISTS ALSO

44. DISPLAY THE TITLE OF BOOKS FOR WHICH ORDER IS NOT PLACED
SELECT TITLE FROM BOOK WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM ORDER_INFO WHERE BOOK.BOOK_ID =
ORDER_INFO.BOOK_ID ) ;

OUTPUT :

TITLE

ADBMS

UNIX
TITLE

DOS

DEFAULT VALUE CONCEPT

AT THE TIME OF COLUMN CREATION A ‘DEFAULT VALUE’ CAN BE ASSIGNED TO IT . WHEN THE
USER IS LOADING A RECORD WITH A VALUE AND LEAVES THIS COLUMN EMPTY , THE DBA WILL
AUTOMATICALLY LOAD THIS COLUMN WITH THE DEFAULT VALUE SPECIFIED . THE DATATYPE OF
THE DEFAULT VALUE SHOULD MATCH THE DEFAULT TYPE OF THE COLUMN. YOU CAN USE THE
DEFAULT CALUSE TO SPECIFY ANY DEFAULT VALUE YOU WANT.

45. CREATE TABLE DETAILS (EMPCODE INT ,EMPNAME VARCHAR(20) , MARRIED CHAR(1)
DEFAULT 'M') ;
46. INSERT INTO DETAILS VALUES( 1001 , 'RAM', 'N') , (1002,'SHYAM' ,' ' )

NOTE : Q.NO 45 AND 46 NOT WORKING IN APP-SERVER

CHECK INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT

THE CHECK CONSTRAINT DEFINES A CONDITION THAT EVERY ROW MUST SATISFY . THERE CAN BE MORE
THAN ONE CHECK CONSTRAINT ON ACOLUMN , AND THE CHECK CONSTRAINT CAN BE DEFINED AT COLUMN
AS WELL AS THE TABLE LEVEL . AT COLUMN LEVEL , THE CONSTRAINT IS DEFINED BY

DEPTID INT(2) CONSTRAINT CK-DEPTID CHECK ((

DEPTID >=10 ) AND (DEPTID <=99 )) ,

AND AT TABLE LEVEL BY

CONSTRAINT CK-DEPTID CHECK ((

DEPTID >=10 ) AND (DEPTID <=99 ))

EX. a) ADD CHECK CONSTRAINT ON EMP_CODE COLUMN OF EMPLOYEE1 SO THAT EVERY EMP_CODE
SHOULD START WITH ‘E’ .

b) ADD CHECK CONSTRAINT ON CITY COLUMN OF EMPLOYEE1 SO THAT ONLY THE CITIES ‘WGL’ ,
‘KMGR’ , ‘JAMMI’ ,’HYD’ ARE ALLOWED
47. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE1 (EMP_CODE INT(5) CONSTRAINT CK_EMPCODE CHECK(EMP_CODE LIKE 'E
%' ) , EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL , CITY VARCHAR(20) CONSTRAINT CK_CITY CHECK (CITY IN
(‘WGL’ , ‘KMGR’ , ‘JAMMI’ ,’HYD’ )) ,SAL INT(5) , PRIMARY KEY (EMP_CODE) ) ----- NOT WORKING IN APP
SERVER
CASE STUDY
1. CREATE TABLE PROGRAMMER(PNAME VARCHAR(20) , DOB DATE , DOJ DATE , GENDER
VARCHAR(3) , PROF1 VARCHAR(10) , PROF2 VARCHAR(10) , SALARY INT , PRIMARY
KEY(PNAME)) ;
2. DESC PROGRAMMER ;
3. INSERT INTO PROGRAMMER VALUES('A','1982-10-10','2010-12-10','M','C','C++',40000) ,
('B','1983-11-11','2012-05-06','F','JAVA','C' , 30000),('C' ,'1987-02-18' , '2010-06-01' , 'M' ,
'C++' , 'JAVA' , 25000) , ('D' ,'1982-08-14' , '2014-11-03' , 'F' ,'C' , 'JAVA' , 40000 ) ,
('E' ,'1985-01-05' , '2011-03-12' ,'M' , 'C++','C',35000)
4. SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER ;
5. CREATE TABLE STUDIES(PNAME VARCHAR(20) ,SPLACE VARCHAR(20) , COURSE
VARCHAR(10) , CCOST INT , FOREIGN KEY (PNAME) REFERENCES
PROGRAMMER(PNAME) ) ;
6. DESC STUDIES ;
7. INSERT INTO STUDIES VALUES ('A','WGL' , 'C' , 10000) , ('B' , 'KNR' , 'JAVA' , 15000) , ('C' ,
'HYD' , 'JAVA' ,12000 ) , ('D' , 'WGL' , 'C' , 10000) , ('E','KNR' , 'C++' , 11000) ;
8. SELECT * FROM STUDIES ;
9. CREATE TABLE SOFTWARE(PNAME VARCHAR(20) , TITLE VARCHAR(20) , DEVIN
VARCHAR(20) , DCOST INT , SCOST INT, SOLD INT, FOREIGN KEY (PNAME) REFERENCES
PROGRAMMER(PNAME) ) ;
10. DESC SOFTWARE ;
11. INSERT INTO SOFTWARE VALUES ('A' , 'HOSPITAL' , 'JAVA' , 10000 , 120000 , 5) , ('B' ,
'SCHOOL' ,'C' , 7000 ,6000 , 3) , ('C' , 'LIBRARY' , 'C++' , 9000 , 15000,7) ,
('D' ,'DEPARTMENT' , 'JAVA' , 15000,12000,4) , ('E' ,'CAMPUS' , 'C',20000 , 25000,1) ;
12. SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE ;
13. FIND THE SELLING COST AVERAGE FROM THE PACKAGE DEVELOPED IN JAVA ?
SELECT AVG(SCOST) FROM SOFTWARE WHERE DEVIN = ‘JAVA’ ;
14. FIND THE NAMES AND AGES OF ALL PROGRAMMERS ?
 SELECT PNAME , FLOOR(DATEDIFF(‘2019-02-17’ , DOB)/365) AS AGE FROM
PROGRAMMER ;

15. DISPLAY ALL PROGRAMMERS WHOSE NAME END WITH K ?

SELECT PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PNAME LIKE ‘%A’ ;

16. WHAT IS THE NUMBER OF COPIES SOLD BY PACKAGE ?

SELECT MAX(SOLD) FROM SOFTWARE ;
OUTPUT :

MAX(SOLD)
7

17. DISPLAY PNAME & DOB OF ALL THE PROGRAMMER BORN ON AUGUST ?

SELECT PNAME , DOB FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE MONTH(DOB) =8 ;

OUTPUT:

NAM DOB
E

D 1982-08-14
D
Edit Copy elete

18. DISPLAY LOWEST COURSE FEE ?

SELECT MIN(CCOST) FROM STUDIES ;

OUTPUT :

MIN(CCOST)
10000

19. HOW MANY PROGRAMMERS HAVE DONE JAVA COURSE ?

SELECT COUNT(COURSE) FROM STUDIES WHERE COURSE = 'JAVA' ;

OUTPUT :

COUNT(COURSE
)
2

20. HOW MUCH REVENUE HAS BEEN EARNED THROUGH SAILS OF PACKAGE ?

SELECT SUM(SCOST * SOLD) FROM SOFTWARE WHERE DEVIN ='JAVA' ;

OUTPUT:
SUM(SCOST * SOLD)
108000

21. DEPLAY THE DETAILS OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPED BY ‘A’ ?

SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE PNAME='A' ;

OUTPUT :

PNAME TITLE DEVIN DCOST SCOST SOLD

A HOSPITAL JAVA 10000 12000 5

22. HOW MANY PROGRAMMERS STUDIED AT HYD ?

SELECT COUNT(SPLACE) FROM STUDIES WHERE SPLACE='HYD' ;

OUTPUT:

COUNT(SPLACE
)
1

23. DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF PACKAGE WHOSE SAILS CROSSED THE 40000 MARKS ?

SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE (SCOST * SOLD) > 40000 ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME TITLE DEVIN DCOS SCOST SOLD

T

A HOSPITAL JAVA 10000 12000 5

C LIBRARY C++ 9000 15000 7

D DEPARTMEN JAVA 15000 12000 4

T

24. DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF PACKAGE FOR WHICH DEVELOPED COST HAS BEEN
RECOVERED ?

SELECT * FROM SOFTWARE WHERE (SCOST * SOLD) > (DCOST * SOLD) ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME TITLE DEVIN DCOST SCOST SOLD

A HOSPITAL JAVA 10000 12000 5

C LIBRARY C++ 9000 15000 7

PNAME TITLE DEVIN DCOST SCOST SOLD

E CAMPUS C 20000 25000 1

25. HOW MANY PROGRAMMERS PAY 10000 TO 15000 FOR THEIR COURSE ?
SELECT COUNT(CCOST) FROM STUDIES WHERE (CCOST > 10000) AND (CCOST<15000)
OUTPUT :

COUNT(CCOST
)
2

26. HOW OLD IS THE OLDEST MALE PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT FLOOR(MAX(DATEDIFF('2019-03-16',DOB)/365 )) AS MAXAGE FROM PROGRAMMER

WHERE GENDER = 'M' ;

OUTPUT :

MAXAG
E
36

27. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE AGE OF FEMALE PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT FLOOR(MAX(DATEDIFF('2019-03-16',DOB)/365 )) AS MAXAGE FROM PROGRAMMER

WHERE GENDER = 'F' ;

OUTPUT :

MAXAG
E
36

28. WHO ARE THE PROGRAMMERS TO CELEBRATE THEIR BIRTHDAY DURING CURRENT
MONTH ?

SELECT PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE MONTH(DOB)=MONTH('2018-02-15') ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME

C
D
Edit Copy elete
29. HOW MANY FEMALE PROGRAMMER ARE THERE ?
SELECT COUNT(GENDER) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE GENDER = 'F' ;

OUTPUT :
 COUNT(GENDER
)
2

30. DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF PROGRAMMERS KNOWING C ?

SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1='C' OR PROF2='C' ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME DOB DOJ GENDER PROF1 PROF2 SALARY

A 1982-10-10 2010-12-10 M C C++ 40000

D
Edit Copy elete

B 1983-11-11 2012-05-06 F JAVA C 30000

D
Edit Copy elete

D 1982-08-14 2014-11-03 F C JAVA 40000

D
Edit Copy elete

E 1985-01-05 2011-03-12 M C++ C 35000

D
Edit Copy elete

31. WHAT IS THE AVERAGE SALARY ?

SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM PROGRAMMER ;

OUTPUT:

AVG(SALARY
)
34000.0000

32. LIST THE PACKAGE WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN SOLD SO FAR ?

SELECT TITLE FROM SOFTWARE WHERE SOLD = 0 ;

OUTPUT:
TITLE

33. DISPLAY THE DETAILS OF THOSE WITH LESS THAN A YEAR EXPERIENCE ?

SELECT * FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE FLOOR (DATEDIFF('2019-03-16',DOJ) /365)<5 ;

OUTPUT:
 DOB DOJ GENDER PROF1 PROF2 SALARY
PNAME

D 1982-08-14 2014-11-03 F C JAVA 40000

D
Edit Copy elete

34. FIND OUT THE COST OF THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPED BY ‘B’ ?

SELECT DCOST FROM SOFTWARE WHERE PNAME = 'B' ;

OUTPUT :

DCOST
7000

35. DISPLAY THE NAMES OF THE PROGRAMMER WHOSE NAME CONTAIN UPTO 5
CHARACTER ?
SELECT PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE LENGTH(PNAME) <=5 ;
OUTPUT:

PNAME

A
D
Edit Copy elete

B
D
Edit Copy elete

C
D
Edit Copy elete

D
D
Edit Copy elete

E
D
Edit Copy elete

36. WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THE SHORTEST NAME IN THE PROGRAMMER TABLE ?
SELECT MIN(LENGTH(PNAME)) FROM PROGRAMMER ;

OUTPUT:
DCOST

MIN(LENGTH(PNAME))
1

37. DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF PACKAGE DEVIN EACH LANGUAGE ?

SELECT DEVIN , COUNT(*) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY DEVIN ;
OUTPUT:

DEVIN COUNT(*)

C 2

C++ 1

JAVA 2

38. DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF PACKAGE DEVELOPED BY EACH PERSON ?

SELECT PNAME , COUNT(*) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY PNAME ;
OUTPUT:

PNAME COUNT(*)

A 1

B 1

C 1

D 1

E 1

39. DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT GENDER ,COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER GROUP BY GENDER ;
OUTPUT:

GENDE COUNT(*)
R

F 2

M 3

40. DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE BORN EACH YEAR ?

SELECT YEAR(DOB), COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER GROUP BY YEAR(DOB) ;

OUTPUT:
 YEAR(DOB COUNT(*)
)

1982 2

1983 1

1985 1

1987 1

41. DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE JOIN ON EACH YEAR ?

SELECT YEAR(DOJ) , COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER GROUP BY YEAR(DOJ) ;

OUTPUT:

YEAR(DOJ) COUNT(*)

2010 2

2011 1

2012 1

2014 1

42. DISPLAY THE LANGUAGE WISE COUNT OF PROF1 ?

SELECT PROF1 , COUNT(*) FROM PROGRAMMER GROUP BY PROF1 ;

OUTPUT:

PROF1 COUNT(*)

C 2

C++ 2

JAVA 1

43. DISPLAY THE TOTAL DEVELOPMENT COST OF THE PACKAGE DEVIN IN EACH LANGUAGE ?

SELECT DEVIN , SUM(DCOST) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY DEVIN ;

OUTPUT:
DEVIN SUM(DCOST
)

C 27000

C++ 9000

JAVA 25000

44. DISPLAY THE COST OF PROGRAM DEVELOPED BY EACH PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT PNAME , SUM(DCOST) FROM SOFTWARE GROUP BY PNAME ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME SUM(DCOST)

A 10000

B 7000

C 9000

D 15000

E 20000

45. WHAT ARE THE LANGUAGE KNOWN BY MALE PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT PROF1 FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE GENDER = 'M' UNION SELECT PROF2 FROM
PROGRAMMER WHERE GENDER = 'M' ;

OUTPUT:

PROF
1

C++

JAVA

46. HOW MANY FEMALE PROGRAMMER KNOWING C ARE ABOVE 24 YEARS OF AGE ?

SELECT COUNT(GENDER) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE (GENDER = 'F' AND

FLOOR(DATEDIFF('2019-03-18' , DOB) / 365) > 24 AND (PROF1 OR PROF2 ) = 'C' ) ;

OUTPUT:
 COUNT(GENDER
)
2

47. CALCULATE EXPERIENCE IN YEARS FOR EACH PROGRAMMER AND DISPLAY ALONG WITH
NAMES IN DESCENDING ORDER ?

SELECT PNAME , FLOOR(DATEDIFF('2019-02-18' , DOJ) / 365 ) AS EXPERIENCE FROM

PROGRAMMER ORDER BY PNAME DESC ;

OUTPUT :

PNAME EXPERIENCE
1

Edit Cop Delet E 7

y e

Edit Cop Delet D 4

y e

Edit Cop Delet C 8

y e

Edit Cop Delet B 6

y e

Edit Cop Delet A 8

y e

48. WHO IS THE LEAST EXPERIENCED PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT PNAME , FLOOR(DATEDIFF('2019-03-18' ,DOJ) /365 ) AS MINEXP FROM PROGRAMMER

WHERE FLOOR(DATEDIFF('2019-03-18' ,DOJ) /365 ) = ( SELECT MIN(FLOOR(DATEDIFF('2019-03-
18' ,DOJ) /365 )) FROM PROGRAMMER) ;

OUTPUT :

PNAME MINEXP

Edit Cop Delet D 4

y e
49. WHO IS THE MOST EXPERIENCED PROGRAMMER ?
SELECT PNAME , (DATEDIFF('2019-03-18' ,DOJ) /365 ) AS MAXEXP FROM PROGRAMMER
WHERE (DATEDIFF('2019-03-18' ,DOJ) /365 ) = ( SELECT MAX(DATEDIFF('2019-03-
18' ,DOJ) /365 ) FROM PROGRAMMER) ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME MAXEXP

Edit Cop Delet C 8.8000

PNAME MAXEXP

y e
50. WHO IS HIGHEST PAID FEMALE PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT PNAME,MAX(SALARY) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE GENDER = 'F' ;

51. WHO IS THE HIGHEST PAID C PROGRAMMER ?

SELECT PNAME,MAX(SALARY) FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE PROF1 = 'C' OR PROF2 = 'C' ;

52. WHICH PROGRAMMER EARNS MORE THAN 30000 BUT DOES NOT KNOW C AND C++ ?

SELECT PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE SALARY > 30000 AND PNAME NOT IN(SELECT
PNAME FROM PROGRAMMER WHERE (PROF1='C' AND PROF2='C++') OR (PROF1 = 'C++' AND
PROF2='C') ) ;

OUTPUT:

PNAME

Edi Cop Delet D

t y e

EXAMPLES QUERIES

1. FIND THE NAMES AND AGES OF ALL SAILORS ?

SELECT DISTINCT S.SNAME , S.AGE FROM SAILORS S WHERE RATING >7 ;
2. FIND THE NAMES OF SAILOR WHO HAVE RESERVED BOAT NUMBER 103 ? SELECT DISTINCT S.SNAME
FROM SAILORS S RESERVE R WHERE S.SID = R.SID AND R.BID =103 ;
3. FIND THE SID OF SAILORS WHO HAVE RESERVED A RED BOAT ?
SELECT R.SID FROM BOATS B , RESERVE R WHERE B.BID = R.BID AND B.COLOR='RED' ;
4. FIND THE COLOR OF BOAT RESERVED BY LUBBER ?
SELECT B.COLOR FROM SAILORS S , RESERVE R , BOATS B WHERE S.SID =R.SID AND R.BID = B.BID AND
S.SNAME='LUBBER'
5. COMPUTE INCREMENT FOR THE RATING OF PERSONS WHO HAVE SAILED TWO DIFFERENT BOATS ON THE
SAME DATE ?
SELECT S.SNAME ,S.RATING + 1 AS RATING FROM SAILORS S , RESERVE R1 , RESERVE R2 WHERE S.SID =
R1.SID AND S.SID=R2.SID AND R1.DAY=R2.DAY AND R1.BID<> R2.BID
 6. GENERAL EXAMPLE ?
SELECT S1.SNAME AS NAME1,S2.SNAME AS NAME2 FROM SAILORS S1, SAILORS S2 WHERE 2*S1.RATING
=S2.RATING-1
7. FIND THE NAME OF SAILOR WHO HAVE RESERVED A RED OR A GREEN BOAT ? USING UNION ALSO CAN
BE WRITTEN
SELECT S.SNAME FROM SAILORS S ,RESERVE R ,BOATS B WHERE S.SID = R.SID AND R.BID = B.BID AND
(B.COLOR ='RED' OR B.COLOR='GREEN' )
8. FIND THE NAME OF SAILOR WHO HAVE RESERVED A RED AND A GREEN BOAT? USING INTERSECT CAN
ALSO BE WRITTEN
SELECT S.SNAME FROM SAILORS S ,RESERVE R1 ,RESERVE R2 ,BOATS B1,BOATS B2 WHERE S.SID = R1.SID
AND R1.BID = B1.BID AND S.SID =R2.SID AND R2.BID = B2.BID AND B1.COLOR ='RED' AND
B2.COLOR='GREEN'
9. FIND THE SIDS OF ALL SAILORS WHO HAVE RESERVED RED BOAT BUT NOT A GREEN BOAT ?
**SELECT S.SNAME FROM SAILORS S , RESERVE R , BOATS B WHERE S.SID = R.SID AND R.BID=B.BID AND
B.COLOR='RED '

EXCEPT

(SELECT S1.SNAME FROM SAILORS S1 ,RESERVE R1 , BOATS B1 WHERE S1.SID=R1.SID AND

R1.BID=B1.BID AND B1.COLOR= 'GREEN ' );

10. FIND THE NAMES OF SAILOR WHO HAVE RESERVED BOAT NUMBER 103 USING IN OPERATOR ?
SELECT S.SNAME FROM SAILORS S WHERE S.SID IN( SELECT R.SID FROM RESERVE R WHERE R.BID=103)
11. FIND THE NAME OF SAILORS WHO HAVE RESERVED A RED BOAT USING IN OPERATOR ?
SELECT S.SNAME FROM SAILORS S WHERE S.SID IN( SELECT R.SID FROM RESERVE R WHERE R.BID IN
(SELECT B.BID FROM BOATS B WHERE B.COLOR ='RED'))
12. FIND THE NAMES OF SAILOR WHO HAVE NOT RESERVED A RED BOAT USING IN OPERATOR ?
SELECT S.SNAME FROM SAILORS S WHERE S.SID NOT IN( SELECT R.SID FROM RESERVE R WHERE R.BID IN
(SELECT B.BID FROM BOATS B WHERE B.COLOR ='RED'))
 COMPLEX QUERIES
COMPLEX QUERIES ARE OFTEN HARD OR IMPOSSIBLE TO WRITE AS A SINGLE SQL BLOCK. THERE ARE TWO
WAYS FOR COMPOSING MULTIPLE SQL BLOCKS TO EXPRESS A COMPLEX QUERIES.

a) DERIVED RELATION
b) WITH CLAUSE

DERIEVED RELATION

SQL ALLOWS A SUBQUERIEY EXPRESSION TO BE USED IN THE FROM CLAUSE . IF WE USE SUCH A EXPRESSION ,
THEN WE MUST GIVE THE RESULT RELATION ANAME AND WE CAN RENAME THE ATTRIBUTES. FOR RENAMING
AS CLAUSE IS USED.

48. SELECT * FROM EMP2 ;

OUTPUT:

I NAME DOB GENDER SALARY DEPT COLLEGE AGE

D

1 ANUSHA 2000-10-10 F 10000 CSE KITS 20

2 AKANKSHA 1990-12-10 F 8000 ECE KITS 30

3 ANJALI 1995-08-14 F 15000 CSE KITSW 40

4 KARUN 1990-12-06 M 9000 ECE KITSW 38

5 KARTHIK 1995-12-09 M 8500 CSE KITS 30

6 PRATHIK 1992-09-13 M 9500 ECE KITSW 30

7 NULL 1994-05-06 F 120000 CIVIL KITSW 32