Calculus I, Tutorial Problem Sheet, Week 6

The fundamental theorem of calculus

Rx
Q1. Let F (x) = π
t sin t dt. Calculate F (π), F ′ (x) and F ′ (π/2).
Solution:
F (π) = 0, F ′ (x) = x sin x and F ′ (π/2) = π/2.

Q2. Let
Z x2
2
F (x) = − dt.
0 3 + et
Find all critical points of F (x) and determine whether they are local minima, maxima or
points of inflection. Prove that F (300) > F (310).
Solution:
2
F ′ (x) = −4x/(3 + ex ) hence F ′ (x) = 0 iff x = 0.
For x < 0, F ′ (x) > 0 whereas for x > 0, F ′ (x) < 0, hence x = 0 is a local maximum.
As F ′ (x) < 0 for x > 0 then F (x) is strictly monotonic decreasing in (0, ∞)
hence F (310) < F (300).

Q3. Calculate the derivative of F (x) where

Z x3 Z 1
(a) F (x) = t cos t dt, (b) F (x) = (t − sin2 t) dt,
0 x2
√
Z cos x √ Z x
t2
(c) F (x) = 1 − t2 dt, (d) F (x) = dt
1 0 1 + t4
Solution:
Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus with the chain rule:
(a) F ′ (x) = 3x5 cos(x3 ), (b) F ′ (x) = −2x(x2 − sin2 (x2 )),
√ √
1 ( x)2 x
(c) F ′ (x) = − sin x | sin x|, (d) F ′ (x) = √
2 x 1+x2
= 2(1+x2 )
.

Q4. Calculate the derivative of the following functions

Z t4 Z sin(2x) √
√
Z x
(a) G(t) = u du, (b) H(x) = 3t2 dt, (c) y(x) = t2 dt
t2 2x −x2

Solution:
(a) G′ (t) = t2 (4t3 ) − |t|2t = 4t5 − 2t|t|,
(b) H ′ (x) = 3 sin2 (2x)2 cos(2x) − 3(2x)2 2 = 6 sin2 (2x) cos(2x) − 24x2 ,
√
(c) y ′ (x) = x 2√1 x − (−x2 )2 (−2x) = 12 x + 2x5 .

1
Q5. The function f (t) is defined in terms of a constant k by

k
 if − 1 ≤ t ≤ 0
f (t) = 2k if 0 < t ≤ 1

0 if |t| > 1

Rx
Calculate F (x) = −1 f (t) dt at x = −2, x = − 21 , x = 21 , and for all x > 1.
Solution:
R −2
F (−2) = −1 f (t) dt = 0.
R −1 R −1
F (− 12 ) = −12 f (t) dt = −12 k dt = 12 k.
R 12 R0 R1
F ( 12 ) = −1 f (t) dt = −1 k dt + 02 2k dt = k + k = 2k.
Rx R0 R1 Rx
If x > 1 then F (x) = −1 f (t) dt = −1 k dt + 0 2k dt + 1 0 dt = k + 2k + 0 = 3k.

Q6. Sketch the graph of the function

(
x2 + x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f (x) =
2x if 1 < x ≤ 3.
Rx
Calculate the function F (x) = 0 f (t) dt, with Dom F = [0, 3], and sketch its graph.
Examine the continuity and differentiability properties of both f (x) and F (x) at x = 1.

Solution:
9

5
y

f(x)
1
F(x)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

Solution for Q6. Graphs of f (x) (solid) and F (x) (dashed).

 x
t3 t2 x3 x2
Rx
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, F (x) = 0 (t2 + t) dt = 3 + 2 = 3 + 2 .
0
For 1 < x ≤ 3,
 x
R1 Rx 1 1 5
F (x) = 0 (t2 + t) dt + 1 2t dt = 3 + 2 + t2 = 6 + x2 − 1 = x2 − 16 .
1

2
 limx→1− f (x) = limx→1− (x2 + x) = 2 and limx→1+ f (x) = limx→1+ 2x = 2.
Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 1 since limx→1− f (x) = limx→1+ f (x) = f (1).
limh→0+ (f (1 + h) − f (1))/h = limh→0+ (2(1 + h) − 2)/h = 2 and
limh→0− (f (1 + h) − f (1))/h = limh→0− ((1 + h)2 + 1 + h − 2)/h = 3.
As these two limits are not equal then limh→0 (f (1 + h) − f (1))/h does not exist.
Therefore, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
F (x) is differentiable at x = 1 since F ′ (x) = f (x) is continuous at x = 1.
F (x) is continuous at x = 1 since it is differentiable at x = 1.

Integration using a recurrence relation or even and odd decomposition

Q7. For integer n ≥ 0 define

xn+2
Z
Fn (x) = √ dx.
x3 + 1
Find a recurrence relation between Fn (x) and Fn−3 (x) and hence calculate F3 (x) and
F6 (x).

Solution:
The idea is to use integration
√ by parts to derive a recurrence relation. Note that we don’t
want to differentiate 1/ x3 + 1 as we will end up with an integral which is not of the same
form. So, this must be part of something we integrate,√and a little thought shows that we
should separate the integrand into factors xn and x2 / x3 + 1 so we have something we
can actually integrate.
R n+2 √ R n−1 √ √ R n−1 x3 +1
Fn (x) = √xx3 +1 dx = 32 xn x3 + 1− 2n 3 x x3 + 1 dx = 32 xn x3 + 1− 2n3 x √
x3 +1
dx
√
= 32 xn x3 + 1 − 2n 3 (Fn (x) + Fn−3 (x)).
√
Hence (3 + 2n)Fn (x) = 2xn x3 + 1 − 2nFn−3 (x).
[Alternative methods are√to start with Fn + Fn−3 and use integration by parts, this time
differentiating the factor x3 + 1, or to start with the substitution u = x3 before integrating
by parts.]
√
From the first line of this solution we have that F0 (x) = 23 x3 + 1 + c0 .
√
Setting n = 3 in the recurrence relation gives 9F3 (x) = 2x3 x3 + 1 − 6F0 (x) hence
√
F3 (x) = 29 (x3 − 2) x3 + 1 + c3 .
√
Setting n = 6 in the recurrence relation gives 15F6 (x) = 2x6 x3 + 1 − 12F3 (x) hence
2
√
F6 (x) = 45 (3x6 − 4x3 + 8) x3 + 1 + c6 .

Q8. For integer n ≥ 0 define

Z π/4
In = cosn+1 x dx.
0
Find a recurrence relation between In and In−2 and hence evaluate I2 and I4 .

3
 Solution:
Integration by parts is the clear way to produce a recurrence relation. There is only one
obvious way to split the integrand so we have a factor we can integrate and the new integral
will only involve trig functions.
R π/4 R π/4 π/4 R π/4
In = 0 cosn+1 x dx = 0 cosn x cos x dx = [cosn x sin x]0 + 0 n cosn−1 x sin2 x dx
R π/4
= √ 1n+1 + n 0 (cosn−1 x (1 − cos2 x)) dx = √ 1n+1 + n(In−2 − In ) hence
2 2
1
√
In = ( √ n+1 + nIn−2 )/(n + 1). From above I0 = 1/ 2 therefore
2
√ √
I2 = ( √ 3 + 2I0 )/3 = 5/(6 2) and I4 = ( √1 5 + 4I2 )/5 = 43/(60 2).
1
2 2

Q9. Evaluate the following integrals

π/4 π/3 1
ex sec2 x (1 + x)4 cos x x2
Z Z Z
(a) dx, (b) dx, (c) dx.
−π/4 cosh x −π/3 1 + 6x2 + x4 −1 1 + etan x

Solution:
In each case replace the integrand by its even part and at the same time you could also
double the even function integrand and integrate from 0 to L rather than from −L to L.
π/4
π/4
ex sec2 x π/4
(ex + e−x ) sec2 x π/4
Z Z Z 
1 2
(a) dx = dx = sec x dx = tan x = 2.
−π/4 cosh x 2 −π/4 cosh x −π/4 −π/4

π/3
π/3
(1 + x)4 cos x
Z π/3
(1 + 6x2 + x4 ) cos x
Z π/3 √
Z 
(b) 2 4
dx = 2 4
dx = cos x dx = sin x = 3.
−π/3 1 + 6x + x −π/3 1 + 6x + x −π/3 −π/3
Z 1 2 Z 1 2 2 Z 1  tan x − tan x

x 1 x x 1 2 2+e +e
(c) dx = + dx = x dx
−1 1 + e
tan x 2 −1 1 + etan x 1 + e− tan x 2 −1 2 + etan x + e− tan x
1 3 1
Z 1  
1 2 1
= x dx = x = .
−1 2 6 −1 3