Q4 Chemistry Reviewer

Q4 Chemistry Reviewer
Sources: BYJU
Colloids
● “Kolla” in Greek, meaning glue
● heterogeneous in nature
● insoluble particles of one substance are suspended in another substance
● dispersed phase particles are not visible but can be seen under ultramicroscope
● exhibits the Tyndall Effect
○ beams of light on colloids scatter due to interactions between light and
colloidal particles
For a mixture to be classified as a colloid, its suspended particles must not settle.
Colloidal State
● theorized by Thomas Graham (1861)
○ observed that solutions of certain substances (sugar, salt acids and bases)
diffused readily through parchment membrane while those of glue, gelatin,
and silicilic acid could not
1st Category - Crystalloids

2nd Category - Colloids
Definition of Other Terms

True Solution
● solution of crystalloids in a solvent which dissolves completely
● transparent
Suspension
● some solute is visible, some solute settles down after some time
Differences of True Solution, Colloid, Suspension
True Solution Colloid Suspension
visibility ● not visible (both) ● not visible (eye) ● visible (both)

(microscope/eye) ● visible (ultramicroscope)
can pass through? ● solute molecules can pass ● can pass through ordinary filters ● suspended particles cannot
through even in ultra filters ● cannot pass through ultra filters pass through ordinary filter
papers
type ● homogeneous ● forms a heterogeneous mixture ● completely heterogeneous
Tyndall Effect ● none ● exhibits Tyndall Effect ● none
electrical properties ● none ● exhibits properties to a great extent ● none

(electro-osmosis, cataphoresis,
coagulation)
size ● below 1mm in diameter ● between 1-100mm in diameter ● above 1-100mm in diameter
osmotic pressure ● high ● low ● none
permanence ● permanent ● settles out on standing ● immediate settling out
effect on colligative ● none ● freezing temp is lowered ● none

properties ● boiling temp is raised
Classification of Colloids
Dispersed Phase
● particulate component of a colloid in a smaller amount
Dispersed Medium
● component of a colloid in a larger amount where the particles are dispersed in
Based on Physical State
Colloid Dispersed Phase Dispersed Example

Medium
Foam Gas Liquid 1. whipped

cream
2. beer froth
Solid Foam Gas Solid 1. marshmallow

2. meringue
3. yoga mat
Aerosol Liquid Gas 1. clouds

2. mist
Emulsion Liquid Liquid 1. milk

2. mayonnaise
Gel Liquid Solid 1. jelly or gelatin

2. butter
Aerosol Solid Gas 1. smoke
Sols Solid Liquid 1. paint

2. blood
Solid Sols Solid Solid 1. alloys
There is no such thing as a gas dispersed in gas colloid.
Based on Particle Attraction
Sols
● solid in liquid
● named after dispersion medium
1. Hydrosol - water
2. Alcosol - alcohol ( common for disinfectants )
3. Benzosol - benzene ( common for petroleum products )
Gels
● semisolid systems with high viscosities and solid-like rigid appearance
● colloidal particles arrange themselves in the form of fibrils
Elastic Gels
● changes its shape when force is applied
● regains original shape when force is released
Non-elastic Gels
● rigid
Imbibition
● swelling
Syneresis
● shrinking of gels (both elastic and non-elastic) in volume with time
Thixotropy
● sol-gel interconversion in which some gels liquefy on shaking and change into sol
but reverts to gel
Emulsion
● dispersed phase and medium are both liquids
Conductance Method
● small amount of electrolyte is added to the emulsion
○ oil-in-water = conductance increases
○ water-in-oil = no appearance change
Dye Test
● heating the emulsion with an oil-soluble dye
○ oil-in-water = does not catch the color of the dye
○ water-in-oil = gains the color
Foam
● gas in a very viscous liquid
Hop
● a plant that gives beer its bitter taste
Based on Solvent Affinity

1. Lyophobic - solvent-fearing
2. Lyophilic - solvent-loving
Definition of Other Terms
Adsorption
● ability of a substance to physically hold another substance on its surface
Brownian Motion
● movement in a rapid, random, zigzag motion through the collision of colloidal
particles in the dispersion medium
Electrophoresis
● negatively-charged dispersed particles migrate to the anode
● positively-charged particles migrate to the cathode
Gold Number
● number referred to as the protective power of lyophilic colloid
The egg albumin is a very good emulsifying agent.

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Q4 Chemistry Reviewer

1st Category - Crystalloids

Definition of Other Terms

True Solution Colloid Suspension

visibility ● not visible (both) ● not visible (eye) ● visible (both)

type ● homogeneous ● forms a heterogeneous mixture ● completely heterogeneous

Tyndall Effect ● none ● exhibits Tyndall Effect ● none

electrical properties ● none ● exhibits properties to a great extent ● none

osmotic pressure ● high ● low ● none

permanence ● permanent ● settles out on standing ● immediate settling out

effect on colligative ● none ● freezing temp is lowered ● none

Based on Physical State

Colloid Dispersed Phase Dispersed Example

Foam Gas Liquid 1. whipped

Solid Foam Gas Solid 1. marshmallow

Aerosol Liquid Gas 1. clouds

Emulsion Liquid Liquid 1. milk

Gel Liquid Solid 1. jelly or gelatin

Aerosol Solid Gas 1. smoke

Sols Solid Liquid 1. paint

Solid Sols Solid Solid 1. alloys

There is no such thing as a gas dispersed in gas colloid.

Based on Particle Attraction

Based on Solvent Affinity

Definition of Other Terms

The egg albumin is a very good emulsifying agent.

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