DATABASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Data Models

Dr. Jay Sarraf

School of Computer Engineering
KIIT Deemed to be University
What is a Data Model?

Data model is a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data

relationships, data semantics and consistency constraints. That means a
data model provides a way to describe the design of a database.

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Data models are widely used in database management systems to demonstrate how
data is related, stored, retrieved, and modified. We depict information using a set of
symbols and terminology so that members of an organisation may understand and
comprehend it before communicating.

Data Models
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Data model basic building blocks

Entity
An entity is anything about which data are to be collected and stored. An
entity represents a particular type of object in the real world.

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Entity Set
Set of entities of the same type that share the same properties are called
as entity sets.

Attribute
An attribute is a characteristic of an entity.

Data Models
Constraints
A constraint is a restriction placed on the data. Constraints are important
because they help to ensure data integrity.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Relationships

A relationship describes an association among entities.

Different types of relationship are:

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One to One (1:1) relationship:

One to Many (1:M) relationship:

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Many to Many (M:N) relationship:

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Hierarchical model

The hierarchical model classifies the data into a tree-like structure with a
single parent or root for each record. Sibling records are arranged in a
certain sequence. This is the physical order in which the database is stored.
This model is useful for explaining a wide range of real-world interactions.

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Data Models
It depicts a set of 1:M relationships between a parent and its children segments

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Cont…

Advantages of Hierarchical Model

• It is very simple and fast to traverse through a tree-like
structure.

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• Any change in the parent node is automatically reflected in
the child node so, the integrity of data is maintained.

Disadvantages of Hierarchical Model

• Complex relationships are not supported.

• As it does not support more than one parent of the child

node so if we have some complex relationship where a child

Data Models
node needs to have two parent node then that can't be
represented using this model.

• If a parent node is deleted then the child node is

automatically deleted.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Network Model

This paradigm is an expansion of the hierarchical model. It was the most

prevalent model prior to the relational model. The main difference between
this model and the hierarchical approach is that a record can have several

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parents. It replaces the hierarchical tree with a graph. In the sample below,
we can see that node student has two parents, CSE Department and Library.
This was previously not allowed in the hierarchical model.

Data Models
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…

Advantages of Network Model

• When compared to the hierarchical approach, data may be obtained more
quickly. This is because the data in the network model is more linked and there

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may be more than one path to a certain node. As a result, the information may
be accessed in a variety of ways.

• Data integrity is present since there is a parent-child connection. Any changes

made to the parent record are mirrored in the child record.

Disadvantages of Network Model

• As additional relationships are added, the system may get increasingly
complicated. To operate with the model, a user needs have full understanding

Data Models
of it.

• Any modification, such as an update, deletion, or insertion, is quite difficult.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Entity-Relationship Model

The Entity-Relationship Model, sometimes known as the ER Model, is a high-level

data model diagram. We express the real-world problem in visual form in this
model to make it easier for stakeholders to grasp. The ER diagram also makes it

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extremely simple for developers to comprehend the system. The ER diagram is a
visual tool used to depict an ER Model. The ER diagram is made up of three parts:

Data Models
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…

Advantages of Entity-Relationship Model

• Simple: Conceptually ER Model is very easy to build. If we know the relationship
between the attributes and the entities we can easily build the ER Diagram for
the model.

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• Effective Communication Tool : This model is used widely by the database
designers for communicating their ideas.

• Easy Conversion to any Model : This model maps well to the relational model
and can be easily converted relational model by converting the ER model to the
table. This model can also be converted to any other model like network model,
hierarchical model etc.

Disadvantages of Entity-Relationship Model

• No industry standard for notation: There is no industry standard for developing

Data Models
an ER model. So one developer might use notations which are not understood
by other developers.

• Hidden information: Some information might be lost or hidden in the ER model.

As it is a high-level view so there are chances that some details of information
might be hidden.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Relational Model

The most common model is the Relational Model. The data in this model is
kept in the form of a two-dimensional table. All data is saved in the form of
rows and columns. Tables are the foundation of a relational paradigm. In the

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relational paradigm, the tables are also referred to as relations. Example: We
have an Employee table in this example.

Data Models
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
Cont…

Advantages of Relational Data Model

• Simple: This model is more simple as compared to the network and
hierarchical model.

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• Scalable: This model can be easily scaled as we can add as many rows and
columns we want.

• Structural Independence: We can make changes in database structure without

changing the way to access the data. When we can make changes to the
database structure without affecting the capability to DBMS to access the data
we can say that structural independence has been achieved.

Disadvantages of Relational Data Model

• Hardware Overheads: For hiding the complexities and making things easier for

Data Models
the user this model requires more powerful hardware computers and data
storage devices.

• Bad Design: As the relational model is very easy to design and use. So the users
don't need to know how the data is stored in order to access it. This ease of
design can lead to the development of a poor database which would slow down
if the database grows.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Object-Oriented(OO) Model

A database, according to this paradigm, is a collection of objects, or

reusable software parts, with related characteristics and operations.
• Object-oriented databases are classified into numerous types: A multimedia database

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contains media, such as photos, that would be impossible to store in a relational database.

• Any object in a hypertext database can link to any other object. It is effective for organizing
a large amount of heterogeneous data, but it is not perfect for numerical analysis.

• Because it integrates but is not limited to tables, the object-oriented database model is the
most well-known post-relational database paradigm. These types of models are often
known as hybrid database models.

Data Models
OODs are most often used with object-oriented programming languages like Java, Kotlin, C#, Node JS (React), and Swift.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Cont…

Advantages of Object Oriented Data Model

• Complex data sets can be saved and retrieved quickly and easily.

• Object IDs are assigned automatically.

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• Works well with object-oriented programming languages.

• Semantic content is added

• Support for complex objects

• Visual representation includes semantic content

Disadvantages of Object Oriented Data Model

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• Object databases are not widely adopted.

• In some situations, the high complexity can cause performance problems.

• High system overheads slow transactions.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Object-Relational (OR) Model

As the name implies, it is a hybrid of the relational and object-oriented models. This
paradigm was created to bridge the gap between the object-oriented and relational
models. We can have many sophisticated features, such as the ability to create
complicated data types based on our needs utilising current data types. The issue with

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this paradigm is that it may become complicated and difficult to manage.

As a result, a thorough comprehension of this paradigm is essential.

Data Models
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University
OO vs OR Data Model

Object-Oriented database Object-Relational database

• A database that represents information • A database that depends on Relational
in the form of objects as inspired by data model and Object oriented data
Object oriented programming. model.

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• Depends on OOP. • Hybrid of relational and object oriented
model.
• In object oriented database,
• In object t relational database, connections
relationships are represented by
between two relations are represented by
references via the object identifier
foreign key attributes in one relation that
(OID). vs reference the primary key of another
relation.
• Handles larger and complex data than
RDBMS. • Handles comparatively simpler data.

Data Models
• Less efficient. • Improvement and comparatively more
efficient.
• The data management language is
typically incorporated into a • There are data manipulation languages
programming language such as #C++. such as SQL, QUEL and QBE which are
based on relational calculus.

Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University

Semi-structured Model

The semi-structured model emerged from the relational model.

In this paradigm, we can't tell the difference between data and schema. Web-
based data sources, for example, when we cannot distinguish between the
website's structure and data. Some entities in this model may be missing

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characteristics, while others may have an additional attribute. This approach
allows for greater data storage flexibility. It also provides qualities with
flexibility.

A few examples of semi-structured data sources are emails, XML and other
markup languages, binary executables, TCP/IP packets, zipped files, data
integrated from different sources, and web pages.

Data Models
Dr. Jay Sarraf, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University