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    Copy of CAPSULE-1-CARBON AND IT - S COMPOUNDS

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    Copy of CAPSULE-1-CARBON AND IT - S COMPOUNDS

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    Copy of CAPSULE-1-CARBON AND IT - S COMPOUNDS

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    CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

    INTRODUCTION
    ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
    COVALENT BONDING
    The Earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon
    in the form of minerals like
    carbonates,hydrogen carbonates,coal
    and petroleum.
    The atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon
    dioxide.
    Carbon is an element which is of
    immense significance both in it’s
    elemental and combined form.
    The phenomenon of
    existence of an element in
    two or more forms is
    known as allotropy and the
    forms are known as
    allotropes.
    The reactivity of elements is explained as their tendency to attain a
    completely filled outer shell/noble gas configuration.
    Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and needs to gain or
    lose four electrons to attain noble gas configuration.
    Carbon could gain four electrons forming C4- anion.But it would be
    difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold onto ten electrons,that is
    four extra electrons.
    Carbon could lose four electrons forming C4+ cation.But it would require a
    large amount of energy to remove four electrons leaving behind a carbon
    cation with six protons in its nucleus holding on just two electrons.
    Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its valence electrons with
    other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements.

    Not just carbon but many other elements form molecules by sharing
    electrons in this manner.

    The shared electrons ‘belong’ to the outer shells of both the atoms
    and lead to both atoms attaining the noble gas configuration.

    Such bonds which are formed by sharing of an electron pair


    between two atoms are known as covalent bonds.
    This type of bonding is known as covalent bonding.
    Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points due to weak
    intermolecular forces of attraction.

    Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity because


    no charged particles are formed as the electrons are shared for the bond
    formation.
    Graphite is an exception because its structure has hexagonal arrays
    placed over one another.
    ----------------------------------------------------xx-------------------------------------------------------
    Please note:
    Covalent bond formed by sharing:
    One pair of electrons= single bond
    Two pairs of electrons=double bond
    Three pairs of electrons= triple bond.
    COVALENT BONDING
    Q1 What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the
    formula CO2 ?
    Q2 What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur
    which is made up of 8 atoms of sulphur ? (hint:The eight atoms of
    sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring )

    Added info: crown shape of S8 molecule


    The nature of the covalent bonds enables carbon to form a large number of
    compounds.The two factors responsible for the versatile nature of carbon
    are:
    Catenation:Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of
    carbon,giving rise to large molecules.This is known as catenation.
    Compounds of carbon which are linked only by single bond between the
    carbon atoms are called saturated compounds.
    Compounds of carbon having double or triple bonds between their carbon
    atoms are called unsaturated compounds.
    Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency four(tetravalency),it is capable of
    bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other
    monovalent element.
    The bond that carbon forms with most other elements are very strong
    making these compounds exceptionally stable.
    One reason for formation of strong bonds by carbon is its small
    size.This enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared pair of electrons
    strongly.The bonds formed by elements having larger atoms are much
    weaker.
    Silicon forms compounds with hydrogen which have chains of up to
    seven or eight atoms, but these compounds are very reactive.The
    carbon -carbon bond is very strong and hence stable.
    Carbon compounds were initially extracted from natural substances and
    it was postulated that a vital force was necessary for their
    synthesis.Friedrich Wohler disproved this in 1828 by preparing urea from
    Ammonium Cyanate.
    Isomerism is the phenomenon in which more than one compounds have
    the same chemical formula but different chemical structures. Chemical
    compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in
    properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule are called
    isomers. Therefore, the compounds that exhibit isomerism are known
    as isomers.
    The word “isomer” is derived from the Greek words “isos” and “meros”,
    which mean “equal parts”. This term was coined by the Swedish
    chemist Jacob Berzelius in the year 1830.
    Structural Isomerism
    Structural isomerism is commonly referred to as
    constitutional isomerism. The functional groups and the
    atoms in the molecules of these isomers are linked in
    different ways. Different structural isomers are assigned
    different IUPAC names since they may or may not contain
    the same functional group.
    The different types of structural isomerism are discussed in this subsection.

    Chain Isomerism
    ● It is also known as skeletal isomerism.
    ● The components of these isomers display differently branched structures.
    ● Commonly, chain isomers differ in the branching of carbon
    ● An example of chain isomerism can be observed in the compound C5H12, as illustrated below.
    Position Isomerism
    ● The positions of the functional groups or substituent atoms are different in
    position isomers.
    ● Typically, this isomerism involves the attachment of the functional groups to
    different carbon atoms in the carbon chain.
    ● An example of this type of isomerism can be observed in the compounds having
    the formula C3H7Cl
    Functional Isomerism
    ● It is also known as functional group isomerism.
    ● As the name suggests, it refers to the compounds that have the same chemical
    formula but different functional groups attached to them.
    ● An example of functional isomerism can be observed in the compound C3H6O.
    Ring-Chain Isomerism
    ● In ring-chain isomerism, one of the isomers has an open-chain structure
    whereas the other has a ring structure.
    ● They generally contain a different number of pi bonds.
    ● A great example of this type of isomerism can be observed in C3H6. Propene and
    cyclopropane are the resulting isomers, as illustrated below.
    ●
    CONTENT: NCERT TEXT BOOK OF TENTH STD

    IMAGES: GOOGLE SEARCH

    VIDEOS: https://youtu.be/gipyujuKMf4?t=12
    https://youtu.be/w_3fvq4EYpE?t=2
    https://youtu.be/zhqrZLpftH4
    https://youtu.be/gZkJY4NvaOs
    https://youtu.be/orJmJxJeOpo
    https://youtu.be/UbvbzIskRYA

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