PAPER-I

Definition and essentials of a valid Contract - Definition and essentials of a valid

Offer - Definition and essentials of valid Acceptance - Communication of Offer
and Acceptance - Revocation of Offer and Acceptance through various modes
including electronic medium - Consideration - salient features - Exception to
consideration - Doctrine of Privity of Contract - Exceptions to the privity of
contract - Standard form of Contract.

Capacity of the parties - Effect of Minor's Agreement - Contracts with insane

persons and persons disqualified by law - Concepts of Free Consent - Coercion -
Undue influence - Misrepresentation - Fraud - Mistake - Lawful Object - Immoral
agreements and various heads of public policy - illegal agreements – Uncertain
agreements - Wagering agreements - Contingent contracts - Void and Voidable
contracts.

Discharge of Contracts - By performance - Appropriation of payments -

Performance by joint promisors - Discharge by Novation - Remission - Accord
and Satisfaction - Discharge by impossibility of performance (Doctrine of
Frustration) - Discharge by Breach - Anticipatory Breach - Actual breach.

Quasi Contract - Necessaries supplied to a person who is incapable of entering

into a contract - Payment by an interested person - Liability to pay for non-
gratuitous acts - Rights of finder of lost goods – Things delivered by mistake or
coercion - Quantum merit - Remedies for breach of contract - Kinds of damages –
liquidated and unliquidated damages and penalty - Duty to mitigate.

Specific Relief - Recovering possession of property - Specific performance of the

contract - Rectification of instruments - Rescission of contracts - Cancellation of
instruments-Declaratory Decrees-Preventive Relief-Injunctions - Generally - Temporary
and Perpetual injunctions - Mandatory & Prohibitory injunctions – Injunctions to
perform negative agreement.
 Anson: Law of Contract, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
2. Krishnan Nair: Law of Contract , S.Gogia & Co., Hyderabad.
3. G.C.V. Subba Rao: Law of Contract, S.Gogia & Co., Hyderabad.
4. T.S.Venkatesha Iyer: Law of Contract, revised by Dr.V.Krishnama Chary, S.
Gogia & Co.
5. Avatar Singh: Law of Contract , Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.

PAPER-II

Sources of Hindu Law – Scope and application of Hindu Law – Schools of Hindu
Law - Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools – Concept of Joint Family, Coparcenary,
Joint Family Property and Coparcenary Property – Institution of Karta- Powers
and Functions of Karta - Pious Obligation - Partition – Debts and alienation of
property.

Marriage - Definition - Importance of institution of marriage under Hindu Law –

Conditions of Hindu Marriage – Ceremonies and Registration – Monogamy –
Polygamy-Recent Trends in the institution of marriage.

Remedies under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - Restitution of

Conjugal Rights – Nullity of marriage – Judicial separation – Divorce –
Maintenance pendente lite – importance of conciliation- Role of Family Courts in
Resolution of matrimonial disputes.

Concept of Adoption – Historical perspectives of adoption in India – In country and inter-

country adoptions - Law of Maintenance - Law of Guardianship – The Hindu
Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 – The Hindu Minority and Guardianship
Act 1956.

Succession – Intestate succession – Succession to the property of Hindu Male and

Female; Dwelling House – The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as amended by the
Hindu Succession (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 1986 & the Hindu
Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 – Notional Partition – Classes of heirs –
Enlargement of limited estate of women into their absolute estate – Daughter’s right
to inherit ancestral property and impact of recent changes in law.

1. Paras Diwan : Modern Hindu Law, Allahabad Agency, Delhi.

2. Paras Diwan : Family Law, Allahabad Agency, Delhi.
3. Mayne: Hindu Law - Customs and Usages , Bharat Law House, New Delhi.
4. Sharaf: Law of Marriage and Divorce.
5. G.C.V. Subba Rao, Family Law in India, S. Gogia & Company, Hyderabad.
6. Mayne’s Treatise on Hindu Law & Usage, Bharath Law House.
7. Y.F. Jaya Kumar, Horizons of Family Law in India-Select Essays(2017) ,
Spandana Publications, Secunderabad

PAPER-III:

:
Constitution-Meaning and Significance - Evolution of Modern Constitutions -
Classification of Constitutions- Indian Constitution - Historical Perspectives -
Government of India Act, 1919-Government of India Act, 1935-Drafting of
Indian Constitution - Role of Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

:
Nature and Salient Features of Indian Constitution - Preamble to Indian
Constitution - Union and its Territories-Citizenship - General Principles relating to
Fundamental Rights(Art.13) - Definition of State

:
Right to Equality(Art.14-18) – Freedoms and Restrictions under Art.19 -
Protection against Ex-post facto law - Guarantee against Double Jeopardy -
Privilege against Self-incrimination - Right to Life and Personal Liberty - Right to
Education – Protection against Arrest and Preventive Detention

:
Rights against Exploitation - Right to Freedom of Religion - Cultural and
Educational Rights - Right to Constitutional Remedies - Limitations on
Fundamental Rights(Art.31-A,B and C)

:
Directive Principles of State Policy – Significance – Nature – Classification -
Application and Judicial Interpretation - Relationship between Fundamental Rights
and Directive Principles - Fundamental Duties – Significance - Judicial
Interpretation
 :
1. M.P.Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa & Co, Nagpur
2. V.N.Shukla, Constitution of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow
3. Granville Austin, Indian Constitution-Cornerstone of a Nation, OUP, New
Delhi
4. H.M.Seervai, Constitutional Law of India (in 3 Volumes), N.M.Tripathi,
Bombay
5. G.C.V.Subba Rao, Indian Constitutional Law, S.Gogia & Co., Hyderabad
6. B.Shiva Rao: Framing of India’s Constitution (in 5 Volumes), Indian
Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi
7. J.N.Pandey, Constitutional Law of India, Central Law Agency, Allahabad

PAPER-IV

Nature of Law of Torts - Definition of Tort - Elements of Tort - Development of

Law of Torts in England and India - Wrongful Act and Legal Damage - Damnum
Sine Injuria and Injuria Sine Damno - Tort distinguished from Crime and Breach of
Contract - General Principles of Liability in Torts - Fault - Wrongful intent -
Malice - Negligence - Liability without fault - Statutory liability - Parties to
proceedings.

General Defences to an action in Torts – Vicarious Liability - Liability of the State

for Torts – Defence of Sovereign Immunity – Joint Liability – Liability of Joint
Toreadors – Rule of Strict Liability (Ryland’s V Fletcher) – Rule of Absolute Liability
(MC Mehta vs. Union of India) – Occupiers liability – Extinction of liability – Waiver
and Acquiescence – Release – Accord and Satisfaction - Death.

Specific Torts - Torts affecting the person - Assault - Battery - False

Imprisonment – Malicious Prosecution - Nervous Shock - Torts affecting
Immovable Property - Trespass to land - Nuisance - Public Nuisance and Private
Nuisance - Torts relating to movable property – Liability arising out of accidents
(Relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act).
Defamation - Negligence - Torts against Business Relations - Injurious falsehood -
Negligent Misstatement - Passing off - Conspiracy - Torts affecting family relations
- Remedies - Judicial and Extra-judicial Remedies –Damages – Kinds of Damages
– Assessment of Damages – Remoteness of damage - Injunctions - Death in
relation to tort - Action personalis moritur cum persona.

Consumer Laws: Common Law and the Consumer - Duty to take care and liability
for negligence - Product Liability - Consumerism - Consumer Protection Act, 1986
- Salient features of the Act - Definition of Consumer - Rights of Consumers -
Defects in goods and deficiency in services – Unfair trade practices Redressal
Machinery under the Consumer Protection Act - Liability of the Service Providers,
Manufacturers and Traders under the Act – Remedies.

1. Winfield & Jolowicz : Law of Tort, Sweet and Maxwell, London.

2. Salmond and Heuston : Law of Torts, edition, 2nd Indian reprint, Universal
Book traders, New Delhi.
3. Ramaswamy Iyer: The Law of Torts, LexisNexis Butterworths, New Delhi.
4. PSA Pillai’s: Law of Tort, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.
5. Durga Das Basu: The Law of Torts, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
6. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal: The Law of Torts, LexisNexis.
7. R.K.Bangia: Law of Torts, Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad.
8. Vivienne Harpwood: Law of Torts, Cavendish Publishing Ltd. London.
9. Hepple & Mathews: Tort - Cases and Materials, Butterworth, London.
10.D.N.Saraf: Law of Consumer Protection in India, Tripati, Bombay.

PAPER–V

The meaning and definition of environment – Ecology - Ecosystems-Biosphere -

Biomes – Ozone depletion - Global Warning - Climatic changes - Need for the
preservation, conservation and protection of environment - Ancient Indian
approach to environment- Environmental degradation and pollution - Kinds,
causes and effects of pollution

Common Law remedies against pollution - trespass, negligence, and theories of

Strict Liability & Absolute Liability - Relevant provisions of I.P.C. and Cr.P.C. and
C.P.C., for the abatement of public nuisance in pollution cases - Remedies under
Specific Relief Act - Reliefs against smoke and noise - Noise Pollution.
The law relating to the preservation, conservation and protection of forests, wild
life and endangered species, marine life, coastal ecosystems and lakes etc. -
Prevention of cruelty towards animals - The law relating to prevention and control
of water pollution - Air Pollution - Environment pollution control mechanism -
Law relating to environment protection – Role of National Environmental
Tribunal, National Environmental Appellate Authority and National Green Tribunal.

Art. 48A and Art. 51A(g) of the Constitution of India - Right to wholesome
environment - Right to development - Restriction on freedom of trade, profession,
occupation for the protection of environment – Immunity of Environment
legislation from judicial scrutiny(Art.31C) - Legislative powers of the Centre and
State Government - Writ jurisdiction - Role of Indian Judiciary in the evolution of
environmental jurisprudence.

International Environmental Regime - Transactional Pollution - State Liability -

Customary International Law - Liability of Multinational corporations/Companies
- Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment, 1972 - The role of UNEP for
the protection of environment - Ramsar Convention 1971 – Bonn Convention
(Migratory Birds) 1992 - Nairobi Convention, 1982 (CFCC) - Biodiversity
Convention (Earth Summit), 1992 - Kyoto Protocol 1997, Johannesburg
Convention 2002.

1. Armin Rosencranz and Shyam Divan: Environmental Law and Policy in

India.
2. Manoj Kumar Sinha (Ed), Environmental Law and Enforcement: The
Contemporary Challenges, Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, 2016.
3. A.Agarwal (Ed.): Legal Control of Environmental Pollution
4. Chetan Singh Mehta: Environmental Protection and Law
5. V.K. Krishna Iyyer: Environment Pollution and Law
6. Paras Diwan : Environmental Law and Policy in India,1991
7. Dr. N. Maheshwara Swamy, Environmental Law, Asia Law House,
Hyderabad.
8. P.Leela Krishnan, Environmental law in India, LexisNexis.

*****
©
 PAPER – I:

Indemnity and Guarantee - Contract of Indemnity, definition - Rights of

Indemnity holder - Liability of the indemnified - Contract of Guarantee -
Definition of Guarantee - Essential characteristics of Contract of Guarantee -
Distinction between Indemnity and Guarantee - Kinds of Guarantee - Rights and
liabilities of Surety - Discharge of surety. Contract of Bailment - Definition of
bailment - Essential requisites of bailment - Kinds of bailment - Rights and duties
of bailor and bailee - Termination of bailment - Pledge - Definition of pledge –
Rights and duties of Pawnor and Pawnee - Pledge by non-owner.

Contract of Agency - Definition of Agent - Creation of Agency - Rights and duties

of Agent – Delegation of authority - Personal liability of agent - Relations of
principal and agent with third parties - Termination of
Agency.

Contract of Sale of Goods - Formation of contract - Subject matter of sale -

Conditions and Warranties - Express and implied conditions and warranties -
Pricing - Caveat Emptor – Hire Purchaser Agreements.

Property - Possession and Rules relating to passing of property - Sale by non-

owner - Nemo dat quad non habet - Delivery of goods - Rights and duties of seller
and buyer before and after sale - Rights of unpaid seller - Remedies for breach.

Contract of Partnership - Definition and nature of partnership - Formation of

partnership- Test of partnership - Partnership and other associations - Registration
of firm - Effect of non-registration - Relations of partners - Rights and duties of
partners - Property of firm - Relation of partners to third parties - Implied
authority of partners - Kinds of partners - Minor as partner - Reconstitution of
firm - Dissolution of firm – Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

1. Anson's Law of Contract, Oxford University Press, London.

2. Venkatesha Iyyer: The Law of Contracts and Tenders, Gogia & Co.Hyderabad.
3. Cheshire & Fifoot: Law of Contract, Butterworth, London.
4. Mulla: The Indian Contract Act, N.M.Tripati (P) Ltd. Bombay.
5. G.C.V. Subba Rao: Law of Contracts, S. Gogia & Co., Hyderabad.
6. Krishnan Nair: Law of Contracts, S. Gogia & Co. Hyderabad.
7. Avatar Singh: Law of Contracts, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.
8. A Ramaiah's Sale of Goods Act, The Law Book Co., Allahabad.
9. Benjamin's Sale of Goods, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
10. P.S.Atiyah: Sale of Goods Act, Universal Book Traders, Delhi.
11. Charles D.Drale: Law of Partnership, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
12. Bowstead On Agency, Sweet and Maxwell, London.

PAPER – II

Origin and development of Muslim Law - Sources of Muslim Law - Schools of

Muslim Law – Difference between the Sunni and Shia Schools – Sub-schools of
Sunni Law - Operation and application of Muslim Law - Conversion to Islam -
Effects of conversion - Law of Marriage, nature of Muslim Marriage - Essential
requirements of valid Marriage - Kinds of Marriages - distinction between void,
irregular and valid marriage - Dower (Mahr) - Origin, nature and importance of
dower, object of dower and classification of dower.

Divorce - Classification of divorce - different modes of Talaq - Legal consequences

of divorce - Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939 - Maintenance, Principles
of maintenance, Persons entitled to maintenance - The Muslim Women
(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 - Effect of conversion on
maintenance and difference between Shia and Sunni Law.

Parentage - Maternity and Paternity - Legitimacy and acknowledgment -

Guardianship - Meaning – Kinds of guardianship - Removal of guardian -
Difference between Shia and Sunni Law. Gift - Definition of Gift - Requisites of
valid gift - Gift formalities - Revocation of gift - Kinds of gift. Wills - Meaning of
Will - Requisites of valid Will - Revocation of Will - Distinction between Will and
Gift - Difference between Shia and Sunni Law.

Waqf _ Definition - Essentials of Waqf - Kinds of Waqf – Creation of Waqf -

Revocation of Waqf - Salient features of the Waqf Act, 1995 – Mutawalli - Who
can be Mutawalli - Powers and duties of Mutawalli - Removal of Mutawalli and
Management of Waqf property. Succession - Application of the property of a
deceased Muslim - Legal position of heirs as representatives - Administration -
Waqf Tribunals and Jurisdiction.

Special Marriage Act, 1954 - Salient features of Indian Divorce Act, 1869 -
Domicile - Maintenance to dependents/ Spouses - Intestate succession of
Christians under the Indian Succession Act, 1925.

1. Tahir Mahmood: The Muslim Law of India,Law Book Company,

Allahabad.
2. Aquil Ahmed: Text Book of Mohammadan Law, Central Law Agency,
Allahabad.
3. G.C.V. Subba Rao: Family Law in India, S.Gogia & Company,
Hyderabad.
4. Asaf A.A.Fyzee: Outlines of Mohammadan Law, Oxford University Press,
Delhi.
5. Mulla: Principles of Mohammedan Law.
6. Paras Divan: Family Law (Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Parsi and Others),
Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad.
7. M.A. Qureshi: Text Book on Muslim Law,Central Law Publications,
Allahabad.
8.B.R. Varma, Mohammedan Law, Delhi Law House, New Delhi.

PAPER-III:

:
Legislature under Indian Constitution - Union and State Legislatures -
Composition, Powers, Functions and Privileges - Anti-Defection Law - Executive
under Indian Constitution - President and Union Council of Ministers
Governor and State Council of Ministers - Powers and position of President and
Governor

Judiciary under Constitution - Supreme Court - Appointment of Judges, Powers

and Jurisdiction – High Courts - Appointment and Transfer of Judges - Powers
and Jurisdiction - Subordinate Judiciary - Independence of judiciary - Judicial
Accountability
 :
Centre State Relations - Legislative, Administrative and Financial Relations -
Cooperation and Coordination between the Centre and States - Judicial
Interpretation of Centre-State Relations - Doctrines evolved by Judiciary

:
Liability of State in Torts and Contracts - Freedom of Interstate Trade, Commerce
and Inter course - Services under the State - All India Services - Public Service
Commissions

:
Emergency – Need of Emergency Powers - Different kinds of Emergency -
National, State and Financial emergency - Impact of Emergency on Federalism and
Fundamental Rights - Amendment of Indian Constitution and Basic Structure
Theory

:
1. M.P.Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Wadhwa & Co, Nagpur
2. V.N.Shukla, Constitution of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow
3. Granville Austin, Indian Constitution-Cornerstone of a Nation, OUP, New
Delhi
4. H.M.Seervai, Constitutional Law of India (in 3 Volumes), N.M.Tripati,
Bombay
5. G.C.V.Subba Rao, Indian Constitutional Law, S.Gogia & Co., Hyderabad
6. B.Shiva Rao, Framing of India’s Constitution (in 5 Volumes), Indian
Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi
7. J.N.Pandey, Constitutional Law of India, Central Law Agency, Allahabad

PAPER – IV

Concept of crime - Definition and meaning of crime - Distinction between crime

and tort - Stages of crime - Intention, Preparation, Attempt and Commission of
Crime - Elements of Crime - Actus Reus and Mensrea -
Codification of Law of Crimes in India - Application of the Indian Penal Code -
Territorial and Extra Territorial application - General Explanations - Punishments.
General exceptions - Abetment - Criminal Conspiracy - Offences against the State
- Offences against public peace and Tranquility – Increasing tendency of offences under
S.153-A and S.153-B

Offences affecting human body (offences affecting human life) Culpable Homicide
and Murder – Hurt and Grievous Hurt - Wrongful restraint and Wrongful
confinement - Criminal force and Assault - Kidnapping and
Abduction - Sexual offences - Unnatural offences.

Offences affecting the public health, safety, convenience, decency and morals -
Offences against Property - Theft - Extortion - Robbery & Dacoity - Cheating -
Mischief - Criminal Trespass – Criminal misappropriation and Criminal breach of
trust.

Offences by or relating to public servants - False Evidence and Offences against

Public Justice - Offences relating to documents - Offences relating to Marriage -
Cruelty by husband and relatives of husband - Defamation.

1. Ratanlal and Dhiraj Lal: Indian Penal Code, Wadhwa & Co.
2. Achutan Pillai: Criminal Law, Butterworth co.
3. Gour K.D.: Criminal Law - Cases and Materials, Butterworth Co.
4. Kenny's: Outlines of Criminal Law, Cambridge University Press.
5. K.N. Chandrasekharan Pillai, General Principles of Criminal Law, Indian
Law Institute, New Delhi.
6. K.N. Chandrasekharan Pillai, Essays on Indian Penal Code, Indian Law
Institute, New Delhi.
 PAPER-V

The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 — Salient features of the Act – Meaning and
kinds of Evidence – the impact of the Information Technology Act, 2000 on the Indian
Evidence Act - Interpretation clause — May Presume, Shall presume and Conclusive
proof - Fact, Fact in issue and Relevant facts —Distinction between Relevancy and
Admissibility - Doctrine of Res gestae — Motive, preparation and conduct —
Conspiracy —When Facts not otherwise relevant become relevant — Right and
custom — Facts showing the state of mind etc.

Admissions & Confessions: General Principles concerning Admissions —

Differences between "Admission" and "Confession" — Confessions obtained by
inducement , threat or promise – Confessions made to police officer - Statement
made in the custody of a police officer leading to the discovery of incriminating
material — Admissibility of Confessions made by one accused person against co-
accused. Dying Declarations and their evidentiary value — Other Statements by
persons who cannot be called as Witnesses —Admissibility of evidence of
witnesses in previous judicial proceedings in subsequent judicial proceedings.

Relevancy of Judgments — Opinion of witnesses — Expert's opinion — Opinion

on Relationship especially proof of marriage — Facts which need not be proved
— Oral and Documentary Evidence – General Principles concerning oral evidence
and documentary evidence — Primary and Secondary evidence — Modes of proof
of execution of documents — Presumptions as to documents — General
Principles regarding Exclusion of Oral by Documentary Evidence – Relevance of
social media in the law of evidence

ules relating to Burden of Proof - Presumption as to Dowry Death — Estoppels

— Kinds of estoppels — Res Judicata, Waiver and Presumption.

Competency to testify — Privileged communications - Testimony of Accomplice

— Examination in Chief, Cross examination and Re-examination — Leading
questions — Lawful questions in cross examination —Compulsion to answer
questions put to witness — Hostile witness — Impeaching the credit of witness —
Refreshing memory — Questions of corroboration — Improper admission and
rejection of evidence.
1. Batuk Lal: The Law of Evidence, Central Law Agency, Allahabad.
2. M. Monir: Principles and Digest of the Law of Evidence, Universal Book
Agency, Allahabad.
3. Vepa P. Saradhi: Law of Evidence Eastern Book Co., Lucknow.
4. Avatar Singh: Principles of the Law of Evidence, Central Law Publications.
5. V. Krishnama Chary: The Law of Evidence, S.Gogia & Company Hyderabad.
6. V. Nageswara Rao: The Evidence Act, LexisNexis.

*****
©

PAPER-I

Meaning and Definition of Jurisprudence — General and Particular Jurisprudence

- Elements of Ancient Indian Jurisprudence — Schools of Jurisprudence —
Analytical, Historical, Philosophical and Sociological Schools of Jurisprudence.
Theories of Law — Meaning and Definition of Law — The Nature and Function
of Law — The Purpose of Law — The Classification of Law — Equity, Law and
Justice — Theory of Sovereignty.

Sources of Law — Legal and Historical Sources — Legislation - Definition of

legislation – Classification of legislation- Supreme and Subordinate Legislation -
Direct and Indirect Legislation - Principles of Statutory Interpretation. Precedent
— Definition of Precedent — Kinds of Precedent — Stare Decisis — Original and
Declaratory Precedents — Authoritative and Persuasive Precedents. Custom –
Definition of Custom – Kinds of Custom – General and Local Custom – Custom
and Prescription - Requisites of a valid custom - Relative merits and demerits of
Legislation , Precedent and Custom as a source of Law . Codification —
Advantages and disadvantages of codification.

Persons — Nature of personality — Legal Status of Lower Animals, Dead Persons

and Unborn persons — Legal Persons — Corporations — Purpose of
Incorporation — Nature of Corporate Personality Rights and Duties — Definition
of Right — Classification of Rights and Duties — Absolute and Relative Rights
and Duties — Rights and Cognate concepts like Liberty, Power, Immunity,
Privilege etc.

Obligation — Nature of Obligation — Obligation arising out of Contract, Quasi

Contract, trust and breach of obligation etc. — Liability — Nature and kinds of
liability — Acts — Men’s Rea — Intention and Motive — Relevance of Motive —
Negligence — Strict Liability — Accident — Vicarious Liability — measure of
Civil and Criminal Liability.

Ownership — Definition and kinds of Ownership - Possession — Elements of

Possession – Relation between Ownership and Possession — Possessory
Remedies — Property — Meaning — Kinds of Property — Modes of Acquisition
of Property — Legal Sanctions - Meaning of Sanction — Classification of
Sanctions — Civil and Criminal Justice — Concept of Justice — Theories
regarding purpose of Criminal Justice — Deterrent, Preventive, Reformative and
Retributive theories.

1. Salmond: Jurisprudence, Universal Publishers.

2. Paton : Jurisprudence
3. Allen : Law in the Making, Universal Publishers.
4. Mahajan V.D.: Legal Theory and Jurisprudence, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow,
5. Dias : Jurisprudence, Aditya Books.
6. Rama Jois, Legal and Constitutional History of India, Universal Law Publications,
Delhi.
7. G.C.V. Subba Rao, Jurisprudence and Legal Theory, Eastern Book Company.

PAPER-II

and concept of property — Kinds of property — Transfer of property

— Transferable and non-transferable property — Who can transfer — Operation
of transfer — Mode of transfer — Conditional transfer —Void and unlawful
conditions — Condition precedent and condition subsequent — Vested and
contingent interest — Transfer to unborn persons

Doctrine of Election — Covenants — Transfer by ostensible owner — Doctrine

of Feeding the Grant by Estoppels — Doctrine of Lis Pen dens — Fraudulent
Transfer — Doctrine of Part-performance.
Sale- Essential features — Mode of Sale — Rights and liabilities of parties.
Mortgage - Kinds of Mortgages - Rights and liabilities of mortgagor and mortgagee
— Marshalling and Contribution — Charges.

Lease — Essential features — Kinds of leases — Rights and liabilities of lesser and
lessee — Termination of lease — forfeiture — Exchange — Gifts — Different
types of gifts — Registration of Gifts — Transfer of Actionable Claims.

Easements — Definition of easement — Distinction between Lease and License

— Dominant and Servant Tenements. Acquisition of property through
testamentary succession — Will — Codicil — Capacity to execute Will — Nature
of bequests — Executors of Will — Rights and Obligations of Legatees.

1. Mulla : Transfer of Property, Butterworth’s Publications.

2. Subba Rao GCV: Commentaries on the Transfer of Property Act.
3. Krishna Menon: Law of Property.
4. Upadhyaya's Common Matrix of Transfer of Property.
5. Avatar Singh, Textbook on The Transfer of Property Act, Universal Law
Publishing Company.

PAPER-III

Nature and scope of Administrative Law — Meaning, Definition and Evolution of

Administrative Law— Reasons for the growth of Administrative Law —
Relationship between Administrative Law and Constitutional Law.

Basic concepts of Administrative Law — Rule of Law — of

Dicey's Principle of Rule of Law — Modern trends - Theory of Separation of
Powers — Position in India, UK and USA

Classification of Administrative functions — Legislative, Quasi-judicial,

Administrative and Ministerial functions — Delegated Legislation — Meaning,
Reasons for the growth and Classification of delegated legislation— Judicial and
Legislative Control of Delegated litigation.
Judicial Control of Administrative Action - Grounds of Judicial Control —
Principles of Natural Justice — Administrative discretion and its control -
Wednesbury Principle (Doctrine of Proportionality) – Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation.

Remedies available against the State — Writs — Lokpal and Lokayukta —Right to
Information- Liability of the State in Torts and Contracts — Rule of Promissory
Estoppels —Administrative Tribunals - Commissions of Inquiry — Public
Corporations.

1. Griffith and Street: Principles of Administrative Law.

2. H.W.R.Wade: Administrative Law, Oxford Publications, London.
3. De Smith: Judicial Review of Administrative Action, Sweet and Maxwell.
4. S.P. Sathe: Administrative Law, Butterworths.
5. I.P.Massey: Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company.

PAPER-IV

Corporate Personality - General Principles of Company Law - Nature and

Definition of Company - Private Company and Public Company - Characteristics
of a Company - Different kinds of Company - Registration & Incorporation of
Company - Lifting the Corporate Veil – Company distinguished from Partnership ,
HUF and LLP--Position under the Companies Acts of 1956 and 2013

Promoters - Memorandum of Association - Doctrine of Ultravires - Articles of

Association - Doctrine of Indoor Management - Prospectus - Civil and Criminal
liability for misstatement in prospectus - Statement in lieu of Prospectus - Pre-
incorporation Contracts - Membership in a Company - Borrowing Powers –
Debentures & Charges-Position under the Companies Acts of 1956 and 2013

Shares & Stock - Kinds of shares - Statutory restrictions on allotment of shares -

Intermediaries – Call on shares for future of shares- Transfer of shares –
Transmission of shares – Reduction on transfer of shares - Rectification of register
on transfer - Certification and issue of certificate of transfer of shares - Limitation
of time for issue of certificates - Object and effect of share certificate-Position under
the Companies Acts of 1956 and 2013

Directors – Different kinds of Directors - Appointment, position , qualifications

and disqualifications- powers of Directors - Rights and Duties of Directors -
Meetings and proceedings - kinds of meetings - Statutory meeting- Statutory
report - Annual General Meeting - Extraordinary meeting - Power of the
Tribunal to order meeting - class meetings - Requisites for a valid meeting -
Chairman for meetings - Duties of Chairman - Proxy - Resolutions – Minutes-
Shareholders Activism-Corporate Social Responsibility-Position under the Companies Acts of
1956 and 2013

Accounts and Audit - Inspection and Investigation - Compromises,

Reconstruction and Amalgamation - Majority rule and Rights of minority share
holders - Prevention of oppression and mismanagement - Revival and
rehabilitation of sick industrial companies - Mergers, Amalgamation and Takeover
- Dissolution of a company – Winding up of companies-Modes of winding up of
companies – consequences of winding up - The insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
in relation to winding up of companies –Authorities under the Act- Department of
Company Affairs - NCLAT, NCLT, Company Law Board, Regional Directors,
ROC, Public Trustee or Advisory Committee & SFIO -Their powers and functions- –
Jurisdiction of Courts - The impact of the Companies Act, 2013.

1. Shah : Lectures on Company Law, N.M.Tripati, Bombay.

2. Avtar Sing : Company Law, Eastern Book Company.
3. Charlesworth: Company Law, Sweet and Maxwell.
4. Ramaiah: Company Law, Wadhwa & Co.
5. Dutta: Company Law, Eastern Law House, Calcutta.
6. The Companies Act, 2013.
Executive Programme Study Material on Company Law, The Institute of
Company Secretaries of India, New Delhi available atwww.icsi.edu.

PAPER-V

:
Concept of Labour through the ages - Trade Unions History of Trade Union
Movement - The Trade Union Act 1926 – Definitions – Registration – Rights and
Liabilities of Registered Trade Unions – Immunities – Amalgamation and
dissolution of Unions – Reorganization of Trade Unions.
 :
Prevention and Settlement of Industrial Disputes in India - The role of State in
Industrial Relations – The Industrial Disputes Act 1947 - Definition of industry -
Industrial Dispute – Individual Dispute - workman- Lay off –Retrenchment -
Closure -Award - Strike Lockout

:
Authorities under the ID Act – Works committee – Conciliation - Court of inquiry
- Labour Courts- Tribunal – Powers and functions of authorities - Voluntary
Arbitration - Provisions under Chapter V-A & V- B of the Act- Alteration of
conditions of service – Management rights of action during pendency of
proceedings – Recovery of money due from employer – Unfair labour practices -
miscellaneous provisions of the Act

Standing Orders - Concept and Nature of Standing Orders – scope and coverage-
Certification process – its operation and binding effect – Modification and
Temporary application of Model Standing Orders – Interpretation and
enforcement of Standing Orders and provisions contained in the Industrial
Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946.

:
Disciplinary Proceedings in Industries - Charge sheet – Explanation – Domestic
enquiry - Enquiry officer – Enquiry report – Punishment – Principles of Natural
Justice.

1. Srivastava: Law of Trade Unions , Eastern Book Company, Lucknow

2. .Goswami : Labour and Industrial Law, Central Law Agency.
3. R.F. Rustomji : Law of Industrial Disputes : Asia Publishing House, Mumbai
4. S.N. Misra : Labour and Industrial Law, Central Law Agency, Allahabad.
5. J.N. Malik : Trade Union Law
6. Khan & Khan : Labour Law , Asia Law House, Hyderabad
7. S.C. Srivastava : Industrial Relations and Labour Law, Vikas Publishing House.
8. Nick Humphreys, Trade Union Law and Collective Employment Rights.

*****
©
 PAPER-I

:
The Remunerative Aspects – Wages – Concepts of wages - Minimum, Fair, Living
Wages - Wage and Industrial Policies - Whitley Commission Recommendations -
Provisions of Payment of Wages Act 1936 – Timely payment of wages -
Authorized deductions – Claims - Minimum Wages Act 1948 - Definitions - Types
of wages - Minimum rates of wages - Procedure for fixing and revising Minimum
Wages – Claims -Remedy.

:
Bonus – concept - Right to claim Bonus – Full Bench formula - Bonus
Commission - Payment of Bonus Act 1965 - Application – Computation of gross
profit, available, allocable surplus - Eligibility of Bonus -
Disqualification of Bonus - set on – set off of allocable surplus- Minimum and
Maximum Bonus-Recovery of Bonus.

:
Employees Security and Welfare aspect - Social Security - Concept and meaning -
Social Insurance - Social Assistance Schemes. Social Security Legislations - Law
relating to workmen’s compensation – The Employee’s Compensation Act 1923 –
Definitions -Employer’s liability for compensation - Nexus between injury and
employment - payment of compensation - penalty for default - Employees State
Insurance Act 1948 –Application - Benefits under the Act - Adjudication of
disputes and claims – ESI Corporation.

:
Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1952 –
Contributions -Schemes under the Act - Benefits. The Maternity Benefit Act 1961
- Definitions-Application - Benefits. The Payment of Gratuity Act
1972 – Definitions – application - Payment of gratuity - eligibility – forfeiture –
Nomination – Controlling authorities.

:
The Factories Act 1948 - Chapters dealing with Health, Safety and Welfare of
Labour. Child Labour - Rights of child and the Indian Constitution - Salient
features of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 – The Equal
Remuneration Act, 1976.
1. S.N.Misra, Labour and Industrial Laws, Central law publication
2. V.G. Goswami, Labour and Industrial Laws, Central Law Agency.
3. Khan & Kahan, Labour Law-Asia Law house, Hyderabad
4. K.D. Srivastava, Payment of Bonus Act, Eastern Book Company
5. K.D. Srivastava, Payment of Wages Act
6. K.D. Srivastava, Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1947
7. S.C.Srivastava, Treatise on Social Security
8. Sukumar Singh, Labour Economics, Deep& Deep, New Delhi
9. V.J.Rao, Factories Law

PAPER-II:

Definition, Nature, Scope and Importance of International Law — Relation of

International Law to Municipal Law — Sources of International Law —
Codification.

Recognition — State Succession — Responsibility of States for International

delinquencies — State Territory — Modes of acquiring State Territory

Position of Individual in International Law — Nationality — Extradition —

Asylum — Privileges and Immunities of Diplomatic Envoys — Treaties –
Formation of Treaties - Modes of Consent, Reservation and
termination.

:
The Legal Regime of the Seas – Evolution of the Law of the Sea – Freedoms of
the High Seas – Common Heritage of Mankind – United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Seas – Legal Regime of Airspace – Important
Conventions relating to Airspace – Paris, Havana, Warsaw and Chicago
Conventions – Five Freedoms of Air – Legal Regime of Outer space – Important
Conventions such as Outer space Treaty, Agreement on Rescue and
Return of Astronauts, Liability Convention, and Agreement on Registration of
Space objects, Moon Treaty - Uni space.
International Organizations — League of Nations and United Nations —
International Court of Justice —International Criminal Court - Specialized
agencies of the UN — WHO, UNESCO, ILO, IMF and WTO.

1. J.G. Starke: Introduction to International Law, Aditya Books, 10th Edition,

1989.
2. J.I. Brierly: The Law of Nations, Oxford Publishers, London.
3. Ian Brownlie: Principles of Public International Law, Oxford Publishers,
London.
4. S.K. Kapoor, Public International Law, Central Law Agencies, Allahabad.
5. H.O. Agarwal, International Law and Human Rights, Central Law
Publications, Allahabad.
6 .S.K. Verma, An Introduction to Public International Law, Prentice Hall of
India.

PAPER-III

Meaning and Definition of Statutes — Classification of Statues — Meaning and

Definition of Interpretation — General Principles of Interpretation — Rules of
Construction under the General Clauses Act, 1897.

Grammatical Rule of Interpretation — Golden Rule of Interpretation – Rule of

Interpretation to avoid mischief.

Interpretation of Penal Statutes and Statutes of Taxation — Beneficial

Construction — Construction to avoid conflict with other provisions — Doctrine
of Harmonious Construction.

External Aids to Interpretation — Statement of objects of legislation, Legislative

debates, identification of purpose sought to be achieved through legislation —
Internal Aids to Interpretation — Preamble, title, interpretation clause, marginal
notes, explanations etc. — Presumptions.

Effect of Repeal — Effect of amendments to statutes — Conflict between parent

legislation and subordinate legislation — Methods of interpreting substantive and
procedural laws.
1. Vepa P. Sarathi: Interpretation of Statutes, Eastern Book Co,
2. Maxwell: Interpretation of Statutes, Butterworths Publications
3. Crawford: Interpretation of Statutes, Universal Publishers.
4 Chatterjee: Interpretation of Statutes.
5. G.P. Singh: Principles of Statutory Interpretation, Wadhwa and Company,
6. Cross, Statutory Interpretation,LexisNexis

PAPER-IV

Classification of lands — Ownership of Land — Absolute and limited ownership

(tenancy, lease etc.) — Doctrine of Eminent Domain — Doctrine of Escheat -
Doctrine of Bona Vacantia — Maintenance of land records and issue of Pattas and
Title Deeds etc.

Law Reforms before and after independence — Zamindari Settlement — Ryotwari

Settlement — Mahalwari System — Intermediaries — Constitutional Provisions
— Abolition of Zamindaries, Jagirs and Inams -Tenancy Laws — Conferment of
ownership on tenants/ryots.

Laws relating to acquisition of property — The Right to Fair Compensation and

Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013-
salient Features-Procedure for Land Acquisition Issue of notification , Social
impact assessment -Consent of landowners- Award enquiry, Payment of
compensation & Reference to civil courts etc

Laws relating to Ceiling on Land Holdings — A.P. Land Reforms (Ceiling on

Agricultural Holdings) Act, 1973 — Effect of inclusion in the IX Schedule of the
Constitution — Interpretation of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Laws relating to alienation — Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation —

Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers) Act, - Resumption of Lands to the
Transferor/Government - Land Grabbing (Prohibition) Act – ROR proceedings
and Sada Bainama – Mutation of titles-Role of Revenue Courts
1. P. Rama Reddi and P. Srinivasa Reddy : Land Reform Laws in A.P., Asia Law
House,Hyderabad.
2. P.S. Narayana: Manual of Revenue Laws in A.P., Gogia Law Agency,
Hyderabad.
3. Land Grabbing Laws in A.P., Asia Law House, Hyderabad.
4. G.B. Reddy: Land Laws in A.P., Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad
5. N.Maheshwara Swamy, Lectures on Land Laws,Asia Law House,Hyderabad

PAPER-V

Intellectual Property Meaning, Nature and Classification –Significance and need of

protection of Intellectual Property — Main forms of Intellectual Property :
Patents,Trademarks,Industrial designs, Geographical Indications of Goods,
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights-New forms of Intellectual Property: Plant
Varieties Protection and Biotechnology, GRTK, Layout Designs, Computer
Programmes

Evolution of International Protection of IPRs-Introduction to the leading

International instruments concerning Intellectual Property Rights –General
Principles of Protection-The Paris Convention,1883- The Berne Convention,1886
–The Madrid Agreement,1891-The Patent Co-operation Treaty,1970 – The World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Conventions- TRIPS Agreement,1994

Copyright: Meaning, Nature, historical evolution and significance- The Copyright

Act, 1957 – Salient Features-Idea-Expression Dichotomy-Subject matter of
Copyright Protection- Neighbouring rights - Ownership of Copyright –Rights of
Authors and owners -Assignment of copyright –Collective management of
copyright- infringement of copyright and Criteria –Exceptions to i9nfringement -
Authorities under the Act — Remedies for
infringement of copyright.

Intellectual Property in Trademarks and the rationale of their protection - The

Trade Marks Act, 1999 — Definition of Trademarks — Distinction between
Trademark and Property Mark - Registration — Passing off — Infringement of
Trademark — Criteria of Infringement — Remedies-Concept of Industrial
designs-The Designs Act, 2000 — Definition and characteristics of Design — Law
in India — Protection and rights of design holders — Copyright in design —
Registration — Remedies for infringement.

Patents — Concept of Patent — Historical overview of the Patent Law in India -

The Patents Act, 1970 and its salient features — — Patentable Inventions —
Kinds of Patents — Procedure for obtaining patent in India and in other countries
—Rights and obligations of a patentee —Limitations on patent rights: compulsory
licensing, acquisition by government and secrecy directions- Infringement of
patent rights and remedies available.

1. P. Narayanan: Intellectual Patent Rights, Eastern Law House , 1995.

2. Roy Chowdhary, Law of Trademark, Copyrights, Patents and Designs,Kamal
Law House
3. G.B. Reddy, Intellectual Property Rights and the Law Gogia Law Agency.
4. John Holyoak and Paul Torremans: Intellectual Property Law.
5. B.L. Wadhera: Intellectual Property Law, Universal Publishers .
6. W.R. Cornish: Intellectual Property Law, Universal Publishers .
7.V.K.Ahuja, Law Relating to Intellectual Property Rights , LexisNexis
8. Elizabeth Verkey, Intellectual Property Rights, Eastern Book Company
9.Elizabeth Verkey,Law of Patents ,Eastern Book Company

*****
©
 PAPER-I

Codification of Civil Procedure and Introduction to CPC — Principal features of

the Civil Procedure Code — Suits — Parties to Suit — Framing of Suit —
Institution of Suits — Bars of Suit - Doctrines of Sub Judice and Res Judicata —
Place of Suing — Transfer of suits — Territorial Jurisdiction — ‘Cause of Action’
and Jurisdictional Bars — Summons — Service of Foreign summons.

Pleadings — Contents of pleadings — Forms of Pleading — Striking out /

Amendment of Pleadings - Plaint— Essentials of Plaint - Return of Plaint-
Rejection of Plaint—Production and marking of Documents-Written Statement —
Counter claim — Set off – Application of Sec. 89 - Framing of issues.

Appearance and Examination of parties & Adjournments — Ex-parte Procedure

— Summoning and Attendance of Witnesses — Examination — Admissions —
Production, Impounding, Return of Documents —Hearing — Affidavit —
Judgment and Decree — Concepts of Judgment, Decree, and Interim Orders and
Stay — Injunctions — Appointment of Receivers and Commissions — Costs -
Execution — Concept of Execution —General Principles of Execution — Power
of Execution — Power of Executing Courts — Procedure for Execution —
Modes of Execution -- Arrest and detention — Attachment and Sale.

Suits in Particular Cases — Suits by or against Government — Suits

relating to public matters;— Suits by or against minors, persons with unsound
mind, - Suits by indigent persons -- Interpleaded suits — Incidental and
supplementary proceedings - Appeals, Reference, Review and Revision — Appeals
from Original Decrees — Appeals from Appellate Decrees — Appeals from
Orders — General Provisions Relating to Appeals.

Law of Limitation — Concept of Limitation — Object of limitation - General

Principles of Limitation — Extension — Condonation of delay — Sufficient
Cause — Computation of limitation -- Acknowledgment and Part -payment- Legal
Disability — Provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 (Excluding Schedule)

1. Mulla, TheCode of Civil Procedure, LexisNexis, Butteworths, Wadhwa.

2. C.K. Takwani: Civil Procedure, Eastern Book Co., Lucknow.
3. Sarkar’s Civil Court Practice and Procedure, LexisNexis.
4. B.B. Mitra: Limitation Act, Eastern Law House, Calcutta, Allahabad.
5.Sanjiva Row: Limitation Act, (in 2 Vols), Law Book Co., Alahabad.
6. Sanjiva Row: Code of Civil Procedure, (in 4 Vols), Law Book Co.
Allahabad.
8. AIR Commentaries on Limitation Act, W.W. Chitaley, AIR Ltd., Nagpur.

PAPER-II

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: The rationale of Criminal Procedure —

The importance of fair trial — Constitutional Perspectives: Articles 14, 20 & 21 —
The organization of Police, Prosecutor and Defence Counsel — Pre-trial Process
— Arrest — Distinction between “cognizable” and “non-cognizable” offences —
Steps to ensure presence of accused at trial -- Warrant and Summons cases —
Arrest with and without Warrant – impact of S. 41A - The absconder status.

Rights of arrested persons under Cr.P.C. and Article 22 (2) of the Constitution of
India. - Search and Seizure — Search with and without warrant — Police search
during investigation — General Principles of Search — Seizure — Constitutional
aspects of validity of Search and Seizure proceedings - Trial Process:
Commencement of Proceedings — Dismissal of Complaint — Bail, Bail able and
Non-boilable Offences — Cancellation of Bails — Anticipatory Bail — General
principles concerning Bail Bond.

Preliminary pleas to bar trial — Jurisdiction — Time Limitations — Pleas of

Autrefois Acquit and Autrefois Convict — Fair Trial — Concept of fair trial —
Presumption of innocence — Venue of trial —Jurisdiction of Criminal Courts —
Rights of accused -- Constitutional Interpretation of Article 21 as a right to speedy
trial — Charge — Form and content of Charge — Trial before a Court of Session:
Procedural steps and substantive rights.

Compounding of offences – Plea Bargaining - Judgment: Form and content --

Summary trial — Post-conviction orders in lieu of punishment — Modes of
providing judgment copy — appeals, review and revisions – Role of Victim in
Criminal process – compensation to crime victim.
 Probation and Parole: Authority granting Parole — Supervision — Conditional
release -- suspension of sentence — Procedure under Probation of Offenders Act,
1958 -- Salient features of the Act. Juvenile Justice System -- Juvenile Justice (Care
and Protection of Children) Act -- Procedure under Juvenile Justice…Act —
Treatment and Rehabilitation of Juveniles —— Protection of Juvenile Offenders
— Legislative and Judicial Role.

1. Kelkar R.V.: Criminal Procedure, Eastern Book Co., Lucknow.

2. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal: The Code of Criminal Procedure, Wadhwa & Co.,
3.Padala Rama Reddi: The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Asia Law House,
Hyderabad.
4.S.N. Misra: The Code of Criminal Procedure, Central Law Agency.
5. M.P. Tandon: Criminal Procedure Code, Allahabad Law Agency.
6.Shoorvir Tyagi: The Code of Criminal Procedure, Allahabad Law Agency.

PAPER- III

History of the Banking Regulation Act — Salient features — Banking Business

and its importance in modern times – Different kinds of Banking – impact of
Information Technology on Banking.

Relationship between Banker and Customer — Debtor and Creditor Relationship

— Fiduciary Relationship — Trustee and Beneficiary — Principal and Agent —
Bail and Bailee — Guarantor.

Cheques — Crossed Cheques — Account Payee — Banker's Drafts — Dividend

Warrants, etc. — Negotiable instruments and deemed negotiable instruments —
Salient features of The Negotiable Instruments Act.

The Paying Banker — Statutory protection to Bankers — Collecting

Banker – Statutory protection – Rights and obligations of paying and collecting
bankers.

Banker's lien and set off -- Advances - Pledge - Land - Stocks - Shares -
Life Policies - Document of title to Goods - Bank Guarantees - Letters of Credit –
Recovery of Bank loans and position under the SARFAESI Act, 2002 –
Jurisdiction and powers of Debt Recovery Tribunal.

1.Tannan: Banking Law & Practice in India, Orient Law House, New Delhi.
2.Avtar Singh: Negotiable Instruments, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.
3. P.N.Varshney: Banking Law & Practice, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
4. Taxman: Law of Banking, India Law House
5.B.R. Sharma and Dr.R.P. Nainta: Principles of Banking Law and Negotiable Instruments
Act, Allahabad Law Agency.
6.Mukherjee's Banking Law and Practice, Premier Publications Company.
7.Bashyam and Adiga: Negotiable Instruments Act, Bharat Law House.
8. S.R. Myneni, Law of Banking, Asia Law House.

PAPER-IV

The written examination of this paper will be for 50 marks and the remaining 50
marks for record and viva voce. There shall be classroom instruction on the
following topics:

Alternate Dispute Resolution — Characteristics — Advantages and

Disadvantages——Unilateral — Bilateral — Triadic (Third Party) Intervention —
Techniques and processes -- Negotiation — Conciliation —Arbitration —
Distinction between Arbitration, Conciliation and Negotiation.

The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — Historical Background and

Objectives of the Act — Definitions of Arbitration, Arbitrator, Arbitration
Agreement -- Appointment of Arbitrator — Termination of Arbitrator --
Proceedings in Arbitral Tribunal -- Termination of Proceedings — Arbitral Award
-- Setting aside of Arbitral Award — Finality and Enforcement of Award —
Appeals – Enforcement of Foreign Awards. Conciliation
– Appointment of Conciliators – Powers and Functions of Conciliator --
Procedure – Settlement of disputes through conciliation.
Other Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems —Tribunals -- Lokpal and
Lokayukta — Lok Adalats —Family Courts Section 89 and Order X, Rules 1A,
1B and 1C of Civil Procedure Code.

(a) The students are required to participate in 5 (five) simulation proceedings

relating to Arbitration, Conciliation, Mediation and Negotiation. Participation in
each such simulation proceeding shall be evaluated for a maximum of 4 (four)
marks (Total 5x4=20marks). (b) Students are required to attend and observe the
proceedings of Lok Adalats, Family Courts, Tribunals and other ADR Systems.
Each student shall record the above observations in the diary which will be
assessed. Record submitted by the student shall be evaluated for 10 marks by the
teacher concerned. The Records of the students duly certified by the University
Representative appointed by the Controller of Examinations in consultation with
the Chairman, BOS in Law shall be submitted to the University before the
commencement of the theory examinations

There shall be viva-voce examination on the above

components The Viva-voce Board consisting of (i) Principal of the College/the
teacher concerned (ii) University Representative appointed by the Controller of
Examinations in consultation with the Chairman, BOS in Law, and (iii) an
advocate with 10 years experience at the Bar shall evaluate the student in the Viva.
The proceedings of the viva-voce shall be recorded.

1. O.P. Tiwari : The Arbitration and Conciliation Act ,Allahabad Law Agency.
2. Johar's : Commentary on Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, Kamal Law
House.
3.Tripathi S.C.: Arbitration, Conciliation and ADR, Central Law Agency,
Allahabad.
4.Avatar Singh: Arbitration and Conciliation, Eastern Law Book House,
Lucknow.
5. P.C. Rao : Alternate Dispute Resolution , 2001 Edition, Universal Book
Traders, New Delhi.
6. S.D. Singh: Alternate Dispute Resolution, Universal Book Traders,
NewDelhi.
 PAPER-V

The written examination of this paper will be for 50 marks and the remaining 50
marks for record and viva voce. There shall be classroom instruction on the
following topics:

Development of Legal Profession in India — The Advocates Act, 1961 — Right

to Practice — a right or privilege? - Constitutional guarantee under Article 19(1) (g)
and its scope — Enrolment and Practice — Regulation governing enrolment and
practice — Practice of Law — Solicitors firm — Elements of Advocacy.

Seven lamps of advocacy— Advocate’s duties towards public, clients, court, and
other advocates and legal aid; Bar Council Code of Ethics.

Disciplinary proceedings — Professional misconduct — Disqualifications —

Functions of Bar Council of India/State Bar Councils in dealing with the
disciplinary proceedings —Disciplinary Committees -- Powers and functions -
Disqualification and removal from rolls.

Accountancy for Lawyers — Nature and functions of accounting — Important

branches of accounting — Accounting and Law – Bar Bench Relations.

: Each student shall write 50 selected opinions of the

Disciplinary Committees of Bar Councils and 10 major judgments of the Supreme
Court of India in the Record. The Record shall be evaluated for 30marks by the
teacher concerned. The Records of the students duly certified by the University
Representative appointed by the Controller of Examinations in consultation with
the Chairman, BOS in Law shall be submitted to the University before the
commencement of the theory examinations.
 There shall be viva-voce examination on the above
components The Viva-voce Board consisting of (i) Principal of the College/the
teacher concerned (ii) University Representative appointed by the Controller of
Examinations in consultation with the Chairman, BOS in Law, and (iii) an
advocate with 10 years experience at the Bar shall evaluate the student in the Viva.
The proceedings of the viva-voce shall be recorded.

(1) Sirohi: Professional Ethics, Central Law Publications, Allahabad.

(2) G.B.Reddy, Practical Advocacy of Law, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad
(3) Myneni S.R.: Professional Ethics, Accountancy for Lawyers and Bench-Bar
Relation, Asia Law House, Hyderabad.
(4) Gupta S.P.: Professional Ethics, Accountancy for Lawyers and Bench-
Bar Relation, Asia Law House, Hyderabad.
(5) Kailash Rai: Professional Ethics, Accountancy for Lawyers and Bench-Bar
Relation, Allahabad Law Agency.
(6) Selected Judgments on Professional Ethics (in 2 volumes), Bar Council of India
Trust, New Delhi.

****
 PAPER-I

Constitutional basis of power of taxation — Article 265 of Constitution of India -

Basic concept of Income Tax — Outlines of Income Tax Law - Definition of
Income and Agricultural Income under Income Tax Act — Residential Status -
Previous Year — Assessment Year — Computation of Income.

Heads of Income and Computation — Income from Salary, Income from House
Property. Profits and Gains of Business or Profession, Capital Gains and Income
from other sources.

Law and Procedure — P.A.N. — Filing of Returns — Payment of Advance Tax --

Deduction of Tax at Source (TDS) -- Double Tax Relief — Law and Procedure for
Assessment, Penalties, Prosecution, Appeals and Grievances -- Authorities.

Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017: Introduction – Background

- - Basic Concepts – salient features of the Act – Kinds of GST - CGST, SGST &
IGST – Administration officers under this Act – Levy and collection of tax –
scope of supply – Tax liability on composite and mixed supplies – Input tax credit
– Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit.

Registration – persons liable for registration – persons not liable

for registration – procedure for registration – returns – furnishing details of
outward and inward supplies – furnishing of returns – payment of tax, interest,
penalty and other amounts – tax deducted at source – collection of tax at source –
Demand and Recovery – Advance Ruling – Definitions for Advance Ruling –
Appeals and revision – Appeals to Appellate Authority – Powers of revisional
authority - Constitution of Appellate Tribunal and benches thereof – offences and
penalties.

1. Vinod K.Singhania: Student Guide to Income Tax, Taxman, Allied

Service Pvt. Limited.
2.Vinod K.Singhania: Direct Taxes Law & Practice, Taxman Allied Service
Pvt. Limited.
3. Myneni S.R.: Law of Taxation, Allahabad Law Series.
4. Kailash Rai: Taxation Laws, Allahabad Law Agency.
5. Gurish Ahuja: Systematic Approach to Income Tax, Bharat Law House Pvt
Ltd
6.V.S. Datey : GST Ready Recknor, Taxman Publications.
7. GST Acts with Rules & Forms (Bare Act) , Taxman Publications.
8. GST – A Practical Approach,Taxman Publications.
9. Sweta Jain, GST Law and Practice – A Section wise commentary on GST,
Taxmann Publications.
10. Shann V Patkar, GST Law Guide, Taxmann Publication.

PAPER-II:

:
Concept of Information Technology and Cyber Space- Interface of Technology
and Law - Jurisdiction in Cyber Space and Jurisdiction in traditional sense -
Internet Jurisdiction - Indian Context of Jurisdiction -Enforcement agencies -
International position of Internet Jurisdiction - Cases in Cyber Jurisdiction

:
- Aims and Objects — Overview of the Act
– Jurisdiction –Electronic Governance – Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
and Electronic Evidence -Digital Signature Certificates - Securing Electronic
records and secure digital signatures - Duties of Subscribers - Role of Certifying
Authorities - Regulators under the Act -The Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal
- Internet Service Providers and their Liability– Powers of Police under the Act –
Impact of the Act on other Laws .

:
- UNCITRAL Model - Legal aspects of E-Commerce - Digital
Signatures - Technical and Legal issues - E-Commerce, Trends and Prospects - E-
taxation, E-banking, online publishing and online credit card payment -
Employment Contracts - Contractor Agreements, Sales, Re-Seller and Distributor
Agreements, Non- Disclosure Agreements- Shrink Wrap Contract ,Source Code,
Escrow Agreements etc.

:
-
Software – Copyrights vs. Patents debate - Authorship and Assignment Issues -
Copyright in Internet - Multimedia and Copyright issues - Software Piracy –
Understanding Patents - European Position on Computer related
Patents - Legal position of U.S. on Computer related Patents - Indian Position on
Computer related Patents –Trademarks Trademarks in Internet - Domain name
registration - Domain Name Disputes & WIPO -Databases in Information
Technology - Protection of databases - Position in USA,EU and India

:
Meaning of Cyber Crimes –Different Kinds of Cyber crimes –
Cyber crimes under IPC, Cr.P.C and Indian Evidence Law - Cyber crimes under
the Information Technology Act, 2000 - Cyber crimes under International Law –
Hacking, Child Pornography, Cyber Stalking, Denial of service Attack, Virus
Dissemination, Software Piracy, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Crime, Credit Card
Fraud, Net Extortion, Phishing etc - Cyber Terrorism - Violation of Privacy on
Internet - Data Protection and Privacy.

1. Kamlesh N. & Murali D.Tiwari(Ed), IT and Indian Legal System, Macmillan

India Ltd, New Delhi
2. K.L.James, The Internet: A User’s Guide, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
3. Chris Reed, Internet Law-Text and Materials, Universal Law Publishing Co.,
New Delhi
4. Vakul Sharma, Hand book of Cyber Laws, Macmillan India Ltd, New Delhi
5. S.V.Joga Rao, Computer Contract & IT Laws (in 2 Volumes), Prolific Law
Publications, New Delhi
6. T.Ramappa, Legal Issues in Electronic Commerce, Macmillan India Ltd,
New Delhi
7. Indian Law Institute, Legal Dimensions of Cyber Space, New Delhi
8. Pankaj Jain & Sangeet Rai Pandey, Copyright and Trademark Laws relating
to Computers, Eastern Book Co, New Delhi
9. Farouq Ahmed, Cyber Law in India
10. S.V.Joga Rao, Law of Cyber Crimes and Information Technology Law,
Wadhwa & Co, Nagpur

PAPER-III

Historical background and status of women in ancient India — Constitutional

Provisions and gender justice — Provisions relating to women in fundamental
Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties etc. under the
Indian Constitution.

Laws relating to marriage, divorce, succession and maintenance under the relevant
personal laws with special emphasis on women — Special Marriage Act —
Maintenance of women under Cr. P.C, 1973 and other laws – NRI Marriages –
Live- in- relationships – Uniform Civil Code and gender justice

Special provisions relating to women under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 —
Offences against women under Indian Penal Code - outraging the modesty of
women - sexual harassment – rape – bigamy - mock and fraudulent marriages –
adultery - causing miscarriage - insulting women – Impact of the Criminal Law
amendment , 2013.

Socio-Legal position of women and the law — Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961,
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act — Law relating to misuse of Pre Natal
Diagnostic Techniques and Sex selection — Law relating to Immoral Trafficking -
Law relating to Domestic Violence – Law relating to Sexual Harassment at
workplace.

Position of women under The Maternity Benefit Act, Factories Act and other
Labour & Industrial Laws — Position of Women under International instruments
— Salient features of Convention for Elimination of all forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW) ; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
— International Covenant on Social, Cultural and Economic Rights.

1. S.P. Sathe: Towards Gender Justice.

2. Vijay Sharma: Protection to woman in Matrimonial home
3. Sarojini Saxena: Femijuris (Law relating to Women in India)
4. Archana Parsher: Women and Social Reform
5. Paras Diwan: Dowry and protection to married women
6. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the rights of women.
7. G.B.Reddy: Women and Law, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad.
Meaning and definition of Human Rights - Evolution of Human Rights - Human
Rights and Domestic Jurisdiction – classification of Human Rights – Third World
Perspectives of Human Rights.

Adoption of Human Rights by the UN Charter - U.N. Commission on Human

Rights – Universal Declaration of Human Rights - International Covenants on
Human Rights (Civil and Political; Economic, Social and Cultural).

:
Regional Conventions on Human Rights - European Convention on Human
Rights - American Convention on Human Rights - African Charter on Human
Rights(Banjul).

:
International Conventions on Human Rights - Genocide Convention, Convention
against Torture, CEDAW, Child Rights Convention, Convention on Statelessness,
Convention against Slavery, Convention on Refugees - International Conference
on Human Rights(1968) - World Conference on Human Rights(1993).

:
Human Rights Protection in India - Human Rights Commissions - Protection of
Human Rights Act - National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) - State Human
Rights Commissions - Human Right Courts in Districts.

1. P.R. Gandhi (ed): Blackstone’s International Human Rights Documents, Universal Law
Publishing Co. Delhi.
2. Richard B. Lillich and Frank C. Newman: International Human Rights - Problems of
Law and Policy, Little Brown and Company, Boston and Toronto.
3. Frederick Quinn: Human Rights and You, OSCE/ ODIHR, Warsaw, Poland
4. T.S. Batra: Human Rights – A Critique, Metropolitan Book Company Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
5. Dr.U. Chandra: Human Rights, Allahabad Law Agency Publications, Allahabad.
Administration of Company Law in relation to issue of prospectus and shares --
membership and share capital -- Kinds of shares -- public issue of shares --
procedure for issue of s hares -- allotment of shares – transfer and transmission of
shares.

Debentures - Kinds of Debentures and Charges – Dividend -- Inter-Corporate

Loans and Investments.

Basic features of the Security Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 — Recognition of

Stock Exchanges – Regulation of Contracts and option in securities — Listing of
securities -- Guidelines for listing of shares / debentures.

Basic features of the Security and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 — Basic
features of the Act — Establishment of SEBI -- Functions and Powers of SEBI --
Powers of the Central Government under the Act -- Guidelines for disclosure --
Investors Protection - SEBI Appellate Tribunal -- Appeals.

Non-Banking Financial Institutions - Classification and Law Relating to NFBCs -

Protection of Depositors Act – Foreign Exchange Management Act.

1. Avatar Singh: Company Law, Eastern Book Company.

2. Ramaiah, A Guide to Companies Act, Wadhwa Publications.
3. Navneet Jyothi and Rajesh Gupta, Practical Manual to Non Baking Financial
Companies, Taxman's Publications.
4. Ananta Raman: Lectures on Company Law, Wadhwa and Company.
5. Tandon M.P.: Company Law, Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad.
6. Kailash Rai: Company Law, Allahabad Law Agency.
7. Majumdar: Company Law, Taxman Publications.
8. A.P. Protection of Depositors Act, 1999, Asia Law House Publications.
 PAPER-IV

Class-room instruction and simulation exercises on the following items shall be

extended.

:
Drafting and documentation in civil, criminal and constitutional cases -
General Principles of Drafting and relevant Substantive Rules – Distinction
between pleadings and conveyancing

:
Civil—Plaint, Written
Statement, Memo - Interlocutory Application, Original Petition, Affidavit,
Execution Petition, Memorandum of Appeal and Revision.(ii) Petition under
Article 226 and 32 of the Constitution of India - Drafting of Writ Petition and PIL
Petition.(iii) Criminal— Complaint, Criminal Miscellaneous Petition, Bail
Application, Memorandum of Appeal and Revision.

:
Sale Deed, Mortgage Deed, Lease
Deed, Gift Deed, Promissory Note, Power of Attorney, Will and Trust Deed.

: Pleadings carrying a total of 45 marks (3 marks for each) and

15 (fifteen) exercises in Conveyancing carrying another 45 marks (3 marks for each
exercise) and remaining 10 marks for viva-voce. These 30 exercises shall be
recorded. Each student shall be served with different problems for the purpose of
exercise. These exercises shall be assessed and marks may be allotted. These
exercises shall be evaluated by a common committee consisting of (i) Principal of
the College/the concerned teacher (ii) University Representative appointed by the
Controller of Examinations in consultation with the Chairman, Board of Studies in
Law, O.U.; and (iii) an Advocate with 10 years experience at the Bar. The same
committee will also conduct viva-voce on the above concepts. The proceedings of
the viva-voce shall be recorded.

1. R.N. Chaturvedi : Pleadings and Conveyancing, Central Law Publications.

2. De Souza : Conveyancing, Eastern Law House.
3. Tiwari : Drafting, Pleading and Conveyancing, Central Law Agency.
4. Mogha: Indian Conveyancer, Eastern Law House.
5. Mogha: Law of Pleadings in India, Eastern Law House.
6. Shiv Gopal: Conveyancing, Precedents and Forms, Eastern Book Company
7. Narayana P.S.: Civil Pleadings and Practice, Asia Law House.
8. Narayana P.S.: Criminal Pleadings and Practice, Asia Law House.
9. Noshirvan H.Jhabvala: Drafting, Pleadings, Conveyancing & Professional
Ethics. Jamhadar & Companes.
10. R.D.Srivastava: The Law of Pleadings, drafting and Conveyancing, Central
Law Agency.

PAPER-V

This paper has three components of 30 marks each and viva-voce for 10 marks.

Every student is required to participate in at least

three moot courts in the VI Semester with 10 marks for each. The moot court
work will be on an assigned problem and it will be evaluated for 5 marks for
written submissions and 5 marks for oral advocacy. Marks will be given on the
basis of written submission and oral advocacy. Written submissions shall include
brief summary of facts, issues involved, provisions of laws and arguments, citation,
prayer, etc. Marks for oral advocacy may be awarded for communication skills,
presentations, language, provisions of law; authorities quoted, court manners, etc.
Written Memorials submitted by the students shall be kept by the College for
Further Verification.

The performance of student in the moot court shall be evaluated by a committee

consisting of (i) Principal of the College (ii) an Advocate with 10 years experience
at the Bar; and (iii) the teacher concerned.

Students are required to attend courts to observe at least one civil and one
criminal case. They shall maintain a record and enter the various steps observed
during their attendance on different days in the court assignment. The
Court Observation Record submitted by the students should be evaluated by a
committee consisting of (i) Principal of the College/the concerned teacher (ii)
University Representative appointed by the Controller of Examinations in
consultation with the Chairman, Board of Studies in Law, O.U.; and (iii) an
Advocate with 10 years experience at the Bar and average be taken. Court
attendance shall be compulsory and attendance has to be recorded in a register
kept therefore. This may be carried under the supervision of a teacher of the
college. This scheme will carry 30 marks.

Each student should observe two 'interview sessions' of

clients either in the Lawyer’s Office or in the Legal Aid Office and record the
proceedings in a diary, which will carry 15 marks. Each student has to further
observe the preparation of documents and court papers by the Advocate and the
procedure for the filing of the suit / petition.
This shall be
recorded in the diary which will carry 15 marks. The diary shall clearly indicate the
dates on which the above observations are made and they shall be authenticated by
the advocate concerned. Evaluation of the above diary shall be made by the
committee consisting of (i) Principal of the College/the concerned teacher (ii)
University Representative appointed by the Controller of Examinations in
consultation with the Chairman, Board of Studies in Law, O.U.; and (iii) an
Advocate with 10 years experience at the Bar and average be taken.

There shall be viva-voce examination on all the above

three components The viva-voce Board consisting of (i) Principal of the
College/the concerned teacher (ii) University Representative appointed by the
Controller of Examinations in consultation with the Chairman, BOS in Law; and
(iii)an advocate with 10 years experience at the Bar shall evaluate the student in the
Viva. The proceedings of the viva-voce shall be recorded.

1. Attendance of the students in all the four components of the paper shall be
compulsory.
2. The above records, diary certified by the University Representative appointed by
the Controller of Examinations in consultation with the Chairman, BOS in Law
shall be submitted to the University for Further Verification.

1. Dr. Kailash Rai: Moot Court Pre-Trial Preparation and Participation in

Trial Proceedings, Central Law Publication.
2. Amita Danda: Moot Court for Interactive Legal Education, Asia Law House,
Hyderabad.
3. Blackstone's: Books of Moots, Oxford University Press.
4. Mishra: Moot Court Pre-Trial Preparation and Participation in Trial
Proceedings, Central Law, Allahabad
5. G.B.Reddy, Practical Advocacy of Law, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad

****
 Faculty of Law, Osmania University
Scheme of the Syllabus of LL.B.(3-YDC)
I Year - I Semester II Year - III Semester III Year - V Semester
P-I: LAW OF CONTRACT–I P-I: JURISPRUDENCE P-I: CIVIL PROCEDURE
CODE AND LAW OF
LIMITATION
P-II: FAMILY LAW–I P-II: LAW OF PROPERTY P-II: CRIMINAL
(Hindu Law) PROCEDURE CODE, LAW
OF JUVENILE JUSTICE
AND PROBATION OF
OFFENDERS
P-III: CONSTITUTIONAL P-III: ADMINISTRATIVE P- III: LAW OF BANKING
LAW-I LAW AND NEGOTIABLE
INSTRUMENTS
P-IV: LAW OF TORTS P-IV: COMPANY LAW P-IV: ALTERNATE
INCLUDING M. DISPUTE RESOLUTION
V.ACCIDENTS
&CONSUMER PROTECTION
LAWS
P–V: ENVIRONMENTAL P-V: LABOUR LAW –I P-V: PROFESSIONAL
LAW ETHICS AND
PROFESSIONAL
ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
I Year - II Semester II Year - IV Semester III Year -V I Semester
P– I: LAW OF P-I: LABOUR LAW-II P-I: LAW OF TAXATION
CONTRACT–II
P– II: FAMILY LAW-II P-II: P-II: INFORMATION
(Muslim Law and Other PUBLICINTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY LAW
Personal Laws) LAW
P-III:CONSTITUTIONAL P-III: INTERPRETATION OF P-III: OPTIONAL
LAW-II STATUTES (A) LAW RELATING TO
WOMEN
(or)
(B) HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
(or)
(C) LAW OF INVESTMENTS
AND SECURITIES
P– IV: LAW OF CRIMES P-IV: LAND LAWS P-IV: DRAFTING,
PLEADINGS AND
CONVEYANCING
P-V: LAW OF EVIDENCE P-V: INTELLECTUAL P-V: MOOT COURTS,
PROPERTY LAW OBSERVATION OF TRIAL,
PRE-TRIAL
PREPARATIONS AND
INTERNSHIP
 [w.e.f.2017-2018]

LL.B. (3-YDC)

Duration of the Course: 03 Years

No.of Semesters: 06

Duration of each Semester: 15 weeks

No.of Periods per Week in each paper: 06

Distribution of Marks: Total 100 Marks

(Except for Practical subjects) (Internals – 20 Marks, End
Semester Examination-80 Marks)
 Annexure-II
FACULTY OF LAW
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS OF
LL.B.Honours (3-YDC)
(WITH EFFECT FROM ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-2018)

SEMESTER-I
PAPER-I:
LAW OF CONTRACT–I

Unit-I:
Definition and essentials of a valid Contract - Definition and essentials of a valid
Offer - Definition and essentials of valid Acceptance - Communication of Offer
and Acceptance - Revocation of Offer and Acceptance through various modes
including electronic medium - Consideration - salient features - Exception to
consideration - Doctrine of Privity of Contract - Exceptions to the privity of
contract - Standard form of Contract.
Unit-II:
Capacity of the parties - Effect of Minor's Agreement - Contracts with insane
persons and persons disqualified by law - Concepts of Free Consent - Coercion -
Undue influence - Misrepresentation - Fraud - Mistake - Lawful Object - Immoral
agreements and various heads of public policy - illegal agreements – Uncertain
agreements - Wagering agreements - Contingent contracts - Void and Voidable
contracts.
Unit-III:
Discharge of Contracts - By performance - Appropriation of payments -
Performance by joint promisors - Discharge by Novation - Remission - Accord and
Satisfaction - Discharge by impossibility of performance (Doctrine of Frustration)
- Discharge by Breach - Anticipatory Breach - Actual breach.
Unit-IV:
Quasi Contract - Necessaries supplied to a person who is incapable of entering into
a contract - Payment by an interested person - Liability to pay for non-gratuitous
acts - Rights of finder of lost goods – Things delivered by mistake or coercion -
Quantum merit - Remedies for breach of contract - Kinds of damages – liquidated
and unliquidated damages and penalty - Duty to mitigate.