7.13 Ti S m118 Piya

Majjhima Nikya 3 M 118 npna,sati Sutta
http://dharmafarer.org 136
npna,sati Sutta
The Discourse on the Mindfulness
of the In-and-out-breathing
(Majjhima Nikaya 118/3:77-88)
Translated and annotated by Piya Tan 2003

1 The sutta
1.1 BACKGROUND. In the Icch,nangala Sutta (S 54.11), breath meditation is declared to be a
noble dwelling, a divine dwelling, the Tathagatas dwelling,
1
because during the rains retreat, the Buddha
generally dwell in the concentration by mindfulness of breathing.
2
The chief text of the mindfulness of
in-and-out breathing (npna,sati) is of course the npna,sati Sutta (the discourse on the mindful-
ness of the in-and-out-breathing) found in the Majjhima Nikaya (M 118/3:77-88). There are also four brief
versions of the breath meditation (S 54.13-16) [1.2]. The Madhyama gama of the Sarvstivada does not
have any such sutta, but there is an isolated text in the Chinese Madhyama gama.
3

The Pali npana,sati Sutta is an exposition of the sixteen steps of breath meditation in four tetrads
[15-22] and the relationship of tetrads to the four focusses of mindfulness [23-28], the seven awa-
kening-factors [29-40] and spiritual liberation [41-43]. The sixteen steps are found as a separate set in
the Sarvstivada Madhyama and Samyukta.
4

The inspiring sutta prologue takes up about a quarter of the unabridged sutta. The Buddha has just
completed the three-month rains retreat with various prominent elder monks who have been exhorting and
instructing new monks (1-4). He then announces that he is staying on for another month, encouraging the
monks to put all the more effort in their training. [1-4]
On hearing of the Buddhas presence, the monks from the surrounding countryside flock to meet him
[5-7]. The Buddha declares that the spiritual community is filled with accomplished disciples [8-12)].
Even those who are not yet awakened are engaged in various spiritual exercises beginning with the focusses
of mindfulness [13-14]. This bulk of the sutta records the teaching given on the final night of the four-
month retreat.
The main theme of this sutta is the attainment of successive stages of excellence (ulram pubben-
param visesam), that is, the four stages of Sainthood. The Buddha begins by declaring that breath medita-
tion brings to perfection the four focusses of mindfulness, and finally singling it out for special mention.
[15]
1.2 RELATED SUTTAS. The npana,sati Sutta (M 118) should be studied with the npna Sa-
yutta (S 54),
5
the most important of which the (npna,sati) nanda Sutta 1 (S 54.13), the substance of
which is repeated in S 54.14-16, that is, four other versions of the mindfulness of breathing (npna,sati),
differing only in their respective settings:
(npna,sati) nanda Sutta 1 (S 54.13/5:328-333) nanda asks a question (at Savatth)
(npna,sati) nanda Sutta 2 (S 54.14/5:333-335) Unprompted, to nanda (at Savatth?)
(npna,sati) Bhikkh Sutta 1 (S 54.15/5:335 f) Monks ask a question (at Savatth?)
(npna,sati) Bhikkh Sutta 2 (S 54.16/5:336-340) Unprompted, to the monks (at Savatth?)

1
Ariya,vihra, brahma,vihra, Tathgata,vihra.
2
S 54.11/5:325 f.

3
Thich Minh Chau says that this is the Chih-ching (1991:347). These miscellaneous discourses, found add-
ended to the major collections, consist of alternative translations and sometimes texts not found in the major gamas.
Their doctrinal affiliations are usually unknown and they have been even less studied than the major collections.
(Sujato 2004:237 n359). See also Sujato 2004:145-147.

4
Rod Bucknell, in his Pali-Chinese Sutras Correspondences (2004) lists T97.1:919 and S 810 = T2.208 as
partial or doubtful cognates of the Pali version.
5
See Bodhis intro: S:B 1516 f.
Living Word of the Buddha SD vol 7 no 13 M 118 Mindfulness of the In-and-out-breathing

The two nanda Suttas differ only in nanda requesting the Buddha to teach him, Bhante, our teachings
are rooted in the Blessed One, guided by the Blessed One, has the Blessed One as refuge. It would be good
indeed if the Blessed One were to explain its meaning. Having heard the Blessed One, the monks would
remember it.
6
These suttas also share a pericope on the seven awakening-factors (satta bojjhanga).
7
The
two Bhikkhu Suttas, too, share a similar pattern, mutatis mutandis.
The Mah Rhulovda Sutta (M 62) closes with the section on npna,sati, and ends with the
remark that when mindfulness of in-and-out-breathing is cultivated and often developed in this manner,
even the last breath leaves with your knowledge, not without it. (M 62.30/1:426). That is to say, when a
dying person is mindful of his breath, he dies calmly with mindfulness and clear awareness. The Visudd-
hi,magga says: Herein there are three kinds of final breaths on account of cessation, that is to say, final in
becoming, final in absorption, final in death. For, among the various kinds of existence, in-breaths and
out-breaths occur only in the sense-sphere existence, not in the form-existence nor the formless existence.
(Vism 8.241/291 f)
8

The best known explanation on the traditional practice of breath meditation is given in the Visuddhi,-
magga (Vism 8.145-244). A good reference is anamolis Mindfulness of Breathing (3
rd
ed 1973). Thich
Nhat Hanh gives a contemporary popular free interpretation of breath meditation in Breathe! You Are Alive
(1988, 1990, 1996).
1.3 THE SEVEN SETS. The npana,sati Sutta opens with an extended list based on the seven sets
9

[13], and culminates in the breath meditation [14]. The seven sets are elaborated in the Mah Sakulu-
dy Sutta.
10
In the Psdika Sutta (D 29), the Buddha exhorts,

Cunda, all of you to whom I have taught these truths that I have directly known should gather to-
gether and recite them, comparing meaning with meaning, comparing text with text [comparing
spirit with spirit, letter with letter], without dissension [without quarrelling], so that this holy life
might endure and stand for a long time for the profit of the many, the happiness of the many, out of
compassion for the world, and for the benefit, profit and happiness of devas and humans.
(D 29.16-18/3:127 f)
In the Mah Parinibbna Sutta (D 16), the Buddha exhorts of these seven sets: You are to learn them
well, associate with them, cultivate them, develop them (D 16.3.50/ 2:120).
Various methods of meditation are then listed [14], but only the breath meditation is explained in full.
The Commentary explains the reason for this is that a large number of the monks take it as their meditation
practice (MA 4:139). It should also be added that the breath meditation is the key meditation in the
Buddhas own spiritual life. The first record we have of his meditation experience is breath meditation
when he is a child of 7, and on the night of his awakening, too, he uses the breath meditation (MA 2:291).
11

2 The breath
2.1 NPNA.
2.1.1 Vedic antecedents. The key word ancient Indian word for breath is pra, which means both
breath and life (that is, to live is to breathe). The word pra is a derivative noun, originally meaning the

6
Bhagavam,mlak no bhante dhamm, bhagavam nettik, bhagavam patisaran. Sdhu vata bhante bhagava-
ta-eva patibhtu etassa bhsitassa attho.Bhagavato sutv bhkikkh dhressant ti. This is stock (M 1:309 f, 317,
465, 3:115; S 2:80 f; S 36.6.6/4:207; A 1:199, 4:158, 351, 5:355).

7
npnasati S, M 3:85-87 = Sla S, S 5:67-70 = nanda S 1, S 331-333 = nanda S 2, S 334 f.

8
See Mah Rhulvda S (M 62.30/1:426) = SD 3.11 n.
9
The 7 sets are: the 4 satipatthanas (satipatthna) (SD 13), the 4 right efforts (padhna) (SD 10.2), the 4 bases of
power (iddhi,pda) (SD 10.3), the 5 faculties (indriya) (SD 10.4), the 5 spiritual powers (bala) (SD 10.5), the 7
awakening-factors (bojjhanga) (SD 10.1), and the noble eightfold path (atthangika ariya,magga) (SD 6.10). These 7
together form the 37 limbs of awakening (bodhi,pakkhiya,dhamm).
10
M 77.15-21/11 f = SD 6.18.
11
See eg Mah Saccaka S (M 36.17.31-44/1:242-249) = SD 1.12.
breath in front, that is, the inhaled air, and is combined with its opposite, apna, the breath down or
away, that is, the exhaled air, to refer to respiration. Zysk gives this helpful point regarding the ancient
Indian conception of the breath:

Observation of the vital function of these complementary aspects of respiration, combined with
intuitions about the function of wind after it entered the body, eventually led Indians to concep-
tualize and codify the bodily winds and their operations in the human organism. Pra assumed the
character of vital breath, inhaled air in the process of respiration, and was the principal wind in the
upper part of the body, on which all other breaths depended. Apna was the exhaled air, and the
essential wind in the lower part of the body.
Ancient Indians identified organs resembling lungs (pupphusa, kloman) as part of human and
animal anatomy, but they never understood their function in respiration. They conceived the lungs
to be the locus of phlegm, and usually the heart to be the seat of vital breath. Respiration was simply
the intake and expulsion of vital air from the body. Once in the body, it was carried throughout the
organism by a series of vessels and stimulated the vital functions of the various bodily organs and
parts. Each bodily function or locus of bodily functions had a wind or breath that acted as its mo-
tivator, giving rise to innumerable vital breaths, which eventually became codified into five basic
bodily winds: pra, apna, vyna, udna and samna. (Zysk 1993:198)

While these terms began as metaphysical speculation in the early Upaniads, they have always been a
clear, integral and effective methodology of early Buddhist meditation practice. The terms as such are not
found in Buddhism, but what the Upaniads speculated on, the early Buddhist experienced directly and,
more importantly, make it available, not just to the select few, but to all who would learn.
The first term, pra (P pa), is the most common of the five winds, and is a general term for the
breath and for life (that which breathes) itself.
12
Although the Vedic system generally defines pra as the
in-breath, the Pali term here is usually na (with the verb assasati, he breathes in).
13
The term apna
came to mean down-going winds (adho,gam vt), the breath that moves down from the navel, con-
trolling evacuation and flatus (the breaking of wind). Vyna refers to the interval between inhalation and
exhalation, that is, when we are very relaxed, or on a deeper meditation level.
14
The Upanishadic tradition
generally defines samna as the breath in the abdomen (abdominal breathing) and associates it with the
digestion of food and nourishment of the body.
15
However, as we shall see from the Mah Rhulovda
Sutta (M 62) below, the early Buddhists are aware of both abdominal breathing (kucchisay vt) and
thoracic breathing (kohasay vt).
16

Now let us look at the early Buddhist definition of the wind element and the purpose of reflecting on it,
as given in the Mah Rhulovda Sutta (M 62):

12
The g,veda and Sma,veda define pra as being threefold: (1) it indicates and motivates life (V 1.48.10,
66.1, 101.5, 3.53.21, 10.121.3); (2) it represents the atmospheric air (vta) or wind (vyu) inside man; and (3) it is
connected with respiration (V 10.189.1 f; SV 2.726 f). The Buddha however defines pa as (1) the breath; (2) life;
and (3) a living being. As evident from Mah Rhulovda S (M 62) below, atmospheric wind or air is simply called
vta, whether internal or external. Cf connection of human breath and atmospheric wind in the Purua hymn (V
10.90.13). See also Zysk 1993:199-201.
13
Although this distinction is not prominent in the Suttas, their Commentaries and the Upaniads foll the same
defs: see 2.1.2.
14
Cf Chndogya Upaniad: yad vai priti sa pra | yad apniti so pna | atha ya prpnayo sadhi
sa vyna | yo vyna s vk | tasmd aprann anapnan vcam abhivyharati || the pra is the out-breath, the
apna is the in-breath. The vyna is where the pra and the apna meet. This vyna is speech. Therefore, when one
speaks, one stops the pra and the apna (ChU 1.3.3). In ancient Indian medicine, vyna is said to be responsible
for blood circulation.
15
See eg Maitr Upaniad 2.6 & Zysk 1993:205 f. This aspect of the five winds is close to agam-agnusrino
vt (M 62.11 below). Its prominence in our times is found as the Vipassana meditation method of watching the rise
and fall of the belly (two-fingers breath above the navel), as taught by Mahasi Sayadaw.
16
See also Bodewitz 1986:334-336. For a summary, see Olivelle 1996:l-li.


Rahula, what is the wind element [motion]?
17

The wind element may be either internal or external. And what, Rahula, is the internal wind
element?
Rahula, whatever that is wind [airy], wind-like and clung to internally and individually [be-
longing to oneself], namely,
18

uddhagam vt up-going winds,
adhogam vt down-going winds,
kucchisay vt winds in the belly [abdominal breathing],
kohasay vt winds in the chest [thoracic breathing],
19

agam-agnusrino vt winds that course through the limbs,
20

assso passso in-breath and out-breath,
or whatever else that is wind, wind-like and clung to internally and individually [belonging to
oneself]this, Rahula, is called internal wind element.
Now both the internal wind element and the external wind element are simply wind element.
And that should be seen as it really is with right wisdom thus:
This is not mine, this I am not, this is not my self.
When one sees it thus as it really is with right wisdom, one is revulsed by the wind element and
the mind becomes dispassionate towards the wind element. (M 62.11/1:422 f) = SD 3.11

2.1.2 Buddhist definitions. The term npna (with variant readings: npna, pna, pna)
means inhaled and exhaled breath, inhalation and exhalation, inspiration and expiration, respiration,
breathing (CPD). The dvandva is resolved as na + apna.
21
The verbs are assasati and passasati, re-
spectively, and the Sutta instructs the meditator to first direct himself to assasati (he breathes in), and
then to passasati (he breathes out). However, there are divergent opinions here.
22

The Visuddhi,magga says that the Vinaya Commentary takes asssa (ie na, Skt prna) as the out-
breath, and passsa (or apna), the in-breath.
23
The Suttanta Commentaries (like the Upaniad tradition)
[2.1.1], however, take them as the reverse. Buddhaghosa (the Vism author) himself notes that when a baby
leaves its mothers womb, the air is first expelled from within and then air enters with a fine dust, strikes the
palate and is extinguished (with the babys sneezing) (Vism 7.164/271 f).
This divergence is also found in the Mahyna. The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit and Tibetan texts
generally seem to take svsa or ucchvsa (Tib dbugs brnubs) as in-breath, and prasvsa (Tib dbugs

17
Wind, vyo, or air element, ie, motion, in Abhidhamma, said to be strengthening or supporting (vit-
thambhana,lakkhana). On how winds cause pains, see Dhnajni S (M 97.28-29/2:193) = SD 4.9.
18
According to Visuddhi,magga, winds are responsible for the various internal motions of the body, namely,
up-going winds (uddhan,gam vt) for vomiting and belching, down-going winds (adho,gam vt) for the
expelling of faeces and urine (Vism 350). Wind here clearly refers to elemental motion, not to the object moved.
19
Koha means the stomach or abdomen (PED); and, kucchi is stomach. As such, here I take kohasay to be
cognate with or related to Skt kohya (mfn), meaning proceeding from the chest, emitted (as a sound) from the centre
of the lungs (SED), which makes clear sense here.
20
Winds that course through the limbs, angam-angnusrino vt. In ref to this, Peter Harvey says, Note that
the motion/air element might be related to the modern concept of electrical discharges of the nerves In that case,
the mind would move the body by effecting the electrical modulation of nerve discharges. (1993:7 digital ed). In
contemporary terms, these winds clearly refer to the oxyhaemoglobin, ie, the oxygen in the blood, coursing through
the body. Clearly, this is the samna as def in Maitr Upaniad, where it is said to be the wind that conducts into apna
(the downward passing wind) the coarse element of food and distributes in each limb the most subtle element of food
(MU 2.6).

21
Cf Skt prnpna, ie prna + apna.
22
For a detailed study, see Analayo 2005 at M 1:425n.
23
Assso ti bahi nikkhamana,vto. Passso ti anto pavisana,vto. Suttantahakathsu pana uppaipiy
gata, asssam means out-going wind; passsa means in-coming wind. But in the Sutta Commentaries, it is the
reverse (VA 2:408).
phyun) as out-breath.
24
The Ekttaragama, however, refers first to the out-breath () and then the
in-breath () (E17.1 = T2.582a15).
TW Rhys Davids (PED: 92 under + pa)
25
says that both terms [assasati and passasati] are seman-
tically alike; but in exegesis however they have been differentiated in a way which looks like a distortion of
the original meaning, viz assasati is taken as breathing out, passati as breathing in. Among the
modern dictionaries, Childers (1875, DPL 61), Trenckner et al (1924, CPD 523), and Cone (2001, DP 268)
take assasati as he breathes in. The Sanskrit dictionariesBthlingk (Sanskrit Wrterbuch, 1855-75,
4:173), Mylius (Wrterbuch Sanskrit-Deutsch, 1992:250) and Monier-Williams (1899: 696)
26
too, take
assasati (Skt svasati, svasiti) as he breathes out, and passasati (Skt prasvasiti) as he breathes in.
Edgerton, in his entries on svsa-prasvsa, remarks that whatever may have been the meaning of the
two terms, it seems clear that the [compound] (like npna) was commonly used in the sense of breath,
collectively and as a whole,
27
which Analayo notes, is

a reasonable suggestion and certainly sufficient from a practical perspective, since whether the
breath goes first in or out, the task of mindfulness remains the same. (2005:3 at M 1:425n)

2.2 BREATH MEDITATION AND SATIPATTHANA. In the Satipa((hna Suttas,
28
breath meditation
(npna,sati) is presented as an aspect of the first satipatthana (kye kynupass). The breath meditation
is abruptly broken off, as it were, at the end of the first tetrad. In fact, here, the breath meditation is used as
a launching pad in meditation of the body, and for the rest of the satipatthanas. The key practice of sati-
patthana (as has been discussed elsewhere), is the reflection of impermanence.
29

However, in npna Samyutta,
30
breath meditation is generally presented as in the npanasati
Sutta, which gives emphasis on all four satipatthanas and the awakening-factors (bojjhanga).
31
In fact, the
npana,sati Sutta begins as a vehicle for the first satipatthana and ends up as a vehicle for all four:

Thus by starting with the watching of the breath as body the bhikkhu naturally progresses to the
watching of feeling, mind and dhammas through the medium of the breath. Finally this brings to
fulfillment not only the four satipatthnas, but also the seven factors of awakening, and knowledge
and freedom (vijj-vimutti). (Gethin 2001:57; cf 58 f)

In other words, and it is most important to note this, like the satipatthana practice, the breath meditation is
complete in itself, or in the words of Gethin:

in the npanasati-sutta watching the breathing is not a preliminary of the satipatthnas, it act-
ually is the satipatthnas. One must ask why npna-sati is singled out for treatment in this way.
One reason might be because it is taken as the normative (not original or only) basis on which
to abandon the five nvaranas [mental hindrances], establish the satipatthnas and develop the
bojjhangas. In many ways, then, the npanasati-sutta is simply an expanded and full illustration
of just how the Buddhist path consists in the abandoning of the nvaranas, establishing the sati-
patthnas, and developing the bojjhangas [awakening-factors].
(Gethin 2001:59; emphases added)

24
For refs, see Edgerton, BHSD:110 under svsa-prasvsa.

25
Online ed: http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/

26
Online edition: http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/mwd_search.html.

27
BHSD 1953:110 under svsa-prasvsa.
28
Mah Satipa((hna S (D 22/2:290-325) = SD 13.2; Satipa((hna S (M 10/1:55-63) = SD 13.3. See Gethin
2001: 56 f, 282 f.
29
See An Introduction to the Satipa((hna Suttas = SD 12.1(3.8).
30
S 54/5:311-341.
31
Bojjhanga, see 30-40.

2.3 WHAT IS THE BREATH IN MEDITATION? Writing from an experiential viewpoint of a practising
meditator of the forest tradition, Sujato gives us an instructive explanation of the nature of the breath:

What exactly is the breath? There is a certain experience at the beginning of each breath, a
different experience in the middle, and yet another at the end. These experiences are simply
awareness of the air element; but it is perception that marks them off as the breath. Only the
physical impact of the air on the nerve endings is registered by body consciousness. That body
consciousness reports to mind consciousness, which performs the more sophisticated cognitive
tasks such as recognition, interpretation, and so on.
The function of vitakka to initiate thoughts and vicra to sustain chains of thoughts is trans-
formed by applying them not to perceptions of verbal constructs but to perceptions of the breath,
actively directing the mind away from the diversity of sense experience onto the breath. Doing so
over and over, the common features of the breaths become apparent. By combining the shared
features of the breaths recognized by perception and by ignoring irrelevant data, the mind forms a
stable and coherent concept or mental image of the breath.
As contemplation deepens, the physical breath becomes very fine, so that its impact, originally
overpowering, fades and the settling mind gains more appreciation of the subtle mind conscious-
ness. Here, the meditator is going beyond the first four steps of mindfulness of breathing which fall
within body contemplation. A numinous rapture arises; the mind floats up like a balloon relieved of
its ballast as the heavy burden of the body is disappearing. The subtle reflection of the mind in the
breath is now almost the sole object in awareness.
This refined concept, because of ignoring fluctuations in detail, has an enduring quality which
outlives the changing physical phenomena it is derived from, in just the same way than the concept
of self has an enduring quality which outlives the body.
32
It normally appears to the meditator as a
brilliant light of awesome power, yet exquisite refinement. As the fluctuations in consciousness
even out, change fades away.
One need no longer rely on memories of past experiences to interpret the present moment. The
contrast on which time depends is not evident, and past and future disappear in the seamless flow of
the present: one-pointedness in time. The contents of experience become so rarified that signs and
summaries are rendered superfluous. A deeper mode of knowing emerges.
(Sujato, A Swift Pair of Messengers, 2001:77)
2.4 PARIMUKHA.
2.4.1 ABHIDHAMMA INTERPRETATION. Unlike in Hatha Yoga, in breath meditation the breath is not
deliberately regulated, but a sustained effort is made to fix ones awareness on the breath as it moves in and
out in its natural rhythm. Those who follow the Abhidhamma and Commentarial traditions, teach that
mindfulness should be focussed at the nostril or the upper lip, wherever the contact of the breath is felt most
distinctly. This tradition is mainly based on the Pa(isambhid,magga and Vibhanga interpretation of
parimukham as being at the tip of the nose or at the centre of the upper lip.
33
Parimukha literally means
around the entrance, here always used idiomatically and as an adverb, meaning in front. This is the
interpretation followed by U Thittila,
34
Maurice Walshe,
35
Soma Thera,
36
and namoli & Bodhi.
37

In this connection, the Tiantai
38
master, Zhy (538-597), in his Tngmng zhgun
(Samatha and Vipasyan for Beginners), gives this advice for dealing with two kinds of distractions:

32
This does not, however, imply that concepts are not classified as conditioned and impermanent, as some sug-
gest. See S 15.2/2:179.

33
Pm 1:171,19; Vbh 537/252,13. For further discussion, see above Intro (2), & Satipa((hna Ss (D 22; M 10) =
SD 13 Intro (3.9d).

34
Vbh:T 319, 328.

35
D:W 1995:335.

36
1998:42 f digital ed.

37
M:B 2001:527.
38
Tinti .

What is a sinking mind? If during the meditation the mind is dull, confused or unrecordable,
while the head drops, this shows a sinking mind. In such a case, it should be fixed on the tip of the
nose to nail it there and to prevent it from wandering elsewhere. This is the way to regulate a
sinking mind.
What is a floating mind? If during the meditation, it drifts about and is uneasy, while thoughts
follow externals, this shows a floating mind. In such a case, it should be pushed down and fixed on
the navel to prevent thoughts from rising; thus the mind will be stabilized and will be easily quieted.
Therefore, the absence of the sinking or floating state shows a regulated mind.
(Zhy, Tngmn Zhgun in Lu Kuan Y, 1964:126;
39
emphases added)
40

2.4.2 MODERN INTERPRETATIONS. The most modern innovation here is that of watching the rise
and fall of the abdomen introduced by Mingun Jetavana Sayadaw of Myanmar, but made famous by his
pupil, Mahasi Sayadaw in the mid-20
th
century.
41
To avoid contradicting the Sutta and Commentaries, the
Mahasi tradition has always taken care to present their main meditation practice as a contemplation of the
wind element (vyo)that is, one of four primary elements used in meditationnot as a form of breath
meditation.
42
But as we have already noted [2.4.1], this method, at least its location around the navel, has
been taught some 1500 years ago by Zhiyi in China.
Around the same time as Mahasi Sayadaw, too, although less well known, we have Lee Dhamma-
dharos method where the resting spots of the breath on which one could centre ones attention are given
as the tip of the nose, the middle of the head, the palate, the base of the throat, the breastbone (the tip of the
sternum) and the navel (or a point just above it).
43
Mah Boowa,
44
too, teaches a very similar method.
45

However, Nyanadhammo (of the Cittaviveka Forest Order) notes that:

Often people are told when meditating to watch the breath at the tip of the nose, but actually
many people find this is a distraction. If you look at the suttas, the Buddha never tells us to watch
the breath in a physical place. He says to know that you are breathing in and to know that you are
breathing our. The important thing is to note it in time. So: Am I breathing in at this time, or am I
breathing out at this time? (Ajahn Nyanadhammo, The Spiritual Faculties, 1999:3)

Ajahn Brahmavamso (a monk of the forest tradition) similarly teaches that one should not locate the
breath anywhere on the body, but simply note whether one can notice the breath or not (1999:19). This
instruction is also found in the Chinese version of the Mah Rhulovda (M 62) instructs the meditator to
be aware if the breath is present or if it is not present:

39
Also called Xix zhgun zuchn fyo = Xiozhgun , T1915 = T46.462-474.
See Lu Kuan Y 1969: 126 & Zhy 1997. For Chin text: http://www.ucchusma.idv.tw/chanzong/small.htm.
40
For more details, see Uddhacca,kukkucca = SD 32.7 (2.2.4).

41
[T]he mind should be attentively riveted on the abdomen. It will then be noticed that the abdomen is rising and
falling and that these movements take place in continual succession. Mahasi Sayadaw, The Purpose of Practising
Kammatthna Meditation, Rangoon: Buddha Sasana Nuggaha Organization, 1980:27 f. For criticisms of the Mahasi
method, see GD Bond 1988: & LS Cousins 1996:42.

42
Despite this, the Mahasi tradition has been severely criticized for observing the movement of the breath at the
abdomen (Kassapa, Meditationright and wrong, Maha Bodhi, Calcutta, 74,11-2 1966:2420245, see p242). How-
ever, it is important to distinguish here between academic criticism and practical efficacy since it is well known that
meditation masters and methods never rely on merely one practice but are as a rule applied with a host of other helping
practices and techniques. The question is not which method is right or wrong, but whether one has tried it or not, that
is, whether is promotes mindfulness (meditates) or not.

43
Ajaan Lee Dhammadharo, Keeping the Breath in Mind & Lessons in Samdhi, tr Thanissaro Bhikkhu, 1983: 26;
Frames of Reference, tr Thanissaro Bhikkhu, 1987:16.

44
Wat Pah Bahn Taad, Udorn Thani province, Thailand.

45
Ajahn Maha Boowa, Wisdom Develops Samdhi, Bangkok: Pow Bhavana Foundation, 1983:14-16.

at the time when there is breath, he is aware it is there; at a time when there is no breath, he is aware
it is not there.
, (E 17.1 = T2.582a19)
46

2.4.3 THE SATIPATTHNA SUTTA. Anlayo,
47
in his comprehensive and conciliatory survey of Sa-
tipatthna: The direct path to realization (2003),
48
gives insightful comments on the term parimukha,
which should be carefully studied.
49
A few salient points should be noted here. In breath meditation, pa-
rimukha, usually translated as in front or before (oneself), may be taken literally as around the
mouth, referring to the nostril or upper area. However, such an interpretation is not applicable when the
term is used, for example, in relation to overcoming the mental hindrances (nvaran) (M 3:49; M 1:274; A
4:437) or in cultivating the divine abodes (brahma,vihra) (A 1:183).

Other occurrences of the expression establishing mindfulness in front [parimukha] occur in the
context of forming the determination not to change ones posture until realization is gained (as at M
1:219), in relation to developing a mind set on the welfare of both oneself and others (at M 2:139),
when directing the mind to the reflective understanding that the defilements have been eradicated
from ones mind (at A 1:184), or as a part of the description of a monk well versed in meditation (at
A 3:320). It may also be worth while to point out that the qualification in front appears to be more
than simply part of a stereotype formula, since in several passages in the Udna it is missing from
otherwise identical description of meditators sitting down cross-legged. (U 21, 42, 43, 46, 60, 71,
77) (Analayo 2003:128 n47; references normalized)

As such, only in the context of breath meditation, parimukha may be interpreted literally as in the nostril
area or upper lip.
50
However, such a literal interpretation would not make sense elsewhere (in overcoming
the mental hindrances or cultivation of the divine abodes) where no watching of the breath is involved.

Therefore, although to understand in front to indicate the nostril area makes sense in relation to
mindfulness of breathing, alternative ways of practice, based on a more figurative understanding of
the term, cannot be categorically excluded. In fact, several modern teachers have developed suc-
cessful approaches to mindfulness of breathing independent of the nostril area. Some, for example,
advise their pupils to experience the breath in the chest area, others suggest observing the air
element at the abdomen, while still others recommend directing awareness to the act of breathing
itself, without focusing on any specific location. (Analayo 2003:129)

Ajahn Sujato, in A History of Mindfulness, gives a helpful comparative study of the term parimukha:

In the gradual training, sati and upatthna occur together in the common idiom parimukham
satim upa((hpeti. Here the term parimukha is one of those simple words that is so hard to interpret.
It literally means around the mouth. It is interpreted by the Vibhanga as at the nose tip, while
modern renderings usually use something vague like in front. However, the phrase frequently
occurs in contexts outside of npnasati, making the interpretation at the nose-tip, or any literal
spatial interpretation, unlikely.

46
See Mah Rhulovda S (M 26) = SD 3.11 Intro (2).

47
Dharma scholar and German smanera ordained in Sri Lanka.

48
Analayo also quotes sources outside the Pali tradition in a useful comparative manner, and this probably marks
the beginning of an auspicious development within contemporary Buddhist studies by practicing Buddhists. Sujato of
the Santi Forest Monastery at Bundanoon, New South Wales, Australia, is enthusiastic about such an approach, too.
As is this author.

49
Analayo 2003:128 f.

50
As at Pm 3.170/2:171; Vimm:ESK 160; Vism 8.161/271.
The Sanskrit has a different reading, pratimukha.
51
This has many meanings, among which are
reflection and presence. Both of these would be appropriate in meditative context. But the
word usually, as here, occurs in close conjunction with upatthna, which also means presence. I
think it is likely that here we have another example of that common feature of Pali or Sanskrit, a
conjunction of synonyms for emphasis: literally, one makes present a presence of mind, or more
happily, one establishes presence of mindfulness. (2004:109)

2.5 THE BREATH SIGN. In his instructive article, The mystery of the breath nimitta (2000), Soa
Bhikkhu
52
refers to three important texts: the Patisambhida,magga, the Vimutti,magga and the Visuddhi,-
magga. The Pa(sambhid,magga is a book in the Khuddaka Nikaya; the Vimutti,magga is an ancient
treatise by Upatissa (the original Pali is lost; only the Chinese translation is extant); and the Visuddhi,-
magga is by Buddhaghosa. All three texts, Sona Bhikkhu points out, agree in regarding the breath in me-
ditation should be watched either at the nose or lip
53
(2000:7).
The reason for this interpretation is the fact that mukha literally means entrance, mouth. As such, if
one breathes through the nose, one should watch the breath contact at the nose. If one breathes through the
mouth, one should watch it at the lip, which is especially helpful when one has a cold: one could then
breathe through the mouth and watch the breath contact at the lip.
54
Sona Bhikkhu concludes his instruc-
tions with this important remark on breath meditation:

Some modern teachers have suggested that it doesnt matter where the breath contact is located,
probably in response to the phrase which occurs later on in the sutta: Experiencing the whole body,
he breathes in..., etc. And since the whole body of the breath is not explicitly stated, they feel there
is room for interpretation. But the breath as a whole body is explicitly mentioned in the napana-
sati Sutta, though not in the Satipatthana Sutta[, but] the phrase means the same: I say, bhikshus,
that of bodies this is one, that is to say breathing-in and breathing-out ([M 3:83 = M:H 3:125]; the
footnote states that ...breathing is a body because it is included in the field of touch).
As well there is an explicit location of the entrance in the sutta, which the three commentaries
agree on, whatever the later confusion may have been. It also overlooks the simile which imme-
diately follows the explicit location, ie, As a turner or his apprentice, while making a long turn,
knows that he is making a long turn, or in making a short turn, knows that he is making a
short turn, so too a monk, in breathing in a long breath, knows that he breathes in a long breath, in
breathing a short breath, knows that he breathes in a short breath...and so trains himself, thinking: I
will breathe out, calming the whole body formation. [D 22.2d/2:291]
The Buddha includes this apparently redundant simile for one reason. Similes, like pictures, are
worth a thousand words and usually survive the butcheries of translation. This is the Buddha's
failsafe mechanism to show that as a lathe worker fixes his attention one-pointedly with his chisel
on a single spot while the wooden spindle is in ceaseless motion, the meditator does likewise at the
entrance spot while the breath continuously flows past. Basically all the commentaries have
managed to preserve this notion in the simile of the saw, but unfortunately the mouth as location
is overlooked by the time of the Visuddhimagga.
All of this does not mean that there is only one way to attain serenity using the breath. If some-
one has developed a technique that issues in jhana and which does not follow the explicit instruct-
ions that is fine too. Whatever works. (Sona Bhikkhu, 2000:7; slightly edited)

51
Eg Skt Mah Parinirva Stra 27.16; Skt Catuypariyat Stra 6.1; Skt Srmayaphala Stra 63. BHSD,
however, has neither pratimukha nor parimukha.

52
Thai forest monastic tradition: Birkenhead Forest Monastery, British Columbia, Canada.

53
Pm 3.170/2:171; Vimm:ESK 160; Vism 8.161/271.

54
Or, in the Burmese method, one could watch the rise and fall of the belly at a point two fingers-breadth above
the navel. On Zhiyis method, see (2a) above.

3 Mental noting
Of the 16 steps of the breath meditation, only the steps 1-4 are noted by pajnti (he understands, or
knows); the rest (5-16) have the verb sikkhati (he trains), I will breathe inout, (assasissmipassa-
sissmi) in the future tense. This clearly shows that steps 1-4 are a passive non-judgemental noting, while
the rest are deliberate efforts. However, this interpretation applies only for the beginners or in the incipient
stages of ones practice.
Ajahn Sujato, in his comments on the observing of the mind (cittnupassan), how it deals basically
with the abandoning of the mental hindrances, and its significance:

The overall context, the progressive structure of the [Satipatthana] discourse, and the inclusion
of the mind compressed [contracted] (by sloth) and scattered [distracted] (by restlessness) all
suggest that here we are basically dealing with the abandoning of the hindrances on the plane of
samadhi, an interpretation confirmed by the commentary. Here again, as in the contemplation of
feelings, a distinctive facet of all the satipatthana material is the direct experience of the exalted
mind, the unexcelled [unsurpassable] mind, the mind in samadhi, the released [liberated]
mindall synonyms for jhana.
These two sections share a common syntactical structure. For example: When feeling a plea-
sant feeling, one understands I feel a pleasant feeling. Or in the contemplation of mind: One
understands mind with lust as mind with lust.
This reflexive structure is shared also with npnasati: When breathing in a long breath, one
understands I am breathing in a long breath. The phrasing in quotation marks (representing the
Pali particle iti) was perhaps what prompted some schools to equate satipatthana meditation with
mental noting. But this would be a naively literal interpretation.
Similar usages are found, for example, in the standard passage on the formless attainments.
Due to the idiomaticness of the Pali, this is difficult to translate; literally it would be: Space is
infinite, one enters & abides in the field of infinite space. Usually translators would say some-
thing like: Aware that Space is infinite, one enters & abides in the field of infinite space. Ob-
viously here the meditator has passed well beyond thinking or noting anything. The use of iti with
repetitions in such contexts seems rather to intimate the reflexive, seeking within nature of
meditative contemplation. One is not merely knowing the feeling, but one is conscious that one is
knowing the feeling. (2004:149 f)

4 Stages of practice according to the npna,sati Sutta
4.1 SUMMARY OF PRACTICE STAGES. The teaching section of the npna,sati Sutta is very simply
but well structured, beginning with the Preamble [15-16], which serves as a syllabus of the whole
practice from the very beginning to spiritual liberation itself. The teaching is laid out in four stages:
I. The basic breath meditation 15-23
II. The breath meditation as satipatthana 24-28
III. Applying satipatthana to the awakening factors 29-41
IV. The attainment of true knowledge and liberation 42-44
Part I opens with the practical instructions for the beginner, where the Buddha mentions the ideal
places for meditation, the best posture and the essence of the breath meditation [17]. Then follow the
sixteen stages of the breath meditation for the beginner [18-22], that is, the mundane practice of the
worldly practitioner. In the footnotes, the various dhyanas mentioned are the mundane dhyanas (lokiya
jhna), that is, they are not very strong but nevertheless help one with the energy to further fine-tune ones
keeping of the moral precepts, and in due course lead one to the satipatthana level of practice.
It should be noted here that even if one does not attain dhyana at this point, ones practice is still
beneficial by way of the perception of impermanence.
55
One who constantly practises in this way is assured
on stream-winning in this life itself.

55
See any of the 10 suttas of Okkanti Samyutta (S 25): eg (Anicca) Cakkhu S (S 25.1/3:225) = SD 16.7.
Part II deals with the breath meditation in terms perfecting the four satipatthanas [23], that is, when
one has some experience of dhyana, one is then truly ready for the working on the focusses of mindfulness
(satipatthna) [24-27]. At this point, the npna,sati Sutta states that dhyana forms the basis of the
satipatthana (at least here). For at the end of the passage on observing the body (kynupassan) in this
section, it is stated that it is done by removing covetousness and displeasure for the world, that is, by
overcoming the mental hindrances; hence, attaining dhyana.
At this stage, the in-and-out-breathing is a certain body amongst the bodies, meaning that the body
(manifested as the breath)
56
is seen as it really is in terms of the four elements, as conscious matter
57
[24].
Similarly, the Buddha declares that full attention to the in-and-out-breathing is a certain feeling amongst
the feelings, meaning that ones undivided attention to the true nature of feeling, too, can bring one to
dhyana
58
[25]. In due course, too, he truly knows the nature of the mind [26], and then he closely looks
on with equanimity, alluding to the fourth dhyana [27]. That is, emerging from the fourth dhyana, he truly
experiences the mind directly as it really is.
Having mastered the dhyanas, the meditator is ready to go on to Part III of the breath meditation, to
perfect the seven awakening-factors [29-41]. Each of the four satipatthanas is now applied in terms of the
seven awakening-factors. Then, in Part IV, the awakening-factors, cultivated by way of the viveka,nissita
formula, bring about the spiritual liberation [41-43].
4.2 BRAHMAVAMSOS COMMENTARY. The January 2002 (vol 3 no 1) edition of the Dhamma Journal
of the Buddhist Society of Western Australia has Brahmavamsos very important, useful and readable
commentary on the npna,sati Sutta from the practitioners viewpoint. This Sutta translation should be
studied alongside his commentary, together with the practice of breath meditation. In his article, Brahma-
vamso gives a very helpful table (2002:56) summarizing the 16 steps of breath meditation as presented in
this sutta (to which the paragraph references and headings have been added). Here we see the operation of
Part III, that is, how the breath meditation forms the basis of satipatthana for the perfection of the seven
awakening-factors:

56
See eg Dhtu,vibhanga S (M 140.17/3:241) = SD 4.17.
57
See Rpa = SD 17.2a(9).
58
See eg Da((habba S (S 36.5/4:207) = SD 17.3(5).


5 Pti and sukha
In this sutta translation, for the sake of consistency with Brahmavamsos commentaries in the footnotes,
I have followed his terminology and rendered pti as joy (though I prefer zest which I use elsewhere)
and sukha as happiness. One experiences joy (pti) in two ways: by attaining either the 1
st
or 2
nd
jhna in
which joy is present, one experiences it in the mode of calm (samatha); by emerging from that jhna and
reflecting that joy is subject to destruction, one experiences joy in the mode of insight (vipassan). Psycho-
logically, pti is a kind of joyful interest, as such may be associated with wholesome, unwholesome or
neutral states (BDict: pti). Joy belongs the formation group (sankhra-k,khandha) while happiness (sukha)
belongs to the feeling group (vedan-k,khandha). Joy is compared to when a thirsty man lost in the desert
finds water; happiness is what he feels when he is drinking the water. (Vism 4.94 ff).

6 Meditation sign (nimitta)
In The Mystery of the Breath Nimitta (2000), Bhikkhu Sona explains that the simile of a clear full
moon to which the dhyanic mind is compared in the Patisambhida degenerates to a mistaken literalization
as internally produced visual data in the Visuddhi,maggas description of the counterpart sign (pati-
bhga,nimitta). However, let us get the terms right first. By nimitta is meant a characteristic mark or
phenomenon, which accompanies and helps identify an experience (2000:1).
59
For example, when one
feels weakness, headache and nausea, nausea here is a sign of the flu.
According to the Buddhist Dictionary, there are three types of nimitta. The first type, the preparatory
image or sign (parikamma,nimitta), refers to the perception pf the meditation object. When the mind

59
On definitions of nimitta, see SD 13.1(3.1d).
The 16 Steps of the npna,sati as satipa((hna

The 12 steps for getting into dhyana [mental absorption]
[Contemplation of the body] [24]
Step 1Experiencing a long breath
Step 2Experiencing a short breath
Step 3Experiencing the whole breath (or whole body)
Step 4Calming the breath

[Contemplation of feelings: Entry into dhyana] [25]
Step 5Arousing joy
Step 6Arousing happiness
Step 7Understanding mental functions
Step 8Calming the joy and happiness

[Contemplation of the mind]
Step 9Experiencing the mind [26]
Step 10Shining the nimitta [meditation sign]
Step 11Sustaining the nimitta
Step 12Freeing the mind

[Contemplation of dharmas]
The 4 steps to take after emerging from dhyana [27]
Step 13Reflecting on impermanence (anicca)
Step 14Reflecting on fading away [of lust] (virga)
Step 15Reflecting on cessation [of suffering] (nirodha)
Step 16Reflecting on letting go [of defilements] (patinissagga)
reaches a weak degree of concentration, a still unsteady and unclear image or acquired sign (uggaha,-
nimitta), also called learning sign, arises. This percept precedes the arising of an entirely clear and steady
image, the counter-sign (patibhga,nimitta). The appearance of the third type of nimitta signals the
arising of the neighbourhood (or access) concentration (upacra,samdhi), the state preceding full
dhyana. Both these states share the same sign and are different only in the intensity of their component
factors. The countersign is more refined and clarified, resulting from greater concentration.
The Vimutti,magga (Vimm:ESK 68), in referring to the discerning of qualities for the diverse medi-
tation subjects, states that one of the meditation seizes the sign through contact. Namely, the mindfulness
of respiration. And again, one subject of meditation seizes the sign through sight or contact. Namely, air
kasina. This distinction is critical, notes Sona. It shows that the breath of breath meditation is different
from other meditation objects in that it is exclusively tactile.
Visual objects may be perceived during breath meditation as a side-effect for some meditators. How-
ever, the meditator should remain focused only on the tactile sensation (the touch) of the breath. In this
connection, the Pa(isambhid,magga says:

as such, the monk sits, having established mindfulness at the nose tip or at the sign of the mouth
[lip], without paying attention to the coming and going [rising and falling] of the in-breath and the
out-breath as they come and go; as he disregards the coming and going of the in-breath and the
out-breath, he put forth effort, and carries out his task. Through his effort he gains excellence.
60

(Pm 3.170/2:171)
The Vimutti,magga describes what happens next for a meditator who puts forth proper effort:
To the yogin who attends to the incoming breath with mind that is cleansed of the nine lesser
defilements the image arises with a pleasant feeling similar to that which is produced in the action
of spinning cotton or silk cotton. Also, it is likened to the pleasant feeling produced by a breeze.
Thus in breathing in and out, air touches the nose or the lip and causes the setting-up of air per-
ception mindfulness. This does not depend on colour or form. This is called the image.
If the yogin develops the image [sign] and increases it at the nose-tip, between the eyebrows,
on the forehead or establishes it in several places, he feels as if his head were filled with air.
Through increasing in this way his whole body is charged with bliss. This is called perfection.
And again, there is a yogin: he sees several images from the beginning. He sees various forms
such as smoke, mist, dust, sand of gold, or he experiences something similar to the pricking of a
needle or to an ants bite.
If his mind does not become clear regarding these different images, he will be confused[!].
Thus he fulfils overturning and does not gain the perception of respiration.
If his mind becomes clear, the yogin does not experience confusion. He attends to respiration
and he does not cause the arising of other perceptions [underlining mine]. Meditating thus he is able
to end confusion and acquire the subtle image [sign]. And he attends to respiration with mind that is
free. That image [sign] is free. Because that image [sign] is free, desire arises. Desire being free,
that yogin attends respiration with equipoise. Equipoise, desire and joy being free, he attends to
respiration, and his mind is not disturbed.
If his mind is not disturbed, he will destroy the hindrances, and arouse the meditation (jhna)
factors. Thus this yogin will reach the calm and sublime fourth meditation, jhna. This is as was
fully taught above. (Vimm:ESK 158 f; amplified by Bhikkhu Sona)

Bhikkhu Sona reminds us: these warnings not to be distracted may be directly derived from the napana,-
sati Sutta (M 118), where the Buddha declares: I do not say there is development of breathing for one who
is forgetful, who is not fully aware (M 118.26(12)/3:84).

60
Evam evam bhikkhu nsikagge v mukha,nimitte v satim upatthapetv nisinno hoti, na gate v gate v
asssa,passse manasi karoti, na gat v gat v asssa,passs avidit honti, padhna ca payati, payoga ca
sdheti. Visesam adhigacchati padhna ca. (Pm 3.170/2:171)

However, in the Visuddhi,magga, we find a literalization of a simile that needs to be corrected so as
not to confuse meditators. Let us first look at the problem passages:

...So too, the bhikkhu should not look for the in-breaths and out-breaths anywhere else than the
place normally touched by them. And he should take the rope of mindfulness and the goad under-
standing, and fixing his mind on the place normally touched by them, he should go on giving his
attention to that. For as he gives his attention in this way they reappear after no long time, as the
oxen did at the drinking place where they met. So he can secure them with the rope of mindfulness,
and yoking them in that same place and prodding them with the goad of understanding, he can keep
on applying himself to the meditation subject.
214. When he does so in this way, the sign [see corresponding note, next paragraph] soon
appears to him. But it is not the same for all; on the contrary, some say that when it appears it does
so to certain people producing a light touch like cotton or silk cotton or a draught.
215. But this is the exposition given in the commentaries: It appears to some like a star or a
cluster of gems or a cluster of pearls, to others with a rough touch like that of silk-cotton seeds or a
peg made of heartwood, to others like a long braid string or a wreath of flowers or a puff of smoke,
to others like a stretched-out cobweb or a film of cloud or a lotus flower or a chariot wheel or the
moons disk or the suns disk. (Vism 8.213-215/284 f; Sonas emphases)

A note from the Paramattha,majus, the commentary to the Visuddhi,magga, reads:

The sign is the learning sign and the counterpart sign, for both are stated here together.
Herein, the three similes beginning with cotton are properly the learning sign, the rest are both.
Some are certain teachers. The similes beginning with the cluster of gems are properly the
counterpart sign. (VismA 786, n58)

The similes mentioned in Vism 8.214-215 above represent both tactile and visual sense perceptions. It
clearly reflects that

a mix-up came about as a result of an error in the transmission (perhaps an error in written tran-
scription) based on data obtained from earlier commentarial material such as the Vimuttimagga and
the canonical Patisambhidamagga, or of having taken literally what originally was meant as a si-
mile. (Bhikkhu Sona 2000:3)

The Vimutti,magga, in referring to the discerning of qualities for the diverse meditation subjects, states
that
...one subject of meditation seizes the sign through contact, Namely, the mindfulness of respiration.
And again, one subject of meditation seizes the sign through sight or contact. Namely, air kasina.
(Vimm:ESK 68)
This distinction is critical. It shows that breath meditation is different from other concentration objects in
that it is exclusively tactile.
For a better understanding, please read fully Bhikkhu Sonas The Mystery of the Breath Nimitta
(2000), freely available from Birken Forest Monastery website: http://www.birken.ca/library or its mirrors.
His email is meditate@birken.ca.
A more detailed study on nimitta has been done elsewhere.
61

61
See Nimitta = SD 19.7.
7 Practice of breath meditation

7.1 PRACTICAL SUMMARY. The following is a summary of instructions for meditators practicing
breath meditation as given by Sona Bhikkhu:
1. Attend to the sensation of breath/air wherever it enters and exits the body.
2. If visual perceptions arise, ignore them.
3. If the mind wanders, do not allow it. Return to only the point of contact of breath.
4. Hold attention on the breathing process throughout the entire duration of in-breaths and out-breaths.
5. The sensation or perception of sensation of moving air will change to a static feelingthis is the sign
of the mind stilling.
6. Dwell on this airy, buoyant quality, which should pervade the head. One should experience a cool
and airy emptiness of the head. This may extend throughout the body. This is a further sign of increasing
stillness.
7. Keep focusing on this experience of airy lightness.
8. All mental hindrances will in due course fall away and the five dhyana factors
62
will be present to a
weak, medium or strong degree.
9. Refer to the napana,sati Sutta for further instructions.

7.2 SEQUENCE OF PRACTICE. The first exercise of the 16-steps of the npana,sati Sutta closely
corresponds to that the Madhyama gama, which speaks at first of simply knowing in-breath and out-
breath, and then noting them to be long or short. This is followed by training in experiencing the whole
body and in calming the bodily activities. Analayo remarks on his footnote:

In regard to the last of these steps, M 98 agrees with the Pali versions on instructing to train in
calming the bodily activities when breathing in, but when breathing out it speaks of training in
calming the verbal activities (T1.582c17: ). This appears to be a textual corruption,
since the pattern of the instructions in all other cases simply applies what had been done during the
in-breath to the out-breath.
Another exposition of these four steps of mindfulness of breathing, found in S 810 at T2.-
208a27, does have calming the bodily formations on both occasions, when breathing in and when
breathing out. (2005:5 n35)

In the observing of the body of the Satipa((hna Sutta,
63
the Pali sequence is the breath medita-
tion, the four postures, and clear awareness. The sequence in the Madhyama gama versions, how-
ever, is just the reverse: clear awareness, the four postures, and breath meditation.
64
On this issue of practice
sequence of the breath meditation, Anlayo notes:

A point in favour of the Madhyama gama presentation is that mindfulness of the four po-
tures and clear comprehension [full awareness] of the activities of the body are relatively ru-
dimentary forms of contemplation. Due to their more elementary character, it seems reasonable to
place them at the beginning of an exposition of satipatthna practice. From a practical perspective,
these two types of mindfulness practices would constitute convenient ways for building up a
foundation in mindfulness, thereby enabling the meditator to better undertake the more sophisticated
exercises listed later on.
Another point in favour of the Madhyama gama sequence is that mindfulness of postures and

62
Dhyana factors, jhnanga: The Vibhanga gives a list of five dhyana-factors as follows: initial application (vi-
takka), sustained application (vicra), zest [joyful interest, or simply joy] (pti), happiness (sukha) and one-pointedness
of mind (cittassa ekaggat) (Vbh 257). See Dhyana = SD 8.4(5-6).

63
D 22; M 10.

64
M 98 = T1.582b21.

of activities is predominantly concerned with the body in action. In contrast, the Pali instructions for
mindfulness of breathing describe the practitioner sitting down cross-legged in order to carry out this
exercise.
The same requirement may well apply to the remaining exercises for mindfulness of breathing
to the third position, after mindfulness of postures and activities, the description of the sitting
postures would also move to the most convenient position within the Pali list of exercises for
mindfulness of the body. Such a shift of position can moreover claim for support the Paca,vimsati,-
sahasrika Praja.paramita and the Sariputrbhidharma, both of which similarly have mindfulness of
postures and activities precede mindfulness of breathing.
65
(2005:6 f)

8 Living transmissions
The npana,sati Sutta describes the method used by the Buddha himself to win awakening. The best
way of understanding the npana,sati Sutta is cultivate the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breath from a
living master or an experienced teacher. The purpose of this sutta is a practical one: the experience of calm
and insight through mindfulness of the breath. It is like a driving manual, but one has to learn to drive under
the guidance of an experienced instructor before one can learn to drive correctly and safely.
Many good teachings and commentaries have been given on this sutta. The most comprehensive and
authoritative theoretical study of the breath meditation is perhaps:
Anlayo Bhikkhus well-written Satipatthna: The direct way to realization (2003:125-136) and fully
annotated, is actually an exposition on the Satipa((hna Sutta (M 10/1:55-63), but the common passages
are valuable for a good understanding of the npana,sati Sutta.
Nyanaponika Theras The Heart of Buddhist Meditation (1962) is still a classic, containing an an-
thology of relevant texts translated from the Pali and Sanskrit. Chapter 6 deals with the mindfulness of
preathing (pp 108-113). Part 2 contains the basic text of Maha Satipatthana Sutta (translated with notes) (pp
115-135); Part 3.39 is the Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing (excerpts: M 118.15-43) (pp 165-169).
amoli Mahtheras translation, Mindfulness of Breathing (Anpnasati): Buddhist texts from the
Pali Canon and Extracts from the Pali Commentaries
66
is invaluable for the serious student and teacher for
a more extensive study.
Buddhadsa Bhikkhus well-known Anpnasati: Mindfulness with Breathing: unveiling the secrets
of life; a manual for beginners (1989)
67
is written from a spiritual reformers viewpoint and is especially
readable for those who wish to make a contemporary application of the meditation.
Ajahn Brahmavamsos article The beautiful breath: The Anpnasati Sutta, found in the Dhamma
Journal,
68
is written in clear simple language from a practitioners point of view. This is helpful reading for
the practitioner.
Thich Nhat Hanhs Breathe! You Are Alive: Sutra on the Full Awareness of Breathing was first pub-
lished as Sutra on the Full Awareness of Breathing (1988), with commentary (1996).
69
This book is popular
for the western and westernized mind for its contemporary style. It is a good introductory reading to breath
meditation.
Bhikkhu Sona,
70
has written an important article, The mystery of the breath nimitta, or the case of the
missing simile: an essay on aspects of the practice of breath meditation (2000). This must-read article is
found at http://www.birken.ca/library or its mirrors.
For a comparative study of the breath meditation as taught in the Pali Canon and the method as taught in
the Chinese Ekttara gama, see Mah Rhulovda Sutta = SD 3.11 Intro (2).

65
Paca,vimsati,shasrik, Dutt 1934:204, tr Conze 1990:153; Sriputrbhidharma, T1548 = T28.613b3.
66
1952; 2
nd
ed 1964 (1973).

67
Tr from the Siamese by Santikaro Bhikkhu; Bangkok, 1987; 2
nd
edition, 1989.
68
Dhamma Journal 3,1 January 2002:61-108 (ch 9).

69
Tr fr the Vietnamese by Annabel Laity. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1990; rev 1996.

70
Birken Forest Monastery, British Columbia, Canada, belonging Ajahn Chahs lineage.

NOTE OF APPRECIATION

My joyful thanks to friends of the Pali Yahoo Group, especially John Kelly for his invaluable help in
proof-reading the text and suggestions, and to Ong Yong Peng for his contagious enthusiasm and energy.
My maiden attempt at translating this sutta was done using the trilinear method (Pali/verbatim English/
idiomatic English) used during the Pali Without Grammar course (Pali Centre, Singapore, Feb-Mar 2003).
The trilinear method was then introduced to the Pali Yahoo Group where it is well received. The trilinear
edition is being used by such centres as the Bhavana Society, Washington, and the Insight Meditation So-
ciety, Barre, Massachusetts, USA. Beginning March 2005, I am deeply grateful to Anlayo for sharing the
drafts of his forthcoming Comparative Study of the Majjhima in the light of Sanskrit, Chinese and Tibetan
texts which also provide very insightful commentaries into the Suttas and early Buddhist practice. I have
also been deeply moved by Sujatos A History of Mindfulness (2004), which uncannily speaks almost every
word in my mind on the issues of vipassana, Sutta study, worldly monks and other issues. Above all, I
admire Sujatos compassionate courage that silence is no option when the truth can help us grow on the
spiritual path. (Piya Tan, 2003)


The Discourse on
The Mindfulness of the In-and-out-breathing
(M 118/3:78-88)

[78] 1 Thus have I heard.

The Buddha and the great saints teaching
At one time, the Blessed One was staying in the Mansion of Migaras Mother in the Eastern Park near
Savatth, together with many very well known elder disciples:
the venerable Sariputta,
the venerable Maha Moggallana,
the venerable Maha Kassapa,
the venerable Maha Kaccana,
the venerable Maha Kotthita,
the venerable Maha Kappina,
the venerable Maha Cunda,
the venerable [79] Anuruddha,
the venerable Revata,
the venerable nanda,
and other very well known elder disciples.
2 Now at that time, elder monks were exhorting and instructing new monks:
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing ten monks;
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing twenty monks;
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing thirty monks;
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing forty monks.
And the new monks, having been exhorted and instructed by the elder monks, had attained successive
stages of excellence.
71

The Buddha extends his stay in Savatth
3 At that timeit was
72
the Uposatha day
73
of the fifteenth, on the full-moon night of the invitation

71
Excellence, visesa, alt tr distinction. It refers to any of the dhyana (jhna) or any of the 4 stages of saint-
hood: stream-winner (sotpanna), once-returner (skadgm), non-returner (angm) and arhat (arahanta) (D
1:156). For definitions, see eg napanasati S (M 112.9-12/3:80). Cf the story of Sariputtas meeting with Assaj: when
Sariputta realizes that he does not any higher [further] excellence (upari,visesa), ie any higher attainment than
stream- winning, he decided to meet the Buddha himself (DhA 1:94).

72
ahu has 2 meanings: (1) aor 3 sg, 2 sg of bhavati; (2) loc of aha, a day = on that (very) day.

73
Uposatha. The Indian year, according to the ancient Indian system, is divided into three seasons (utu)the hot
season (gimha), the cold season (hemanta), and the rains (vassa) (A 4:138, SnA 317)each lasting for four lunar
months or moons (ctu,msa). Each of these seasons are subdivided into eight fortnights (pakkha), the 3
rd
and the 7
th

containing 14 days and the others 15. Each month has two fortnights. Within each fortnight, the nights of the full moon
(of the bright half or waxing moon, sukka,pakkha) and the new moon (either the 14th or the 15th) (of the dark half
or waning moon, kanha,pakkha) and night of the half-moon (the 8th) are regarded as especially auspicious, called
uposatha, Sabbath or observance day. On king Bimbisras proposal, the Buddha adopted these observance days (V:
101 f), on which occasion the monks would assemble to recite the Monastic Code (ptimokkha) (V 1:101-104) and the
laity would visit the monasteries to observe the Uposatha precepts (the 8 Precepts). For the Indian seasons, see Mah
Parinibbna S (D 16) = SD 9(9d). On the monsoons, see Vsi,ja(a S (S 22.101.20/3:155) n on the cold season = SD
15.2a.
ceremony
74
the Blessed One was seated in the open surrounded by the community of monks.
Then surveying the very silent community of monks, the Blessed One addressed them (thus):
4 Bhikshus, I am content
75
with this progress. My mind is content, bhikshus, with this progress. So,
bhikshus, assert all the more effort to attain the unattained, to achieve the unachieved, to realize the un-
realized. I will wait right here at Svatth for the Komud full moon of the fourth month.
76

5 The monks of the country-side heard:
It is said that the Blessed One will remain at Savatth for the Komud full moon of the fourth month.
The monks of the countryside then left for Savatth to see the Blessed One.
6 And the elder monks exhorted and instructed the new monks all the more intensively:
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing ten monks;
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing twenty monks;
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing thirty monks;
some elder monks were exhorting and instructing forty monks.
And the new monks, having been exhorted and instructed by the elder monks, attained successive
stages of excellence.

Teaching on the heartwood
7 At that timeit was the Uposatha day of the fifteenth, the full-moon night of the Komud full moon
of the fourth monththe Blessed One was seated in the open surrounded by the community of monks.
[80] Then surveying the silent community of monks, the Blessed One addressed them:
77

8 Bhikshus, this assembly is without idle chatter, free from idle chatter. Bhikshus, this assembly is
pure, established in the heartwood.
78

Such a community of monks as this, bhikshus, such an assembly of monks as this, bhikshus, is difficult
to see in this world.
Such a community of monks as this, bhikshus, such an assembly of monks as this, bhikshus, is
worthy of offerings,
worthy of hospitality,
worthy of gifts,
worthy of salutation with the lotus-palms,
79

a supreme field of merit for the world.
Such a community of monks as this, bhikshus, such an assembly of monks as this, bhikshus: even a
small gift becomes great, and a great one becomes greater.
80

Such community of monks as this, bhikshus, such an assembly as this, bhikshus: it is worth going many
yojanas [leagues] with only a travel-bag
81
just to see it.
82

74
Pavran. This ceremony concludes the annual three-month monastic rains retreat, during which monks invite
one another to be admonished regarding any misconduct that had been seen, heard or suspected of them. The
Pavra S (S 8.7/1:190-192) describes such a proceeding.

75
raddha, accomplished, achieved; pleased, satisfied (CPD, DP), pp of rajjhati; not pp of rabhati, un-
dertakes, initiates.

76
Komud is the full-moon day of the month of Kattika, the fourth month of the rainy season. It is so called be-
cause the white water-lily (kumuda) bloomed at that time.

77
The foll whole section as at D 1:117, 133; M 3:80; A 2:183.

78
Established in the essence (sre patitthit), ie established in moral virtue, etc (AA 3:168). Suddh sre, alt tr
of the pure essence: sra, heartwood, that is, the core or essence of anything; the pith or the best of wooda
simile for spiritual strength and attainment. See, for example, Madhu,piika S (M 18.12/ 1:111) and Udumbarik
Shanda S (D 25.15-19). The Buddhas humour is evident in such a simile given in Udumbarika Shanda S (D
25.15-19/3:47-53).
79
Ajal, or more fully, kamalajal, lotus gesture, that is, with cupped hands held between the chest level and
the crown depending on ones devotion. In the Thai tradition, however, the palms are pressed close together.

80
For a discussion on gifts, see, eg, Dakkhi,vibhanga S (M 142) and Dakkhi S (A 4.78/2:80 f).

81
Putosena, vl putamsena (mostly Comys), a bag for carrying food when travelling, a knapsack. See foll n.

The four types of saints
9 Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who are arhats with mental influxes
83
de-
stroyed, who have lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached their own
goal,
84
destroyed the fetters of being, completely liberated through direct knowledge.
Such is the nature of the monks in this community of monks.
10 Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who, with the destruction of the five lower
fetters
85
[connected with the lower realms of existence], are spontaneously reborn [as a non-returner,
reborn in the Pure Abodes]
86
and there attain final nirvana, without ever returning from that world.
11 Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who, with the destruction of the three fetters
87

and with the diminishing of lust, hate and delusion, are once-returners, returning only once
88
to this world
[81] to make an end of suffering.
12 Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who, with the total destruction of the three
fetters, are stream-winners, not bound for the lower world,
89
sure of liberation, destined for awakening.
90

The seven sets of spiritual strategies
91

13 Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the

82
Putosenpi tath,rpo ayam bhikkhave bhikkhu,sangho, tath,rp ayam paris (S P Ka). As at D 1:117, 133
(= ptheyyam gahetv, puto amse ass ti, with provision in hand, a bag over the shoulder, DA 1:288, 4:139; AA
3:168); M 3:80; A 2:183. See prec n.
83
Mental influxes, sava. The term sava (lit in-flow, out-flow) comes from -savati flows towards (ie
either into or out towards the observer). It has been variously translated as influxes, taints (deadly taints, RD),
corruptions, intoxicants, biases, depravity, misery, evil (influence), or simply left untranslated. The Abhidhamma lists
4 kinds of sava: the influx of (1) sense-desire (kmsava), (2) (desire for eternal) existence (bhavsava), (3) wrong
views (ditthsava), (4) ignorance (avijjsava) (D 16.2.4, Pm 1.442, 561, Dhs 1096-1100, Vbh 937). These four
are also known as floods (ogh) and yokes (yog). The list of three influxes (omitting the influx of views) [43] is
probably older and is found more frequently in the Suttas (D 3:216, 33.1.10(20); M 1:55, 3:41; A 3.59, 67, 6.63). The
destruction of these asavas is equivalent to arhathood. See BDict: sava.

84
Sadatth, may be resolved as: (1) sa-d-atth, one own goal, (2) sant + atth, the sublime goal, the ideal.

85
The 10 fetters (dasa,samyojan) are: (1) Personality view (sakkya,ditthi), (2) persistent doubt (vicikicch), (3)
attachment to rules and rites (sla-b,bata,parmsa), (4) sensual lust (kma,rga), (5) repulsion (patigha), (6) greed
for form existence (rpa,rga), (7) greed for formless existence (arpa,rga), (8) conceit (mna), (9) restlessness
(uddhacca), (10) ignorance (avijj) (S 5:61, A 5:13, Vbh 377). In some places, no. 5 (patigha) is replaced by illwill
(vypda). The first 5 are the lower fetters (orambhgiya), and the rest, the higher fetters (uddhambhgiya).

86
That is, reborn in the Pure Abodes (suddhvsa), the five highest heavens of the form world (rpa,loka)
inhabited only by non-returners who assume their last birth to become arhats and attain nirvana. These worlds are
viha (Non-declining), tappa (Unworried), Sudass (Clearly Visible), Sudass (Clear-visioned) and
Akanitth (Highest) (D 3:237, M 3:103, Vbh 425, Pug 42-46). It should be noted that one could become a non-
returner in this world itself, but upon dying, one is reborn in the Pure Abodes.

87
The (first) 3 fetters: see 10n.

88
Ke sakim deva.

89
Avinpta, alt tr not fated for birth in a suffering state; opp of vinpta, the world of suffering, another name
for the 4 woeful courses (duggati) or the 4 lower worlds (apya) (Vism 13.92 f). Sometimes 5 woeful courses (paca,-
gati) (D 33.21/3:234, A 11.68) are mentioned: the hells (niraya), the animal kingdom (tirachna,yoni), the ghost
realm (pitti,visaya), the human world (manussa) and the heavenly world (deva). Of these, the first three are woeful,
with the asura-demons (asura,kya) as the fourth woeful course. The remaining two are happy courses (sugati). For
a discussion, see Nyanaponika & Bodhi (tr), Numerical Discourses of the Buddha, 1999:14-19.

90
On the noble individuals, see K(,giri S (M 70) = SD 12.2 Intro (5).

91
The 7 sets: see Intro (1b) above & SD 9 Intro (10bc).
four focusses of mindfulness
92

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the four
right exertions.
93

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the four
bases for spiritual power.
94

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the five
spiritual faculties.
95

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the five
spiritual powers.
96

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the seven
awakening-factors.
97

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the noble
eightfold path.

Meditation methods
14 Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of lo-
vingkindness.
Bhikshus, there are in [82] this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of
compassion.
Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of altruistic
joy.
Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of equa-
nimity.
Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of foul-
ness.
98

Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the
perception of impermanence.
Bhikshus, there are in this community of monks those who dwell devoted to the cultivation of the
mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing.
99

92
Satipatthna. I have analyzed it as sati + upatthna (setting up) rather then sati + patthna (foundation). Cf
anamoli & Bodhi 2001 n136).

93
Samma-p,padhna, right rxertion or striving, same as right effort, the 6
th
limb of the Noble Eightfold Path.

94
Iddhi,pda, the 4 bases for spiritual power: focus of will (chanda), of effort (vriya), of mind (citta), of inves-
tigation (vimams) (D 3:213=M 1:103=2:11; D 3:221; Vbh 216).

95
Indriya, the 5 spiritual faculties: faith (saddh), effort (vriya), mindfulness (sati), concentration (samdhi),
wisdom (pa) (D 2:239, S 5:193; Tha 352).

96
Bala, the 5 spiritual powers: same as pacindriya, but are unshakable (untouched by their opposites) in the
stream-winner (A 5.15) (D 3:239, S 48.43, S 50, A 3:10, Vbh 342).

97
See 30-36.
98
The cultivation of foulness, asubha,bhvan, or meditation on the foulness, ie the contemplation on the 31
(Comy, 32) parts of the body. In the Suttas, this practice is called asubha,sa (perception of foulness), as in Mah
Rhulovda S (M 10.10/1:57). In the Comys, asubha,nimitta (the sign of foulness) refers to one or other of the 10
foul objects, ie a corpse in one of the 10 stages of bodily decomposition (Vism 6.1-11/178 f). Sometimes (eg Vism 8.2)
mindfulness regarding the body (kya,gat,sati) is used here. Sometimes the term perception of foulness (patik-
kula,sa) is used here, but it specifically refers to the foulness of food (D 3:289, 291; S 5:132; A 4:49). In fact,
kya,gata,sati is a general term denoting a range of practices based on the perception of the impermanence of the
physical body. See BDict: kya-gat-sati.
99
Comy explains the reason why of all the meditation methods listed, only the breath meditation is expounded in
full: this is because a large number of the monks take it as their meditation practice (MA 4:139). It should also be

I. THE CULTIVATION OF
THE MINDFULNESS OF THE IN-AND-OUT-BREATHING

Preamble: The preliminary stages of the practice
15 (I) Bhikshus, when the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing
100
is cultivated and often developed,
it is of great fruit and great benefit.
101
[15-23]
(II) When the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing is cultivated and often developed, it brings the
four focusses of mindfulness to perfection. [24-28]
(III) When the four focusses of mindfulness are cultivated and often developed, they bring the seven
awakening-factors to perfection. [29-41]
(IV) When the seven awakening-factors are cultivated and often developed, they bring true knowledge
and liberation to perfection. [42-44]
16 And how, bhikshus, is the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing developed, and how is it often
cultivated so that it is of great fruit and great benefit?
102

Physical preparation
17 Here, bhikshus, a monk
103
who has gone to the forest, or to the foot of a tree, or to an empty ab-
ode,
104
sits down, and having crossed his legs and keeping his body upright, establishes mindfulness before

added that the breath meditation had been the key meditation in the Buddhas own spiritual life. The first record we
have of his meditation experience was breath meditation when he was a child of 7, and on the night of his awakening,
too, he used the breath meditation (MA 2:291). See Mah Saccaka S (M 36.17.31-44/1:242-249) = SD 1.12.
100
In-and-out-breathing npna. The Skt word for breath is prna (Pali pna), which also refers to life-
force (Chin qi). Its Greek cognate is pneuma, from which we get pneumatic, pneumonia, etc. Another Indian
word for breath is na, as found in the dvandva npna, usually rendered as in and out breath, sometimes used
interchangably as out and in breath. The word n has the Latin cognate of anima (breath, soul) as in found such
English words as animal, animated, etc. The Patisambhid,magga Comy say: Anam is air going inwards; apnam
is air going outwards. Some, however, say it is the other way around (PmA:Ce 320).

101
15-23. See Mah Rhulovda S (M 62.5/1:420).

102
See The Middle Length Discourses 2
nd
ed 2001:1190 f nn140-142. This section is identical to that of Sati-
pa((hna S (M 10.4) except for the similes in the latter. The whole section on the Mindfulness of the Breath (M
118.16-22) here is identical to that of Mah Rhulovda S (M 62.25-29/1:425-427). The Maha Rahulovada S ends
by stating that breath meditation benefits one in that even the final in-breaths and out-breaths are known as they cease,
not unknown (M 62.30), that is, the practitioner dies with a calm and clear mind.

103
DA on Mah Satipa((hna S with the identical context here says that monk (bhikkhu) indicates whoever
undertakes that practiceis here comprised under the term bhikkhu. See Dh 142; also Dh 362, 260-270. Cf the
Bhikkhu Vagga (ch 25) and the Brhmaa Vagga (ch 26) of Dh.
104
This stock of 3 places (forest, araa; the foot of a tree, rukkha,mla; empty abode, sugra) conducive to
meditation are at D 2:291; M 1:56, 297, 398, 425, 2:263, 3:82, 89, 4:297; S 5:311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 323, 329,
336; A 1:147, 148, 149, 3:92, 100, 4:437, 5:109, 110, 111; Pm 1:175, 2:36. The Pavevika Sutta (A 3.92) mentions 7
places: a forest, the foot of a tree, a cemetery, a forest path [a remote forest], the open air, a heap of straw, a thatched
shelter (araa rukkha,mla susna vana,pantha [vl vana,pattha] abbhoksa palla,puja bhusgra,
A 3.92/1:241 = SD 44.2). The Smaa,phala S (D 2), probably a very ancient account, gives 9 places suitable for
meditation, and the spiritual preparation for living in such places, thus: Possessing this aggregate of noble moral
virtue, this aggregate of noble sense-restraint, this aggregate of noble mindfulness and full awareness, and this ag-
gregate of noble contentment, he resorts to a secluded dwelling: a forest, the foot of a tree, a mountain, a gorge, a
hillside cave, a cemetery, a remote forest [jungle grove], the open air, a heap of straw (so imin ca ariyena sla-k,-
khandhena samanngato imin ca ariyena indriya,samvarena samanngato imin ca ariyena sati,sampajaena
samanngato imya ca ariyya santutthitya samanngato vivittam sensanam bhajati, araam rukkha,mlam
pabbatam kandaram giri,guham susnam vana,pattham abbhoksam palla,pujam, D 2.67/1:71 = SD 8.10; V 2:146;
M 3:3; A 2:210. These are def at DA 209-210, VbhA 366 f. The oldest reference to an ideal meditation spot is in
Ariya,pariyesan S (M 26) and Sangrava S (M 100): still in search of the wholesome, seeking the supreme state of
sublime peace, I walked by stages through Magadha until eventually I arrived at Senanigama near Uruvela. There I
him.
105

Mindfully
106
he breathes in, mindfully he breathes out.

SYNOPSIS: THE SIXTEEN PHASES

A. The first tetrad: Observing the body
18 (1) Breathing in long [deep],
107
he understands, I breathe in long [Long in-breath];
108

Or, breathing out long [deep], he understands, I breathe out long [Long out-breath];
(2) Or, breathing in short, he understands, I breathe in short [Short in-breath];
Or, breathing out short, he understands, I breathe out short [Short out-breath];
109

(3) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing the whole body (of breath);
110

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing the whole body (of breath);

saw an agreeable spot, a delightful grove with a clear-flowing river with pleasant, smooth banks and nearby a village
for alms resort. I sat down there thinking: This is conducive for spiritual striving. (M 26.17/1:167 = 100.13/2:212).

105
Parimukham, lit around the mouth, here always used idiomatically and as an adverb, meaning in front: so
U Thittila (Vbh:T 319, 328), Walshe (D:W 1995:335), Soma Thera (1998:42 f digital ed), and namoli & Bodhi
(M:B 2001:527). The Vibhanga explains it as at the tip of the nose or at the centre of the upper lip (Vbh 537/
252): see important n to 18(1). Where to watch the breath? Brahmavamso, however, says that parimukha does not
mean just on the tip of the nose, or on the lip, or somewhere in from of your eyes[but] just means [to] make it
important. (2002:58). Often people are told when meditating to watch the breath at the tip of the nose, but actually
many people find this is a distraction. If you look at the suttas, the Buddha never tells us to watch the breath in a
physical place. He says to know that you are breathing in and to know that you are breathing out. The important thing
is to note it in time. So: Am I breathing in at this time, or am I breathing out at this time? (Nyanadhammo, The
Spiritual Faculties, 1999:3). Sona Bhikkhu, however, teaches the traditional approach of taking parimukham as air
contact as either at the nose or lip (2000:6). See Intro (2d) above. (All three teachers here are pupils of Ajahn Chah.)

106
Ce Se Ke PTS sato.

107
Brahmavamso: As one relaxes and settles down, the breath becomes short by itself. When the body is re-
laxing, you dont need as much oxygen to give the body energy. So its quite natural that these two steps usually
follow one after the other. The whole point of these two steps [long breaths, short breaths] is just to experience the
breath instead of attending to many things. What youre doing is to focus on one thing. (The Beautiful Breath, 1999;
also 2002:59 f). On these 4 tetrads and 16 aspects, see Analayo, Satipatthna, 2003:133-136. On the breath, see Intro
(1cd) above.

108
I have rendered these important sentences and those of the first 2 (noting) tetrads using very short sentences
(not grammatically complete sentences) to reflect a bare noting (denoted by pajnti) that should occur in medita-
tion whose purpose is mental focus. Only the steps 1-4 are noted by pajnti (he understands or knows); the rest (5-16)
are sikkhati (he trains) or training aspects (ie one has to put in more regulated effort), I will breathe inout, (assa-
sissmipassasissmi). On mental noting, see important n on Mental noting: Intro (3).

109
In practical terms, focussing on the first 2 factors of this tetrad, that is maintaining ones undivided focus on the
breath or ones conception of it can lead to jhna. However, in (Pabbateyy) Gv S, the Buddha warns Moggallna
not to go into the 2
nd
jhna until he has thoroughly mastered the 1
st
jhna (A 9.35/4:418 f qu at Vism 153 f).

110
Experiencing the whole body (of breath), sabba,kya,patisamved. MA glosses sabba,kya as the whole
body of breath that is, its three phases of each in-breath and out-breath through its three phases of beginning, middle
and end (Brahmavamso, 2002:60). Brahmavamso keeps to this tradition, teaching that you have just the target in your
mindjust the breath and nothing elsethe full attention on the breath (Beautiful Breath, 1999). You see it from
the very start when it originates out of the silence, and you see it grow to its peak and then fade away again, until the
in-breath has completely subsided. You have such a degree of clarity that you even see that space between the breaths.
The in-breath has stopped, the out-breath has yet to arise. Theres a pause there. Then the outbreath begins to grow to
it peak and then fade away into nothingness again. Thats what we call the whole of the breath (2002:60). However,
Thich Nhat Hanh (1990:6, 46-49) & esp Bodhi (2001 n141) take sabba,kya to mean the whole physical body. Cf
the remark that the in-and-out-breathing is a body among the bodies (24). According to transpersonal psychology
(especially bodywork and breathwork), the whole body breathes. For the simile of the teacher and his three archer
students illustrating the experience of the total breath, see Brahmavamso 2002:62 f. For a discussion, see Analayo,
Satipatthna, 2003:131 f.

(4) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, calming the bodily formation (of breathing);
111

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, calming the bodily formation (of breathing);
112

B. The second tetrad: Observing feelings
19 (5) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing joy [zest];
113

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing joy [zest];
(6) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing happiness;
114
[83]
He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing happiness;
(7) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, knowing the mental formations [mental functions];
115

111
The bodily formation, kya,sankhra. The bodily formation is the in-and-out-breathing itself (M 44.13/
1:301; S 41.6/4:293,15: asssa,passsa kya,sankhro). See C|a Vedalla S (M 44.14) for explanation of kya,-
sankhra. This calming process may lead to the development of dhyana, but this is not the primary object here
(Walshe 1995 n641). Brahmavamso: Once you have full attention on the breath, the next stage is where the beauty
and the bliss have a chance to arise This is where you calm down that object of mind, the breath, by giving the
suggestion, calm, calm, calm. Instead of just an ordinary breath that youre aware of, you deliberately, by an act of
will, calm that breath downit gets softer and softermore and more beautiful. But you have to be careful hereIf
you calm the breath in the fourth stage before you complete the third stage, thats when you go to sleep When the
attention is fully there, then calm that object inside your mind. (Beautiful Breath, 1999). If you calm the breath in
this fourth stage before you complete the third stage, thats when you go to sleep. You havent got a complete image of
the breath in your mind yet, and you are already calming the little you do have. Get the full attention of the breath first
of all. When the attention is fully there, then calm that object inside your mind. (Brahmavamso 2002: 65).
112
At this point even after the breath has been calmed down but one still does not experience joy (pti) or the
beautiful breath, the one should proceed to the next two steps to willfully arouse feelings of joy. (Brahmavamso
2002:66).

113
Joy, pti. Sometimes tr as rapture, but zest is closer to evoking a more subtle yet enthusing nature of pti.
However, in this sutta tr I have rendered pti as joy and sukha as happiness, foll Brahmavamso to be consistent
with his commentaries used here. One experiences joy (pti) in two ways: by attaining either the 1
st
or 2
nd
jhna in
which joy is present, one experiences it in the mode of calm (samatha); or, by emerging from that jhna and reflecting
that joy is subject to destruction, one experiences joy by way of insight (vipassan). Psychologically, pti is a kind of
joyful interest, as such may be associated with wholesome, unwholesome or neutral states (BDict: pti). Joy belongs
the formation group (sankhra-k,khandha) while happiness (sukha) belongs to the feeling group (vedan-k,khandha).
Joy (pti) is compared to when a thirsty man lost in the desert finds water; happiness (sukha) is what he feels when he
is drinking the water. See Vism 4.94 ff.

114
Brahmavamso: As you calm the breath down, you get to the stage where the breath becomes very, very
refined, very peaceful, and very smooth. It is the nature of such a mind state that it should be very happy This is
another type of happiness, and it takes wisdom to be able to recognize itthe Buddha taught the fifth and sixth steps to
arouse that [unarisen] beauty. The 5
th
step is the deliberate arousal of joy (pti) with the beautiful breath; the 6
th
step is
the deliberate arousal of happiness (sukha). This is one important training in meditation, to be able to extract the
perceptions of happiness and joy from whatever youre doingWhen the breath is very peaceful, search for that bliss
and you will find it. This is what Brahmavamso calls the beautiful breath. (Beautiful Breath, 1999; 2002:68).
When the mind is very peaceful, one only need to look for the joy in it to find it.
115
Knowing the mental formations [mental functions], citta,sankhra,patisamved. The mental formation
(citta,sakhra) is feeling and perception, experienced in all four dhyanas. Here, it refers to the experience of the
breath as a dharma [mind-object]. When the beautiful breath is established, it may appear that your breath has
disappeared, that you have just this beautiful, stable peace inside but no breath. What has happened is that you are still
breathing, but the breath is no longer being experienced as a touch on the body, instead it is experienced as an object in
the mind. You are switching from feeling to knowing. The sense base of physical touch turns off and the mind turns
on You are still breathing but the knowing is so focussed that the experience is like a smooth flow in one direction
only. (Brahmavamso 2002:68 f). He then gives the simile of the carpenter sawing: When a carpenter begins to saw
a piece of wood he can see the whole saw from the handle to the tip of the saw blade. As he concentrates on the cut, his
attention focusses closer and closer onto the point where the saw touches the wood. The handle and tip of the saw soon
disappear from his vision. After a while, all he can see is the one saw tooth, that tooth which is in contact with the
wood now, whereas all the other saw teeth to the left and to the right are now beyond his range of perception. He does
not know nor needs to know, whether that tooth is at the beginning or middle or end of the blade. Such concepts have
He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, knowing the mental formations [mental functions];
(8) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, calming the mental formations [mental functions];
116

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, calming the mental formations [mental functions];

C. The third tetrad: Observing the mind
20 (9) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing the mind;
117

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing the mind;
(10) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, gladdening the mind;
118

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, gladdening the mind;
(11) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, concentrating the mind;

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, concentrating the mind;
119

been transcended. (2002:69). The same method given in the previous note applies to the second and third clauses.
According to some teachers, in the second, the three lower jhna are present and in the third, all four are present.
Mental formations here refer to feelings, perceptions and other mental concomitants, and which are calmed by the
development of successively higher levels of calm and insight. See C|a Vedalla S (M 44.14) for explanation of
citta,sankhra.

116
Calming the mental formations [mental functions], passambhayam citta,sankhram. It can happen at this
and subsequent stages of the meditation process that the joy and happiness become a little bit too exciting and
therefore disturb the tranquillity. Because of this the Buddha taught the eighth step Alternatively, fear can arise
alongside the bliss: This is a bit too much for me.And, again, the bliss leaves. The fear destroys the tranquillity.
(Brahmavamso 2002:70). He then relates Ajahn Chahs famous simile of the forest pool in detail (2002:71 f).

117
Experiencing the mind, citta, patisamved. Here, it refers to the four dhyanas. According to Brahmavamso,
Its only at this stage that you can know the mindthe only place where you can actually experience the mindby
what we call a nimitta, a reflection of the mind. Remember the mind is that which is knowing. How can the knower
know itself? Only like a person who looks at himself in a mirror. Only that way can you see your face, can you see your
reflection. The reflection you see here, the nimitta, is a true reflection of the mind. Its as if the mirror has finally been
cleaned of all this dust and grime on its surface, and now at last you can see yourself. You can experience the mind
(citta,patisamvedi) through the nimitta. (2002:73; see 73 f for simile problems). The nimitta is just a reflection of the
knower, the meditators mind: ones image in the mirror only reflects ones looks and does what one does! If the
watcher is still, the image, too, is still. It does not help to hold the mirror still: one has oneself to remain still. Instead,
focus on the knower, that which is experiencing this, and calm that into stillness. (2002:78). According to Bodhi,
experiencing the mind is to be understood by way of the fourth jhna (2001 n1118). Citta, mind, is synonymous
with mano and vina (Yam idam vuccati cittan ti v mano ti v vinan ti v, D 1:21; Yam ca kho etamvuccati
cittam iti pi mano iti pi vina iti pi, S 2:94 f), so too in most traditions following the Abhidharma period, but they
were clearly differentiated within the Yogcra. SA says that all the three are names for the mind-base (manyatana).
See Bodhi, Connected Discourses, 2000:769 n154. See also Via = SD 17.8(4.1).

118
Gladdening the mind (abhippamodayam cittam), ie shining the meditation sign. The mind is gladdened by
the attaining of the 2 dhyanas accompanied by zest or by the penetrative power of insight that these states are subject to
destruction and disappearing. According to Brahmavamso, the mental reflex or meditation sign (nimitta) may appear
to some as being too dull or unstable, which are addressed by the 10
th
and 11
th
steps, respectively; shining the
nimitta and sustaining the nimitta The more joy there is in the mind, the more brilliant shines the nimitta. To enter
Jhna, the nimitta has to be the most brilliant thing that you have ever seen, and an unearthly beauty. (Beautiful
Breath, 1999; 2002:74 f). Brahmavamso teaches 4 ways of shining the nimitta (here summarized): (1) focus on
centre of the nimitta; (2) sharpen the attention in the present moment; (3) smile at the nimitta; (4) go back to the
beautiful breath. (2002:76 f). The reflex may be dull also due to poor moral conduct or to low mental effort. In the case
of poor moral conduct, one should spend some effort purifying your conduct beyond the meditation cushion. Keep
your precepts faultlessly. Check your speech. The Buddha said that without first purifying sila [moral conduct], it is
impossible to purify samdhi [mental condentration]. (2002:75). In the case of low mental effort, one should remedy
it by switching to the inspiring meditations like a reflection (anussati) on any of the Three Jewels, on giving
(cgnussati) or mett,bhvan: see anussati-,hna at SD 24.8 Intro (2.1). According to Bodhi, gladdening the
mind is either the attainment of the first 2 jhna (containing joy) or as the penetration of those jhna by regarding
them with insight as subject to destruction. (2001 n1118)

(12) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, freeing the mind;
120

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, freeing the mind;

D. The fourth tetrad: Observing dharmas
121

21 (13) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing [contemplating] impermanence;
122

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing impermanence;

(14) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing the fading away (of lust);
123

119
Concentrating the mind (samdaham cittam), ie sustaining the meditation sign (nimitta). This refers to either
the concentration of the dhyana, or to the momentary concentration that arises along with insight. Sometimes, even
the brilliant nimitta can appear unstableit is just a reflection of the knower If the knower moved so did [his]
reflection, the nimitta. (Beautiful Breath, 1999). It is common that the first few times that a nimitta appears, it
flashes up for a short time and then disappears. Or else it moves around in the mental field of vision. It is unstable.
Usually, the bright powerful nimittas remain longer [than] the dull weak ones (2002:78). The solution, according
to Brahmavamso, is to focus on the knower, that which is experiencing this, and calm that into stillness. (1999).
Once again, it is usually fear or excitement that creates the instability. You are reacting too much rather than pas-
sively observing. Experiencing the nimitta for the first time is like meeting a stranger for the first time. Often you are
on the age because you do not know who they are or how they behave. (2002:78 f). He goes on to give the example of
how one learns to cycle: you soon learn to stop gripping the nimitta like the child gripping the bicycle handlebars.
You relax and discover that the more you ease off controlling the easier it is to sustain the nimitta. Or, one delibe-
rately surrenders the car keys to the nimitta to let it drive and one just sits back and relax. (2002 78 f). According to
Bhikku Bodhi, concentrating the mind refers either to the concentration pertaining to the jhna or to the momentary
concentration that arises along with insight (2001 n1118)

120
Freeing the mind (vimocayam cittam). This means liberating it from the hindrances and grosser jhna
factors by attaining successively higher levels of concentration, and from the distortions of cognition by way of insight
knowledge (Bodhi S:B 1949 n292). Here, according to Brahmavamso, the mind usually has two experiences that are
exactly the same, but just depending on your perspective. You either find yourself diving into the nimitta The
attention just sinks in there. Or else that nimitta, that beautiful light or feeling, just completely envelops you.
You dont do thisit just happens You enter the Jhna through freeing the mind. The Buddha called the Jhnas
stages of freedom (vimokkha) [D 16.3.33, A 8.66]. (Beautiful Breath, 1999; 2002:79-81). This is probably the most
truly powerful experience in ones life, when one can really call oneself a mystic. It is a kind of momentary joy of
awakening (sambodhi sukha, M 1:454). This is an experience where the mind is free from the body. Im not saying
that its floating out somewhere like an out-of-body experience. Youre just not located in space and time any more.
All space and time have something to do with the body. Here the mind is free from all of that. Youre just experiencing
bliss. Youre not at all sensitive to whats happening with the body. (2002:80). In fact, there is a total hibernation of
the physical senses.

121
These last following four stages relate to the meditator who has just emerged from the jhna. The first thing
one should do then is to review that state: What was that? How did that arise? How do I feel? Why do I feel that
way? What have I been doing all this time? What worked and what failed? What was the result of the medita-
tion? Why is it happy? All such reflections give rise to deep insight. Having reflected thus, you either take up Sati-
patthna (the Four Focusses of Mindfulness) or just go directly to the last four stages of Anpnasati. The meditator
has any one of these four following things [13-16] to contemplate on after emerging from the jhna. (Brahmavamso,
Beautiful Breath, 1999; 2002:81-85). See also SD 13.1 (5D)(iv).

122
Observing impermanence, aniccnupass, ie contemplating the 5 aggregates as impermanent because they
undergo rise, fall and change, or momentary dissolution. This tetrad deals entirely with insight, unlike the other three,
which can be interpreted by way of both serenity and insight (S:B 1950 n293): but cf 21(16)b n below. What we call
the self, something that appears to be so constant that we do not even notice it. In jhna, it disappears. If you ex-
perience this deeply as not-self, its very likely to give rise to the experience of Stream Winning. (Brahmavamso,
Beautiful Breath, 1999; 2002:82).

123
Observing fading away, virgnupass.Fading away (virga) is also tr as dispassion (see 42). If ref-
lections on impermanence does not work, then one should go on to reflect on the fading away (virga). This is
when things just disappearthings which were so close to you, that you thought were an essential part of you
(Brahmavamso, Beautiful Breath, 1999). Both observing fading away and the next, observing cessation, can be
understood as the insight into the momentary destruction and cessation of phenomena, and as the supramundane path,
which realizes nirvana as the fading away of lust (or dispassion, virga) and the cessation of formations.
He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing the fading away (of lust);
(15) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing the cessation (of suffering);
124

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing the cessation (of suffering);
(16) He trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing the relinquishment (of defilements);
125

He trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing the relinquishment (of defilements).
126

22 Bhikshus, this is how the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing, when developed, often cultivated,
is of great fruit and great benefit.

II. THE PERFECTION OF THE FOUR FOCUSSES OF MINDFULNESS

23 And how, bhikshus, is the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing developed, often cultivated, to
bring the four focusses of mindfulness to perfection?
127

(A) Observing the body
24 Bhikshus,
(1) a monk, when breathing in long, he understands, I breathe in long [Long in-breath];
128

or, when he is breathing out long, he understands, I breathe out long [Long out-breath];
(2) or, when he is breathing in short, he understands, I breathe in short [Short in-breath];
or, when he is breathing out short, he understands, I breathe out short [Short out-breath];
(3) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing the whole body;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing the whole body;
(4) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, calming the bodily formation (of breathing);
129

when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, calming the bodily formation (of breathing);
then, bhikshus, exertive, fully aware, mindful,
130
the monk dwells observing the body in the body,
131

124
Cessation, nirodha. See prec n. Something that was once there had now disappeared. So much of the un-
iverse that you knew has ceased, and youre in a completely different spacewhat you thought was important has
gone Cessation is also the Third Noble Truth [the cessation of suffering]. The cause of that cessation is letting
goAnd whats left?...the opposite of dukkhait is sukha (happiness). The ending of suffering is happiness.
(Brahmavamso, Beautiful Breath, 1999; 2002:82 f).

125
Observing relinquishment [letting go], patinissagnupass, ie the giving up (pariccga) or abandoning
(pahna) of defilements through insight and the entering into (pakkhandana) nirvana by attaining the path. In this
context Patinissagga is not giving away whats out there, but giving away whats in herethe letting go of the
doer,even of the knower especially letting go of the will, the controller. This is the path to the end of
suffering. (Brahmavamso, Beautiful Breath, 1999; 2002:82 f).

126
While the previous three tetrads deal with both calm and insight, this tetrad deals only with insight. Con-
templating the fading away and contemplating the cessation can be understood both as insight into the im-
permanence of formations and as the supramundane path leading to nirvana, that is, the fading of lust (virga) and the
cessation of suffering. Contemplating the letting go is the giving up of defilements through insight and the gain-
ing of nirvana through the path.

127
Bringto perfection, PTS paripreti.

128
See 18(1-2) n.

129
Kya,sankhra, see 18(4)n.

130
Atp sampajno satim, vineyya loke abhijjh,domanassam here is essentially synonymous with vigat-
bhijjho vigata,vypdo asammlho sampajno patissato mentioned in connection with the four Divine Abodes
(brahma,vihra) (Kesaputtiy S, A 65.15/1:192). Their application, however, differ: the former points to the result of
meditation, while the latter is a part of the meditation process itself. On sampajno satim, see Vism 4.174/163 which
explains that clear knowledge (sampajaa) has the characteristic of non-confusion; its function is to investigate and
manifested as scrutiny. Mindfulness (sati) has the characteristic of remembering. Its function is not to forget and is
manifested as guarding. Sampajno is also tr as clearly comprehending, fully understanding (see M:B 2001
n147).

131
Observing the body in the body, kye kynupass, ie one who contemplates the body as the body; 25
observing feeling in the feeling, 26 observing mind in the mind, and 27 observing dharma in the dharma. In

removing
132
covetousness and displeasure
133
for the world.
134

Bhikshus, this in-and-out-breathing is a certain body amongst the bodies,
135
I say.
Therefore, bhikshus, on that occasion, the monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing the
body in the body,
136
removing covetousness and displeasure for the world.

(B) Observing feelings [Entry into dhyana]
25 Bhikshus, when a monk [84]
(5) trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing joy [zest];
137

when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing joy [zest];

each case, they are not to be seen as This is mine (etam mama) (which arises through craving, tanh), or as This I
am (esoham asmi) (due to conceit, mna), or as This is my self (eso me att) (due to wrong view, ditthi)
(Anatt,lakkhaa S, S 3:68). In short, such experiences are not beliefs but direct experiences of reality. See Peter
Harvey, The Selfless Mind, 1995:32 f.

132
Vineyya, this means that the five hindrances have to be abandoned prior to practising satipatthna. This is
because the hindrances, in the form of mental impurities (cetaso upakkilesa), weaken wisdom (paya dubbal,-
karane) (D 2:83, 3:49, 101, A 2:211, 3:93, 100, 386 f, Vbh 245, 256). In Na|akapna S (M 68), the Buddha tells
Anuruddha, While [a son of good family] still does not attain to joy and happiness that are secluded from sensual
pleasures and secluded from unwholesome states, or to something more peaceful than that, covetousness [and the
other four hindrances] will invade his mind and remain (M 68.6/1:463). (I thank Ajahn Brahmavamso for pointing
this out.)

133
Covetousness and displeasure, abhijjh,domanassam, which Walshe (1995:335 & n632) renders as han-
kering and fretting for the world; alt tr covetousness and displeasure or longing and loathing. MA says that
covetousness and displeasure here signify the first two hindrancessensual desire and ill willprincipal hindran-
ces to be overcome for the practice to succeed. They thus represent the contemplation of dharmas, which begins with
the five hindrances (paca nvaran: sensual lust, desire, ill will, restless and worry, sloth and torpor, doubt): see
Sangrava S (S 46.55 = SD 3.12). Cf M 1:274/39.13; see also Mah Satipa((hna S (D 22.13) and Satipa((hna S
(M 10.36) on how to deal with the hindrances in ones meditation. The monk effects the abandoning of the hindrances
by the contemplations of impermanence, fading away (of lust), cessation (of suffering) and letting go (of defilements),
and thus comes to look upon the object with equanimity. On abhijjh,domanassa, there is an interesting related pas-
sage from Pubba or Pubbeva Sambodha S: Monks, before my awakening, when I was still a bodhisattva, this
thought occurred to meWhatever physical and mental joy (sukha,somanassa) there is in the world, that is the
gratification (assda) in the world; that the world is impermanent, suffering and of the nature to change, that is the
wretchedness (dnava) in the worldthe removal and abandoning of desire and lust for the world, that is the escape
from the world. (A 1:258/3.101, pointed out to me by Robert Eddison). My understanding here regarding the naming
of the first two mental hindrances as abhijjh,domanassa is to show that with their elimination the other hindrances are
eliminated, tooa view confirmed by Brahmavamso (30 March 2003).

134
World (loka). The Vibhanga says: This very body is the world, and the five aggregates of clinging (i.e.
form, feeling, perception, formations and consciousness) are the worldthis is called the world. (Vbh 195). However,
in his amplified tr at Vbh 105, U Thittila has world (ie, in ideational objects) (dhamm, mental objects) (Vibh:T
139).

135
A certain body amongst the bodies, kyesu kyaatara. Nyanaponika: one of the bodily processes (1962:
167). SA ad Kimbila S (S 54.10 = SD 16.11): I call it the wind body (vyo,kya) among the bodies of the four ele-
ments. Or else, it is a certain kind of body because it is included in the tactile base amongst the various components
of the form body. (SA 3:271). This sentence is missing from Thich Nhat Hanh 1990. The breath is a body because
it is a part of the body of air (vyo,kya) or the wind element (vyo dhtu), one of the four primary elements (mah,-
bhta) making up the body (and everything else). It is included in the base of tangibles among bodily phenomena
because the object of attention is the touch sensation of the breath entering and exiting the nostrils), that is, it is in-
cluded in the sense of touch (or tangible object base, phottabbyatana). (M:B 2002 n1122). See MA 4:140. Cf
18(3)n. See discussion in Satipa((hna Suttas = SD 13.1 Intro (3.4).

136
DA (on Maha Satipatthana S) explains why body is used twice here: For determining the object and iso-
lating it, which anamoli paraphrases as This means not confusing, during meditation, body with feeling, mind, etc.
The body is contemplated just as body, feeling just as feeling, etc. (2001 n138 on Satipatthana S).

137
Joy, pti, see 19(5)n.
(6) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing happiness;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing happiness;
(7) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, knowing the mental formations;
138

when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, knowing the mental formations;
(8) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, calming the mental formations;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, calming the mental formations;
then, the monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing feeling in the feeling,
139
removing
covetousness and displeasure for the world.
Bhikshus, full attention
140
to the in-and-out-breathing
141
is a certain feeling amongst the feelings,
142
I
say .
Therefore, bhikshus, on that occasion, the monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing
feeling in the feeling, removing covetousness and displeasure for the world.

(C) Observing the mind
26 Bhikshus,
(9) when a monk trains himself thus: I will breathe in, experiencing the mind;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, experiencing the mind;
(10) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, gladdening the mind;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, gladdening the mind;
(11) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, concentrating the mind;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, concentrating the mind;
(12) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, freeing the mind;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, freeing the mind;
then, the monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing the mind in the mind,
143
removing
covetousness and displeasure for the world.
I do not say, bhikshus, that there is the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing for one who is confused,
who lacks full knowing.

138
Or, Mental functions, citta,sankhra, see 19(7)n.

139
Observing feeling in the feeling, vedansu vedannupass, ie one who contemplates feeling as feeling.
See 24n.

140
MA explains that full (or bare) attention (sdhuka manasikra) is not itself actually feeling, but is spoken of
as such only figuratively. In the second tetrad, the actual feeling is the happiness mentioned in the second clause and
also the feeling connoted by the expression mental formations in the third and fourth clauses.
141
Full attention to the in-and-out-breathing (asssa,passsam sdhukam manasikram). Comy: Attention is
not really pleasant feeling, but this is a heading of the teaching. In this tetrad, in the first verse (pada) feeling is alluded
to under the heading of rapture; in the second verse, it is directly found as happiness. In the third and fourth verses,
feeling is included in the mental formation [sa ca vedan ca citta,sankhro, S 4:293]. (SA 3:271)

142
A certain feeling amongst the feelings, vedansu vedanatara. There are 3 types of feeling: pleasant
(sukham), unpleasant (dukkham) and neutral (adukkham-asukham)one contemplates one any of these as each arise.
Cf 24n on a certain body amongst the bodies. Comy to Maha Satipatthana Sutta says that it is not easy to be
mindful of neutral feeling, and that it should be best approached by way of inference, by noting the absence of both
pleasant and unpleasant feelings. Comy illustrates with the example of a hunter seeing tracks before and after a rock,
thereby inferring the track of an animal (MA 1:277). Dhamma,sanga says that only the sense of touch is accom-
panied by pain or pleasure, while feelings arising at the other four sense-doors are invariably neutral (Dhs 139-145;
Abhds 2). The suttas however speak of pleasant and unpleasant sights, sounds, smells, and tastes, that in turn condition
the arising of corresponding feelings of pleasure or displeasure (S 4:115, 119, 125, 126). This Abhidhammic pres-
entation offers an intriguing perspective on contemplation of feeling, since it invites an inquiry into the degree to
which an experience of delight or displeasure in regard to sight, sound, smell or taste is simply the outcome of ones
own mental evaluation (Analayo, Satipatthna, 2003:171). See Satipa((hna Suttas = SD 13.1 Intro (3.4).

143
Observing the mind in the mind. See 24n. MA says that although the meditator takes as his object the sign
of the in-and-out-breathing, he is said to be observing mind in the mind because he maintains his mind on the object
by arousing mindfulness and full understanding, two factors of mind.

Therefore, bhikshus, on that occasion, the monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing mind in
the mind, removing covetousness and displeasure for the world.

(D) Observing dharmas [Emerging from dhyana]
27Bhikshus,
(13) when a monk trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing impermanence;
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing impermanence;
(14) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing the fading away
144
[of lust];
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing the fading away [of lust];
(15) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing the cessation [of suffering];
when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing the cessation [of suffering];
(16) when he trains himself thus: I will breathe in, observing the letting go [of defilements];
145

when he trains himself thus: I will breathe out, observing the letting go [of defilements];
then, bhikshus, the monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing dharmas in the dhar-
mas,
146
removing covetousness and displeasure for the world.
Having seen with wisdom the abandonment of covetousness and displeasure, [85] he closely looks on
with equanimity.
147

Therefore, bhikshus, on that occasion, the monk dwells exertive, fully aware, mindful, observing
dharmas in the dharmas, removing covetousness and displeasure for the world.
28 Bhikshus, when the mindfulness of the in-and-out-breathing is thus cultivated, thus often developed,
it brings the four focusses of mindfulness to perfection.

III. PERFECTION OF THE SEVEN AWAKENING-FACTORS

29 And how, bhikshus, are the four focusses of mindfulness cultivated and often developed to bring the
seven awakening-factors to perfection?
148

144
Fading away, virga, also translated as dispassion (see 42).

145
See 21(16)n.

146
Dharmas (dhamm) here refers to mind-objects or the nature of things that arise in the mind. See Sati-
pa((hna S (M 10) = SD 10.1 Intro (5D).
147
Samyutta Comy at Kimbila S (S 54.10 = SD 16.11): Here covetousness (abhijjh) is only the hindrance of
sensual lust; by displeasure (domanassa) is meant the hindrance of ill will.* This tetrad is stated by way of insight
only. These two hindrances are the first of the five hindrances, the first section in the contemplation of dharmas. Thus
he says this to show the beginning of the contemplation of dharmas. By abandonment (pahnam) is meant the
knowledge that effects abandoning, eg, one abandons the perception of permanence by the contemplation of imper-
manence. By the words having seen with wisdom (paya disv), he shows the sequence of insights, thus: With
one insight knowledge, he sees the knowledge of abandonment, that is, the knowledges of impermanence, dispassion,
ending, and letting go; and that, too, he sees by yet another. He closely looks on with equanimity (sdhukam ajj-
hupekkhit hoti): one is said to look on with equanimity when one has fare along the path, and when one has estab-
lished oneness (of mind). Looking on with equanimity (ajjhupekkhan) can also refer the conascent mental states (in
meditation) or to the object. Here, the looking on at the object is intended. (SA 3:272 f). [*Although covetousness
and displeasure is taken by the Suttas Comy to refer to only the first two mental hindrances (nvaran), sensual lust
and ill will, in the early Suttas, the dvandva is clearly a synecdoche (or short form) for all the five hindrances (paca,-
nvaran) themselves, whose removal leads to mindfulness (sati), mental concentration (samdhi) and dhyana (jhna).
See SD 13.1(4.2e).]

148
This section (M 118.29-40/3:85-87) is a pericope = Sla S, S 5:67-70 = nanda S 1, S 331-333 = nanda S 2,
S 334 f. The closing section (M 118.41-44/3:88) is also found in the 2 nanda Ss (S 54.13-14/S 333, 335).
(A) Observing the body
30 Bhikshus, when a monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing the body in the body,
149

then unconfused
150
mindfulness is established in him.
(i) Bhikshus, when unconfused mindfulness is established in a monk, then the awakening-factor of
mindfulness is aroused in him. Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of mindfulness, and at the
same time, by cultivating it, the mindfulness awakening-factor is perfected.
31 (ii) Living thus mindful, he investigates and examines
151
that state with wisdom and makes a
thorough inquiry of it.
Bhikshus, when, a monk, living thus mindful, investigates and examines that state with wisdom and
makes a thorough inquiry of it, then the awakening-factor of dharma-investigation
152
is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of dharma-investigation, and at the same time, by cul-
tivating it, the dharma-investigation awakening-factor is perfected in him.
32 (iii) In one who investigates and examines that state with wisdom and makes a thorough inquiry of
it, tireless effort is aroused.
Bhikshus, when tireless effort is aroused in a monk who investigates and examines that state with
wisdom and makes a thorough inquiry of it, tireless effort is aroused, then the awakening-factor of ef-
fort
153
is aroused in him.
Then, too, the monk cultivates that awakening-factor of effort, and at the same time, by cultivating it,
the effort awakening-factor is perfected in him.
33 (iv) In one who has aroused effort, spiritual
154
joy arises.
Bhikshus, when spiritual joy [zest] arises [86] in a monk who has aroused effort, then the awaken-
ing-factor of joy is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of joy, and at the same time, by cultivating it, the joy
awakening-factor is perfected in him.
34 (v) In one whose mind is joyful, the body and the mind become calm.
Bhikshus, when the body and the mind become calm in a monk who is mentally joyful, then the
awakening-factor of tranquillity is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of tranquillity and at the same time, by cultivating it, the
tranquillity awakening-factor is perfected in him.
35 (vi) In one whose body is tranquil and who is happy, the mind becomes concentrated.
Bhikshus, when the mind becomes concentrated in a monk whose body is tranquil and who is happy,
then the awakening-factor of concentration is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of concentration, andat the same time, by cultivating it,

149
Observing the body in the body. See 24n.

150
appammatth (Se Ke)

151
Thus Ke Ce Se PTS. Be pavicarati.

152
Dhamma,vicaya. Sometimes this is taken as investigation of the Doctrine, but the meaning here actually is
investigation of bodily and mental phenomena (Walshe 1995 n690). This is the key awakening-factor, ie, awake-
ning itself, while the others are the factors that help this awakening to be realized (Nm 456). Milinda,paha
compares dhamma,vicaya sambojjhanga to a sword, which in order to cut needs the use of the hands (representing the
other 5 factors) (Miln 83): see Gethin 2001:185. On the two applications of dhamma,vicayain the teaching and in
the meditation contextssee Bojjhanga Sla S (S 46.3) = SD 10.1(1).

153
Vriya sambojjhanga. This is identical to the 4 right efforts of the noble eightfold path.

154
Nirmisa, not of the flesh, here meaning non-carnal or spiritual, which according to Comy refers to the
six joyful feelings connected with the sense-doors, but not dependent on sense-desire (MA 1:279). Its opp is smisa =
sa-misa, sensual, lit with flesh, thus connoting some sense of the carnal, ie connected to the pleasures of the five
senses (kma,gun) (S 4:235, 236). In Sa|yatana,vibhanga S (M 137), smisa and nirmisa refer to the household
life and to the renounced life respectively. Elsewhere, as in Suddhika Nirmisa S (S 36.29), nirmisa pti, nirmisa
sukha and nirmis upekkh are experienced in the dhyanas (S 36.29.8-15/4:236 f). See D 2:298; M 1:59; S 4:235, 236
(x2); A 1:81, 3:412l Pm 2:233. See also Sue Hamilton, Identity and Experience, 1996:43 f. On misa and nirmisa,
see Satipa((hna S (M 10.32/1:59) and Dhamma,dyda S (M 3). See also MA 1:89, 279.

the concentration awakening-factor is perfected in him.
36 (vii) He closely looks on with equanimity at the mind thus concentrated.
Bhikshus, when the monk closely looks on with equanimity at the mind thus concentrated then the
awakening-factor of equanimity is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of equanimity, and at the same time, by cultivating it,
the equanimity awakening-factor is perfected in him.
155

(B) Observing feelings
37 Bhikshus, when a monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing feeling in the feeling,
156

removing covetousness and displeasure for the world, then unconfused mindfulness is established in him.
mindfulness is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of mindfulness, and at the same time, by cultivating it,
the mindfulness awakening-factor is perfected in him.
(ii) the awakening-factor of dharma-investigation
(iii) the awakening-factor of effort
(iv) the awakening-factor of joy [zest]
(v) the awakening-factor of tranquillity
(vi) the awakening-factor of concentration
(vii) He closely looks on with equanimity at the mind thus concentrated.
Bhikshus, when the monk closely looks on with equanimity at the mind thus concentrated, then the
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of equanimity, and at the same time, by cultivating it, the
equanimity awakening-factor is perfected in him.

(C) Observing the mind
38 Bhikshus, when a monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing the mind in the
mind,
157
removing covetousness and displeasure for the world,(repeat as at 30-36)the awaken-
ing-factor of equanimity is aroused in him.

(D) Observing dharmas
39 Bhikshus, when a monk, exertive, fully aware, mindful, dwells observing dharma in the dhar-
ma,
158
removing covetousness and displeasure for the world, then unconfused mindfulness would be es-
tablished in him.
mindfulness is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of mindfulness, and at the same time, by cultivating it,
the mindfulness awakening-factor is perfected in him.
(ii) Living thus mindful, he investigates and examines that state with wisdom and makes a thorough
inquiry of it.
Bhikshus, when a monk, living thus mindful, investigates and examines that state with wisdom and
makes a thorough inquiry of it, then the awakening-factor of dharma-investigation is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of dharma-investigation, and at the same time, by cul-

155
On this sambojjhanga passage, cf the shorter nvarana,pahna passage at Smaa,phala S (D 2.76/1:73) =
SD 8.10n for other refs.

156
observing feeling in the feeling. See 24n.

157
observing the mind in the mind. See 24n & 25n.

158
observing dharma in the dharma. See 24n.
tivating it, the dharma-investigation awakening-factor is perfected in him.
(iii) In one who investigates and examines that state with wisdom and makes a thorough inquiry of it,
tireless effort is aroused.
Bhikshus, when tireless effort is aroused in a monk who investigates and examines that state with
wisdom and makes a thorough inquiry of it, then the awakening-factor of effort
159
is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of effort, and at the same time, by cultivating it, the effort
(iv) In one who has aroused effort, spiritual
160
joy arises.
Bhikshus, when spiritual joy arises in a monk who has aroused then the awakening-factor of joy is
aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of joy, and at the same time, by cultivating it, the joy
(v) In one whose mind is joyful, the body and the mind become calm.
Bhikshus, when the body and the mind become calm in a monk who is mentally joyful, then the
awakening-factor of tranquillity is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of tranquillity, and at the same time, by cultivating it, the
tranquillity awakening-factor is perfected in him.
(vi) In one whose body is tranquil and who is happy, the mind becomes concentrated.
Bhikshus, when the mind becomes concentrated in a monk whose body is tranquil and who is happy,
then the awakening-factor of concentration is aroused in him.
Then, too, he cultivates that awakening-factor of concentration, and at the same time, by cultivating it,
the concentration awakening-factor is perfected in him.
(vii) He closely looks on with equanimity at the mind thus concentrated.
Bhikshus, when the monk closely looks on with equanimity at the mind thus concentrated, then the
40 Bhikshus, when the four focusses of mindfulness are thus cultivated, thus often developed, they
bring the seven awakening-factors to perfection.
161

IV. PERFECTION OF TRUE KNOWLEDGE AND LIBERATION
Conclusion
[88] 41 And how, bhikshus, are the seven awakening-factors cultivated and often developed to bring
true knowledge and liberation to perfection?
162

42 Here, bhikshus,
(i) a monk cultivates the awakening-factor of mindfulness that is dependent on solitude,
163
dependent

159
Vriya sambojjhanga. See 32n.

160
nirmisa, See 33n.

161
MA says that this passage shows that the awakening-factors exist together in each mind-moment in the prac-
tice of insight-meditation.

162
This closing section (M 118.41-44/3:88) is a periscope = nanda S 1 (S 54.13-14/5:333) = nanda S 2 (S
54.14/5:335).
163
Here solitude (viveka) (or seclusion) has a special reference to the overcoming of the 5 mental hindrances
(paca nvaran). This whole phrase, beginning with dependent on solitudeviveka,nissitam virga,nissitam
nirodha,nissitam vossagga,nissitam vossagga,parinmim dhamma,vicaya,sambojjhangamis called the viveka,-
nissita formula. See Gethin 2001:162-168. According to Pa(isambhid,magga, there are 5 kinds of solitude (vi-
veka), ie overcoming of the hindrances: (1) solitude through suppression (vikkhambhana viveka); (2) solitude through
the substitution of opposite or displacement by opposites (tad-anga viveka); (3) solitude through cutting off (sa-
muccheda viveka); (4) solitude through tranquillization (patipassaddhi viveka); and (5) solitude through escape
(nissarana viveka) (Pm 1:27, 2:219-224; Vism 13.12/410, 22.110/693). See also Introduction to the Satipatthana
Suttas = SD 13.1 4.2c.

on fading away (of lust) [dispassion],
164
dependent on cessation (of suffering),
165
ripening in letting go (of
defilements).
166

(ii) He cultivates the awakening-factor of dharma-investigation
(iii) He cultivates the awakening-factor of effort
(iv) He cultivates the awakening-factor of joy
(v) He cultivates the awakening-factor of tranquillity
(vi) He cultivates the awakening-factor of concentration
(vii) He cultivates the awakening-factor of equanimity that is dependent on seclusion, dependent on
fading away (of lust), dependent on cessation (of suffering), ripening in letting go (of defilements).
43 Bhikshus, when the seven awakening-factors are thus cultivated, thus often developed, they bring
true knowledge and liberation to perfection.
167

44 This is what the Blessed One said. The monks rejoiced and approved of the Blessed Ones word.

evam

164
Virga, also tr as dispassion.

165
Nirodha, ie, cessation of suffering.

166
MA says that there are 2 kinds of letting go or relinquishment (of suffering) (vossagga): giving up (paric-
cga), ie the abandonment of defilements, and entering into (pakkhandana), ie culminating in nirvana. Gethin notes
that this phrase is not unique to the 7 bojjhang, but is also found in connection with the factors of the noble eightfold
path, the indriy and bal (2001:162 f). This formula shows that that each bojjhanga is to be developed successively
as dependent on solitude, dispassion [fading away] and cessation (Gethin 2001:166).

167
MA says that the mindfulness that comprehends breathing is mundane. The mundane mindfulness of the
breath perfects or fulfills the mundane focusses of mindfulness. The mundane focusses of mindfulness perfect the
supramundane awakening-factors, and the supramundane awakening-factors perfect true knowledge and liberation, ie
the fruit and nirvana.
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7.13 Ti S m118 Piya

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Majjhima Nikya 3 M 118 npna,sati Sutta

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