Mikoyan MiG-29

The Mikoyan MiG-29 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-29;

MiG-29
NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a twin-engine
fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. Developed
by the Mikoyan design bureau as an air superiority
fighter during the 1970s, the MiG-29, along with the
larger Sukhoi Su-27, was developed to counter new U.S.
fighters such as the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and
the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.[2] The
MiG-29 entered service with the Soviet Air Forces in
1983.

While originally oriented towards combat against any

enemy aircraft, many MiG-29s have been furnished as A Russian Air Force MiG-29S
multirole fighters capable of performing a number of Role Air superiority fighter, multirole
different operations, and are commonly outfitted to use fighter
a range of air-to-surface armaments and precision National origin Soviet Union
munitions. The MiG-29 has been manufactured in
Design group Mikoyan
several major variants, including the multirole Mikoyan
MiG-29M and the navalised Mikoyan MiG-29K; the First flight 6 October 1977

most advanced member of the family to date is the Introduction August 1983
Mikoyan MiG-35. Later models frequently feature Status In service
improved engines, glass cockpits with HOTAS- Primary users Russian Aerospace Forces
compatible flight controls, modern radar and infrared Indian Air Force
search and track (IRST) sensors, and considerably Uzbekistan Air and Air
increased fuel capacity; some aircraft have also been Defence Forces
equipped for aerial refueling. Ukrainian Air Force

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Produced 1981–present

militaries of multiple ex-Soviet republics have Number built >1,600[1]
continued to operate the MiG-29, the largest of them Variants Mikoyan MiG-29M
being the Russian Aerospace Forces. The Russian Mikoyan MiG-29K
Aerospace Forces wanted to upgrade its existing fleet to Mikoyan MiG-35
the modernised MiG-29SMT configuration, but
financial difficulties have limited deliveries. The MiG-29 has also been a popular export aircraft; more
than 30 nations either operate or have operated the aircraft. As of 2024 Flight Global estimates that
809 MiG-29s, of all types, are in service with air forces, making it the 5th most common active
fighter.[3]

Development

Origins
In the mid-1960s, the United States Air Force (USAF) encountered difficulties over the skies of
Vietnam. Supersonic fighter bombers that had been optimized for low altitude bombing, like the F-105
Thunderchief, were found to be vulnerable to older MiG-17s and more advanced MiGs which were
much more maneuverable.[4] In order to regain the limited air superiority enjoyed over Vietnam, the
US refocused on air combat using the F-4 Phantom multirole fighter, while the Soviet Union
developed the MiG-23 in response. Towards the end of the 1960s, the USAF started the "F-X"
program to produce a fighter dedicated to air superiority, which led to the McDonnell Douglas F-15
Eagle being ordered for production in late 1969.[5]

At the height of the Cold War, a Soviet response was necessary to avoid the possibility of the
Americans gaining a serious technological advantage over the Soviets, thus the development of a new
air superiority fighter became a priority.[6] In 1969, the Soviet General Staff issued a requirement for a
Perspektivnyy Frontovoy Istrebitel (PFI, roughly "Advanced Frontline Fighter").[7] Specifications
were extremely ambitious, calling for long range, good short-field performance (including the ability
to use austere runways), excellent agility, Mach 2+ speed, and heavy armament. The Russian
aerodynamics institute TsAGI worked in collaboration with the Sukhoi design bureau on the aircraft's
aerodynamics.[7]

By 1971, however, Soviet studies determined the need for different

types of fighters. The PFI program was supplemented with the
Perspektivnyy Lyogkiy Frontovoy Istrebitel (LPFI, or "Advanced
Lightweight Tactical Fighter") program; the Soviet fighter force
was planned to be approximately 33% PFI and 67% LPFI.[8] PFI
and LPFI paralleled the USAF's decision that created the
"Lightweight Fighter" program and the General Dynamics F-16
Fighting Falcon and Northrop YF-17.[9] The PFI fighter was A Soviet Air Forces MiG-29 parked
assigned to Sukhoi, resulting in the Sukhoi Su-27, while the after a display flight at the
lightweight fighter went to Mikoyan. Detailed design work on the Abbotsford Air Show, 1989
resultant Mikoyan Product 9, designated MiG-29A, began in 1974,
with the first flight taking place on 6 October 1977. The pre-
production aircraft was first spotted by United States reconnaissance satellites in November of that
year; it was dubbed Ram-L because it was observed at the Zhukovsky flight test center near the town
of Ramenskoye.[10][11]

The workload split between TPFI and LPFI became more apparent as the MiG-29 filtered into front
line service with the Soviet Air Forces (Russian: Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily [VVS]) in the mid-1980s.
While the heavy, long range Su-27 was tasked with the more exotic and dangerous role of deep air-to-
air sweeps of NATO high-value assets, the smaller MiG-29 directly replaced the MiG-23 in the frontal
aviation role.

Introduction and improvements

In the West, the new fighter was given the NATO reporting name "Fulcrum-A" because the pre-
production MiG-29A, which should have logically received this designation, remained unknown in the
West at that time. The Soviet Union did not assign official names to most of its aircraft, although
nicknames were common. Unusually, some Soviet pilots found the MiG-29's NATO reporting name,
"Fulcrum", to be a flattering description of the aircraft's intended purpose, and it is sometimes
unofficially used in Russian service.[12]

The MiG-29 was widely exported in downgraded versions, known as MiG-29 9-12A for Warsaw Pact
and MiG-29 9-12B for non-Warsaw Pact nations,[13] with less capable avionics and no capability for
delivering nuclear weapons.

In the 1980s, Mikoyan developed the improved MiG-29S to use longer range R-27E air-to-air missiles.
It added a dorsal 'hump' to the upper fuselage to house a jamming system and some additional fuel
capacity. The weapons load was increased to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) with airframe strengthening. These
features were included in new-built fighters and upgrades to older MiG-29s.[14][15]

Refined versions of the MiG-29 with improved avionics were

fielded by the Soviet Union, but Mikoyan's multirole variants,
including a carrier-based version designated MiG-29K, were never
produced in large numbers. Development of the MiG-29K carrier
version was suspended for over a decade before being resumed;
the type went into service with the Indian Navy's INS
Vikramaditya, and Russian Navy's Admiral Kuznetsov class
aircraft carrier. Mikoyan also developed improved versions MiG-
A Russian Air Force MiG-29UB
29M and MiG-29SMT.[16][17] trainer landing

There have been several upgrade programmes conducted for the

MiG-29. Common upgrades include the adoption of standard-compatible avionics, service life
extensions to 4,000 flight hours, safety enhancements, greater combat capabilities and reliability.

Replacement
On 11 December 2013, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin revealed that Russia was
planning to build a new fighter to replace the MiG-29. The Sukhoi Su-27 and its derivatives were to be
replaced by the Sukhoi Su-57, but a different design was needed to replace the lighter MiGs. A
previous attempt to develop a MiG-29 replacement, the MiG 1.44 demonstrator, failed in the 1990s.
The concept came up again in 2001 with interest from India, but they later opted for a variant of the
Su-57. Air Force commanders have hinted at the possibility of a single-engine airframe that uses the
Su-57's engine, radar, and weapons primarily for Russian service.[18] This has since been revealed to
be the Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate.

Design
Sharing its origins in the original PFI requirements issued by
TsAGI, the MiG-29 has broad aerodynamic similarities to the
Sukhoi Su-27, but with some notable differences. The MiG-29 has
a mid-mounted swept wing with blended leading-edge root
extensions (LERXs) swept at around 40°; there are swept
tailplanes and two vertical fins, mounted on booms outboard of
the engines. Automatic slats are mounted on the leading edges of
the wings; they are four-segment on early models and five- MiG-29UB of the Swifts aerobatic
team
segment on some later variants. On the trailing edge, there are
maneuvering flaps and wingtip ailerons.[19]

The MiG-29 has hydraulic controls and a SAU-451 three-axis autopilot but, unlike the Su-27, no fly-
by-wire control system. Nonetheless, it is very agile, with excellent instantaneous and sustained turn
performance, high-alpha capability, and a general resistance to spins. The airframe consists primarily
of aluminum with some composite materials,[20] and is stressed for up to 9 g (88 m/s²) maneuvers.
The controls have "soft" limiters to prevent the pilot from exceeding g and alpha limits, but the
limiters can be disabled manually.[19]

Powerplant and range

The MiG-29 has two widely spaced Klimov RD-33 turbofan
engines, each rated at 50 kilonewtons (11,200 lbf) dry and 81.3
kilonewtons (18,300 lbf) in afterburner. The space between the
engines generates lift, thereby reducing effective wing loading,
hence improving maneuverability. The engines are fed through
intake ramps fitted under the leading-edge extensions (LERXs),
which have variable ramps to allow high-Mach speeds. Due to
their relatively short combustor, the engines produce noticeably
RD-33 on display at the heavier smoke than their contemporaries. As an adaptation to
Luftwaffenmuseum of the rough-field operations, the main air inlet can be closed completely
Bundeswehr and the auxiliary air inlet on the upper fuselage can be used for
takeoff, landing and low-altitude flying, preventing ingestion of
ground debris. Thereby the engines receive air through louvers on
the LERXs which open automatically when intakes are closed. However the latest variant of the
family, the MiG-35, eliminated these dorsal louvers, and adopted the mesh screens design in the main
intakes, similar to those fitted to the Su-27.[21]
 The MiG-29 has a ferry range of 1,500 km (930 mi) without
external fuel tanks, and 2,100 km (1,300 mi) with external
tanks.[22] The internal fuel capacity of the original MiG-29
(Fulcrum-A) is 4,300 L (950 imp gal; 1,100 US gal) distributed
between six internal fuel tanks, four in the fuselage and one in
each wing.[23] The internal fuel capacity of the MiG-29 (Fulcrum-
C) is 4,540 L (1,000 imp gal; 1,200 US gal) due to a larger #1
A Bangladesh Air Force MiG-29
fuselage tank.[23] For longer flights, this can be supplemented by a
inflight with its Klimov RD-33 1,500 L (330 imp gal; 400 US gal) centreline drop tank on the
turbofan engines on full afterburner Fulcrum-A and two 1,150 L (250 imp gal; 300 US gal) underwing
drop tanks on later production batches. In addition, newer models
have been fitted with port-side inflight refueling probes, allowing
much longer flight times by using a probe-and-drogue system.[24]

Cockpit
The cockpit features a conventional centre stick and left hand throttle
controls. The pilot sits in a Zvezda K-36DM ejection seat.

The cockpit has conventional dials, with a head-up display (HUD) and a
Shchel-3UM helmet mounted display, but no HOTAS ("hands-on-
throttle-and-stick") capability. Emphasis seems to have been placed on
making the cockpit similar to the earlier MiG-23 and other Soviet aircraft
for ease of conversion, rather than on ergonomics. Nonetheless, the MiG-
29 does have substantially better visibility than most previous Soviet jet
fighters, thanks to a high-mounted bubble canopy. Upgraded models
introduce "glass cockpits" with modern liquid-crystal (LCD) multi-
function displays (MFDs) and true HOTAS.
MiG-29 cockpit, 1995

Sensors
The baseline MiG-29 9.12 has a Phazotron RLPK-29 radar fire control system which includes the
N019 Sapfir 29 look-down/shoot-down coherent pulse-Doppler radar and the Ts100.02-02 digital
computer.[25]

The N019 radar was not a new design, but rather a development of the Sapfir-23ML architecture used
on the MiG-23ML. During the initial design specification period in the mid-1970s, Phazotron NIIR
was tasked with producing a modern radar for the MiG-29. To speed development, Phazotron based
its new design on work undertaken by NPO Istok on the experimental "Soyuz" radar program.
Accordingly, the N019 was originally intended to have a flat planar array antenna and full digital
signal processing, for a detection and tracking range of at least 100 km (62 mi) against a fighter-sized
target. Prototype testing revealed this could not be attained in the required timeframe and still fit
within the MiG-29's nose. Rather than design a new radar, Phazotron reverted to a version of the
Sapfir-23ML's twisted-polarization cassegrain antenna and traditional analog signal processors,
 coupled with a new NII Argon-designed Ts100 digital computer to
save time and cost. This produced a working radar system, but
inherited the weak points of the earlier design, plaguing the MiG-
29's ability to detect and track airborne targets at ranges available
with the R-27 and R-77 missiles.

The N019 was further

compromised by Phazotron
designer Adolf Tolkachev's
MiG-29 nose showing radome and betrayal of the radar to the
S-31E2 KOLS IRST CIA, for which he was executed
in 1986. In response to all of
these problems, the Soviets
hastily developed a modified N019M Topaz radar for the upgraded
MiG-29UB on display, showing
MiG-29S aircraft. However, VVS was reportedly still not satisfied gunport
with the performance of the system and demanded another
upgrade. The latest upgraded aircraft, MiG-29M, offered the N010
Zhuk-M, which has a planar array antenna rather than a dish, improving range, and a much superior
processing ability, with multiple-target engagement capability and compatibility with the Vympel R-77
(or RVV-AE).[26]

Armament
Armament for the MiG-29 includes a single GSh-30-1 30 mm
(1.18 in) cannon in the port wing root. This originally had a 150-
round magazine, which was reduced to 100 rounds in later
variants, which only allows a few seconds of firing before running
out of ammo. Original production MiG-29 aircraft cannot fire the
cannon when carrying a centerline fuel tank as it blocks the shell
ejection port. This was corrected in the MiG-29S and later
versions. Bangladesh Air Force MiG-29
showing its full underbelly. Note the
Three pylons are provided under each wing (four in some six underwing pylons carrying R-27
variants), for a total of six (or eight). The inboard pylons can carry and R-73 air-to-air missiles. The
either a 1,150 L (250 imp gal; 300 US gal) fuel tank, one Vympel centerline fuel tank is seen with an
R-27 (AA-10 "Alamo") medium-range air-to-air missile, or APU exhaust duct.
unguided bombs or rockets. Some Soviet aircraft could carry a
single nuclear bomb on the port inboard station. The outer pylons
usually carry R-73 (AA-11 "Archer") dogfight air to air missiles, although some users still retain the
older R-60 (AA-8 "Aphid"). A single 1,500 L (330 imp gal; 400 US gal) tank can be fitted to the
centerline, between the engines.

The US has supplied AGM-88 HARM missiles to Ukraine. It appears that they are fired from MiG-29s.
It was only disclosed after Russian forces showed footage of a tail fin from one of these missiles.[27]
U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl has said this: "I would just point to two things.
One, you know, a lot was made about the MiG-29 issue several months ago, not very much has been
noticed about the sheer amount of spare parts and other things that we've done to help them actually
put more of their own MiG-29s in the air and keep those that are in the air flying for a longer period of
time. And then also, in recent PDA [Presidential Drawdown Authority] packages we've included a
number of anti-radiation missiles that can be fired off of Ukrainian aircraft. They can have effects on
Russian radars and other things."[28] Soviet era aircraft don't have the computer architecture to accept
NATO standard weapons. The interface would be difficult; however with a "crude modification", such
as an e-tablet, it would be possible.[29]

Operational history
While the MiG-29's true capabilities could only be estimated from the time it first appeared In 1977
until the mid-1980s, a combination of persistent intelligence and increasing access afforded by the
Soviet foreign sales effort allowed a true appreciation of its capabilities. Early MiG-29s were very agile
aircraft, capable of rivaling the performance of contemporary F-18 and F-16 aircraft. However, their
relatively low fuel capacity relegated them to short-range air defense missions. Lacking HOTAS and
an inter-aircraft data link, and requiring a very intensive "heads-down" approach to operating cockpit
controls, the early MiG-29 denied pilots the kind of situational awareness routinely enjoyed by pilots
operating comparable US aircraft. Analysts and Western pilots who flew examples of the MiG-29
thought this likely prevented even very good pilots from harnessing the plane's full combat capability.
Later MiG-29s were upgraded to improve their capabilities.[30] The Soviet Union exported MiG-29s to
several countries. Because 4th-generation fighter aircraft require the pilots to have extensive training,
air-defense infrastructure, and constant maintenance and upgrades, MiG-29s have had mixed
operational history with different air forces.[31]

Soviet Union and successor states

The MiG-29 was first publicly seen in the West when the Soviet Union displayed the aircraft in
Finland on 2 July 1986. Two MiG-29s were also displayed at the Farnborough Airshow in Britain in
September 1988. The following year, the aircraft conducted flying displays at the 1989 Paris Air Show
where it was involved in a non-fatal crash during the first weekend of the show.[32] The Paris Air Show
display was only the second display of Soviet fighters at an international air show since the 1930s.
Western observers were impressed by its apparent capability and exceptional agility. Following the
disintegration of the Soviet Union, most of the MiG-29s entered service with the newly formed
Russian Air Force.

Russia
In July 1993, two MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force collided
in mid-air and crashed away from the public at the Royal
International Air Tattoo. No one on the ground sustained
any serious injuries, and the two pilots ejected and landed
safely.[33]
The sketch of the MiG-29 performing the
super maneuver, the Pugachev's Cobra.
 The Russian Air Force grounded all its MiG-29s following a crash
in Siberia on 17 October 2008. Following a second crash with a
MiG-29 in east Siberia in December 2008,[34] Russian officials
admitted that most MiG-29 fighters in the Russian Air Force were
incapable of performing combat duties due to poor maintenance.
The age of the aircraft was also an important factor as about 70%
MiG-29SMT at the 2011 MAKS
of the MiGs were considered to be too old to take to the skies. The
Russian MiG-29s have not received updates since the collapse of
the Soviet Union. On 4 February 2009, the Russian Air Force resumed flights with the MiG-29.
However, in March 2009, 91 MiG-29s of the Russian Air Force required repair after inspections due to
corrosion; approximately 100 MiGs were cleared to continue flying at the time.[35][36] The Russian
Aerospace Forces started an update of its early MiG-29s to the more current MiG-29SMT
standard,[22] but financial difficulties prevented delivery of more than three MiG-29 SMT upgrade to
the Russian Aerospace Forces. Instead, the 35 MiG-29SMT/UBTs rejected by Algeria were bought by
the Russian Aerospace Forces.[37] Russia placed an order for 16 new-build MiG-29SMTs on 15 April
2014, with delivery expected by 2017.[38]

On 4 June 2015, a MiG-29 crashed during training in Astrakhan.[39] A month later, another MiG-29
crashed near the village of Kushchevskaya in the Krasnodar region with the pilot safely ejecting.[40] A
series of accidents in the Russian Aerospace Forces that happened in 2015 were caused mostly by
overall increase of flights and training.[41]

On 20 April 2008, Georgian officials claimed a Russian MiG-29 shot down a Georgian Hermes 450
unmanned aerial vehicle and provided video footage from the ill-fated drone showing an apparent
MiG-29 launching an air-to-air missile at it. Russia denies that the aircraft was theirs and says they
did not have any pilots in the air that day. Abkhazia's administration claimed its own forces shot down
the drone with an L-39 aircraft "because it was violating Abkhaz airspace and breaching ceasefire
agreements."[42] UN investigation concluded that the video was authentic and that the drone was shot
down by a Russian MiG-29 or Su-27 using an R-73 heat seeking missile.[43]

On 16 July 2014, a Ukrainian Su-25 was shot down, with Ukrainian officials stating that a Russian
MiG-29 shot it down using a R-27T missile.[44][45] Russia denied these allegations.[46]

During the first half of September 2017, the Russian Aerospace Forces deployed some MiG-29SMT
multirole combat aircraft to Khmeimim Airbase, near Latakia, in western Syria, becoming the first
time the modernized version of the baseline Fulcrum jet was deployed to take part in the Syrian Air
War.[47] The MiG-29SMT were involved in bombing missions and secondary strategic bombers escort
duties.[48]

Two Russian MiG-29s operated by Wagner Group crashed near Sirte, Libya on 28 June 2020 and on 7
September 2020.[49]

Ukraine
In April 2014, during the Russian invasion of Crimea, 45 Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29s and 4 L-39
combat trainers were reportedly captured by Russian forces at Belbek air base. Most of the planes
appeared to be in inoperable condition. In May, Russian troops dismantled them and shipped them
back to Ukraine. On 4 August 2014, the Ukrainian government
stated that a number of them had been put back into service to
fight in the war in the east of the country.[50]

During the initial days of the war in Donbas in April 2014, the
Ukrainian Air Force deployed some jet fighters over the Donetsk
region to perform combat air patrols and show of force flights.
Probably due to the limited number of jet fighters available, a
A Ukrainian MiG-29 in 2018
MiG-29 belonging to the Ukrainian Falcons display team was
spotted armed with a full air-to-air load and performing a low
altitude fly by.[51]

In the evening of 7 August 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29MU1, bort number 02 Blue, was shot
down by an antiaircraft missile fired by pro-Russian rebels near the town of Yenakievo, and exploded
in midair. The pilot ejected safely.[52][53][54]

On 17 August 2014, another Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29, bort number 53 White, tasked with air to
ground duties against separatists' positions[55] was shot down by pro-Russian rebels in the Luhansk
region. The Ukrainian government confirmed the downing. The pilot ejected safely and was recovered
by friendly forces.[56][57]

As of 2018, the Lviv State Aircraft Repair Plant began domestically upgrading the MiG-29 to have
multirole capability, known as the MiG-29MU2. Development was expected to be completed by 2019
and enter production in 2020.[58] The first upgraded MiG-29 was delivered to the Ukrainian Air Force
in July 2020.[59] In August 2020, Ukraine began negotiations with Elbit Systems to help modernize
the MiG-29 fleet.

On 29 May 2020, Ukrainian MiG-29s took part in the Bomber Task Force in Europe with American B-
1B bombers for the first time in the Black Sea region.[60] In September 2020, B-52 bombers from the
5th Bomb Wing conducted vital integration training with Ukrainian MiG-29s and Su-27s inside
Ukraine's airspace.[61][62]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Su-27s and MiG-29s were used as air superiority
fighters, with ten MiG-29s reported lost on the ground and in the air.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

In August 2022, a senior U.S. defense official disclosed that the Ukrainians have integrated the AGM-
88 HARM missile onto their "MiG aircraft"[70] with video evidence of AGM-88 missiles fired by
upgraded Ukrainian MiG-29s released by the Ukrainian Air Force few days later.[71] For a weapon that
relies on digital display to fire, the question of how it has been integrated into the MiG-29's analogue
displays remains unanswered. The footage shows a commercial GPS having been installed along with
a tablet of some kind.[72]

On 13 October 2022, a Ukrainian MiG-29 crashed during a combat mission. Its pilot is claimed to
have destroyed a Shahed-136 drone with his cannon, and it is believed the debris from the drone
collided with the aircraft and forced the pilot to eject. Ukrainian sources claim that the pilot shot down
five drones and two cruise missiles shortly before the crash. The downed MiG-29 was wearing a livery
similar to that of the Ukrainian Falcons display team. According to the Ukrainian State Bureau of
Investigation: "the jet collided with debris from a destroyed drone, which caused massive damage to it
to the point where it crashed near a village in northeast Vinnytsia. The pilot managed to eject and is
currently receiving treatment in the hospital."[73][74]

On 20 September 2023, a Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29 was struck by a ZALA Lancet drone at the
Dolgintsevo air base near Kryvyi Rih. A second drone was used as a spotter, recording the first
Lancet's impact.[75]

Export

India
India was the first international customer of the MiG-29, outside
of the Warsaw Pact. The Indian Air Force (IAF) placed an order for
44 aircraft (40 single-seat MiG-29 9.12Bs and four twin-seat MiG-
29UBs) in 1984, and the MiG-29 was officially inducted into the
IAF in 1987. In 1989, an additional 26 aircraft were ordered, and
10 more advanced MiG-29 9.13s were bought in 1994. Since then,
the aircraft has undergone a series of modifications with the
addition of new avionics, subsystems, turbofan engines and
radars.[76] MiG-29 of the Indian Air Force at
Aero India 2009
Indian MiG-29s were used extensively during the 1999 Kargil War
in Kashmir by the Indian Air Force to provide fighter escort for
Mirage 2000s attacking targets with laser-guided bombs.[77]

The MiG-29's good operational record prompted India to sign a deal with Russia in 2005 and 2006 to
upgrade all of its MiG-29s for US$888 million. Under the deal, the Indian MiGs were modified to be
capable of deploying the R-77/RVV-AE (AA-12 'Adder') air-to-air missile. The missiles had been tested
in October 1998 and were integrated into the IAF's MiG-29s. The IAF has also awarded the MiG
Corporation another US$900 million contract to upgrade all of its 69 operational MiG-29s. These
upgrades will include a new avionics kit, with the N019 radar being replaced by a Phazotron Zhuk-M
radar. The aircraft is also being equipped to enhance beyond-visual-range combat ability and for air-
to-air refuelling to increase endurance.[78] In 2007, Russia also gave India's Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited (HAL) a licence to manufacture 120 RD-33 series 3 turbofan engines for the upgrade.[79] The
upgrade will also include a new weapon control system, improved cockpit ergonomics, air-to-air
missiles, high-accuracy air-to-ground missiles and guided bombs. The first six MiG-29s will be
upgraded in Russia while the remaining 63 MiGs will be upgraded at the HAL facility in India. India
also awarded a multi-million-dollar contract to Israel Aircraft Industries to provide avionics and
subsystems for the upgrade.[80]

In March 2009, the Indian Air Force expressed concern after 90 MiG-29s were grounded in
Russia.[81] After carrying out an extensive inspection, the IAF cleared all MiG-29s in its fleet as safe in
March 2009.[82] In a disclosure in Parliament, Defence Minister A. K. Antony said the MiG-29 is
structurally flawed in that it has a tendency to develop cracks due to corrosion in the tail fin. Russia
has shared this finding with India, which emerged after the crash of a Russian Air Force MiG-29 in
 December 2008. "A repair scheme and preventive measures are in
place and IAF has not encountered major problems concerning the
issue", Antony said.[83] Despite concerns of Russia's grounding,
India sent the first six of its 78 MiG-29s to Russia for upgrades in
2008. The upgrade program will fit the MiGs with a phased array
radar (PESA) and inflight refuelling capability.[31]

In January 2010, India and Russia signed a US$1.2 billion deal

Indian Air Force MiG-29UPG
under which the Indian Navy would acquire 29 additional MiG-
patrolling the Himalayas
29Ks, bringing the total number of MiG-29Ks on order to 45.[84]
The MiG-29K entered service with the Indian Navy on 19 February
2010.[85]

The upgrades to Indian MiG-29s will be to the MiG-29UPG

standard. This version is similar to the SMT variant but differs by
having a foreign-made avionics suite.[86] The upgrade to latest
MiG-29UPG standard is in process, which will include latest
avionics, Zhuk-ME Radar, engine, weapon control systems,
DRDO/DARE developed D-29 electronic warfare system greatly
enhancing multirole capabilities and survivability.[87][88] The first
A MiG-29K performs a touch and go
three aircraft were delivered in December 2012, over two years
landing on INS Vikramaditya.
behind schedule.[89]

An IAF MiG-29 crashed near Jalandhar in Punjab on 8 May 2020

with its pilot ejected safely after the aircraft failed to respond. A court of inquiry has been ordered in
the incident.[90]

In 2020, India ordered 21 MiG-29s at an affordable price. These aircraft will be manufactured from
airframes built in late 1980s but never assembled. Mikoyan will upgrade these aircraft before delivery
to the Indian Air Force. In the process, India becomes the last export customer of the original airframe
of MiG-29.[91][92][93] Russia has sent a commercial proposal for 21 MiG-29 aircraft to be refurbished
for the Indian Air Force.[94]

Yugoslavia and Serbia

Yugoslavia was the first European country outside the Soviet
Union to operate the MiG-29. The country received 14 MiG-29
9.12As and two MiG-29UBs from the USSR in 1987 and 1988. The
MiG-29s were put into service with the 127th Fighter Aviation
Squadron, based at Batajnica Air Base, north of Belgrade,
Serbia.[95]

Yugoslav MiG-29s saw little combat during the breakup of MiG-29 of the Serbian Air Force and
Yugoslavia, and were used primarily for ground attacks. Several Air Defence
Antonov An-2 aircraft used by Croatia were destroyed on the
ground at Čepin airfield near Osijek, Croatia in 1991 by a Yugoslav MiG-29, with no MiG-29 losses.[96]
At least two MiG-29s carried out an air strike on Banski Dvori, the official residence of the Croatian
Government, on 7 October 1991.[97]

The MiG-29s continued their service in the subsequent Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Because of the
United Nations arms embargo against the country, the condition of the MiG-29s worsened as aircraft
were not maintained according to rules and general overhaul scheduled for 1996 and 1997 was not
conducted.[98]

Six MiG-29s were shot down during the NATO intervention in the Kosovo War, four by USAF F-15s,
one by a USAF F-16, and one by a Royal Netherlands Air Force F-16.[99][100] However, one aircraft,
according to its pilot, was hit by friendly fire from the ground.[101] Another four were destroyed on the
ground.[102] One Argentine source claims that a MiG-29 shot down an F-16 on 26 March 1999,[103]
but this kill is disputed, as the F-16C in question was said to have crashed in the US that same
day.[104]

The Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro continued flying its

remaining five MiG-29s at a very low rate after the war. In the
spring of 2004, news appeared that MiG-29 operations had
ceased, because the aircraft could not be maintained,[96] but later A digital representation of a MiG-29
the five remaining airframes were sent to Russia for overhaul. In 9.12A in service with the Yugoslav
July 2009, a Serbian Air Force MiG-29 crashed over Belgrade.[105] Air Force during Operation Allied
The small Serbian MiG-29 fleet along with other jets were Force in 1999.
grounded for four months during the summer of 2014 due to a
battery procurement issue.[106]

In November 2016, Russia had agreed to donate six of its MiG-29s free of charge, if Serbia would pay
the repair costs of $50 million for them.[107] At the end of January 2017, Serbian defense minister
Zoran Đorđević said that Belarus also agreed to donate eight of its MiG-29s to Serbia on a no-pay
basis.[108] In early October 2017, Russia completed the delivery of all the six MiG-29s. The aircraft
were transferred to Serbia on board an Antonov An-124 transport aircraft.[109] On 25 February 2019,
Belarus formally handed four MiG-29s to the Serbian military during a ceremony held at the 558th
Aircraft Repair Plant in Baranavichy. This increased the Serbian Air Force's fleet to 14 MiG-29s.[110]
Serbia plans to spend about €180–230 million on modernization of its entire MiG-29 fleet.[111][112] As
of 2021, the Serbian Air Force operates 14 MiG-29s.[113]

Germany
East Germany bought 24 MiG-29s (20 MiG-29As, four MiG-
29UBs), which entered service in 1988–1989 in 1./JG3 "Wladimir
Komarow" in Preschen in Brandenburg.[114] After the fall of the
Berlin Wall in November 1989 and reunification of Germany in
October 1990, the MiG-29s and other aircraft of the East German
Air Forces of the National People's Army were integrated into the
A German Air Force MiG-29 West German Luftwaffe.[115] Initially the 1./JG3 kept its
designation. In April 1991 both 1./JG3's MiG-29 squadrons were reorganised into the MiG-29 test
wing ("Erprobungsgeschwader MiG-29"), which became JG73 "Steinhoff" and was transferred to
Laage near Rostock in June 1993.

The Federation of American Scientists claims the MiG-29 is equal to, or better than the F-15C in short
aerial engagements because of the Helmet Mounted Weapons Sight (HMS) and better
maneuverability at slow speeds.[116] This was demonstrated when MiG-29s of the German Air Force
participated in joint DACT exercises with US fighters.[117][118] The HMS was a great help, allowing the
Germans to achieve a lock on any target the pilot could see within the missile field of view, including
those almost 45 degrees off boresight.[119] However, the German pilots who flew the MiG-29 admitted
that while the Fulcrum was more maneuverable at slow speeds than the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting
Falcon, F-14 Tomcat, and F/A-18 Hornet and its Vympel R-73 dogfight missile system was superior to
the AIM-9 Sidewinder of the time, in engagements that went into the beyond visual range arena, the
German pilots found it difficult to multi-task locking and firing the MiG-29's Vympel R-27 missile
(German MiG-29s did not have access to the more advanced Vympel R-77 that equips more advanced
MiG-29 versions) while trying to avoid the longer range and advanced search and track capabilities of
the American fighters' radars and AIM-120 AMRAAM. The Germans also stated that the American
fighters had the advantage in both night and bad weather combat conditions. The Luftwaffe's
assessment of the MiG-29 was that the Fulcrum was best used as a point defense interceptor over
cities and military installations, not for fighter sweeps over hostile airspace. This assessment
ultimately led Germany to not deploy its MiG-29s in the Kosovo War during Operation Allied Force,
though Luftwaffe pilots who flew the MiG-29 admitted that even if they were permitted to fly combat
missions over the former Yugoslavia they would have been hampered by the lack of NATO-specific
communication tools and identification friend or foe systems.[120][121]

Beginning in 1993, the German MiGs were stationed with JG73 "Steinhoff" in Laage near Rostock.
During the service in the German Air Force, one MiG-29 ("29+09") was destroyed in an accident on
25 June 1996 due to pilot error. By 2003, German Air Force pilots had flown over 30,000 hours in the
MiG-29. In September 2003, 22 of the 23 remaining machines were sold to the Polish Air Force for
the symbolic price of €1 per item.[122] The last aircraft were transferred in August 2004.[123] The 23rd
MiG-29 ("29+03") was put on display at Laage.[124]

Libya
In 2020 it was reported that MiG-29 aircraft was flown by forces aligned with Khalifa Haftar in
Libya.[125] On 11 September 2020, United States Africa Command stated that two MiG-29s, operated
by Russian speaking personnel, crashed in Libya due to unknown reasons, the first on 28 June 2020,
the second on 7 September 2020.[126] It was announced that MiG-29s and Su-24s are to be delivered
to the Libyan Air Force from Russia.[127]

Peru
The Peruvian Air Force acquired 21 MiG-29S fighters from Belarus in 1997, as part of a package that
also included 18 Su-25 attack aircraft. The following year an additional 3 MiG-29 aircraft were
acquired from Russia. At the same time, Peru contracted with Mikoyan to upgrade 8 aircraft to the
MiG-29SMP standard, with an option to upgrade the remainder of
the Peruvian inventory. The Peruvian MiG-29s are based at FAP
Captain José Abelardo Quiñones González International Airport in
northern Peru, equipping Escuadrón Aéreo 612 (Fighter Squadron
612 "Fighting Roosters").[128]

Poland
The first 12 MiG-29s delivered MiG-29SE of the Peruvian Air Force
to Poland were nine MiG-29As
and three MiG-29UBs in
1989–1990. The aircraft were based at Mińsk Mazowiecki and
used by the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment, which was reorganized
in 2001 as 1 Eskadra Lotnictwa Taktycznego (1. elt), or 1st
Tactical Squadron (TS). In 1995–1996, 10 used examples were
A Polish Air Force MiG-29 with a acquired from the Czech Republic (nine MiG-29As, one MiG-
USAF F-16. 29UB). After the retirement of its MiG-23s in 1999, and MiG-21s
in 2004, Poland was left for a time with only these 22 MiG-29s in
the interceptor role.

Of the 22 MiG-29s Poland received from the German Air Force in 2004, a total of 14 were overhauled
and taken into service. They were used to equip the 41st Tactical Squadron (41. elt), replacing its MiG-
21s. As of 2008, Poland was the biggest NATO MiG-29 user. Poland had 31 active MiG-29s (25 MiG-
29As, six MiG-29UBs) as of 2017.[129] They are stationed with the 1st Tactical Squadron at the 23rd
Air Base near Mińsk Mazowiecki and the 41st TS at the 22nd Air Base near Malbork.

There have been unconfirmed reports that Poland has at one point leased a MiG-29 from its own
inventory to Israel for evaluation and the aircraft has since been returned to Poland, as suggested by
photographs of a MiG-29 in Israeli use. Three Polish MiG-29As were reported in Israel for evaluation
between April and May 1997 in the Negev Desert. On 7 September 2011, the Polish Air Force awarded
a contract to the WZL 2 company to modernise its MiG-29 fleet to be compatible with Polish F-
16s.[130]

Four MiG-29s from 1. elt participated in the Baltic Air Policing mission in 2006, while 41. elt aircraft
did so in 2008, 2010 and 2012. Polish MiG-29s played the aggressor role in the NATO Tactical
Leadership Programme (TLP) joint training program in Albacete in 2011, 2012 and 2013.[131]

On 18 December 2017, a MiG-29 crash-landed in a forest near the 23rd Air Base while performing a
landing approach.[132] The pilot did not eject, but survived the crash with minor injuries. This was the
first crash of a MiG-29 during its nearly three decades long operational history in the Polish Air
Force.[133] On 6 July 2018, another MiG-29 crashed near Pasłęk, with its pilot dying in an ejection
attempt. Technical issues are suspected to have played a role in the crash.[134] Another crash followed
on 4 March 2019. This time the pilot ejected and survived.[135]

On 8 March 2022, Poland announced a willingness to transfer their operational fleet of MiG-29
aircraft to the US via the Ramstein Air Base, in exchange for aircraft of a similar role and operational
capability, with the intent of transferring the MiG-29s to Ukraine to use in the 2022 Russian invasion
of Ukraine.[136]

On 16 March 2023, Polish President Andrzej Duda announced that Poland would transfer four
operational MiG-29s to Ukraine, with the understanding that additional aircraft would be delivered
after servicing and preparation. Poland is the first NATO country to provide Ukraine with fighter
aircraft.[137]

On 13 April, German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius announced that Germany had approved the
transfer of five MiG-29s to Ukraine. German approval was necessary because these aircraft belonged
to the German Democratic Republic, which were then transferred to Poland in 2004.[138]

Iraq
Iraq received a number of MiG-29 fighters and used them to
engage Iranian equivalent opponents during the later stages of the
Iran–Iraq War.

By August 1990, at the time of the Invasion of Kuwait, the Iraqi Air
Force had received 39 MiG-29 (9.12B) Fulcrum-As. Iraq was
reportedly unsatisfied that they did not receive the R-73 and R- Iraqi Air Force MiG-29 Fighter
27T missiles that Coalition intelligence had assessed as a great
threat, instead receiving R-60MK missiles. As a result, they did
not order anymore aircraft. Iraq was reportedly able to modify their MiG-29s to carry both drop tanks
and the TMV-002 Remora ECM pod.[139]

MiG-29s saw combat in the 1991 Persian Gulf War with the Iraqi Air Force. Five MiG-29s were shot
down by USAF F-15s.[140] Some Russian sources reported that one British Panavia Tornado, ZA467,
was shot down in northwestern Iraq by a MiG-29[141][142] UK sources claim this Tornado to have
crashed on 22 January on a mission to Ar Rutbah.[143] Other Iraqi air-to-air kills are reported in
Russian sources, where the US claims other cases of combat damage, such as a B-52 which the US
claims was hit by friendly fire, when an AGM-88 high-speed, anti-radiation missile (HARM) homed
on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the bomber returned to base and was subsequently
renamed "In HARM's Way".[144] It is believed that an F-111 Aardvark was hit by a missile fired by a
MiG-29 but it was able to return to base.[145] A MiG-29 from the 4th or 5th TFS also had a less
fortunate kill against a friendly aircraft, a MiG-23ML using a R-27R missile on the 17th of January,
1991. This case of fratricide was not the first of this type, but a MiG-29 of the 5th TFS shot down
another MiG-29 of the same unit using an R-60MK in April of 1988, though the circumstances are not
entirely known.[146]

Iraq's original fleet of 37 MiG-29s was reduced to 12 after the Gulf War. One MiG-29 was damaged,
and seven were reportedly flown to Iran.[147] The remaining 12 aircraft were withdrawn from use in
1995 because the engines needed to be overhauled but Iraq could not send them off for that work.[148]
After the American-led 2003 invasion of Iraq and disbandment of the Ba'athist Iraqi Army in May of
the same year,[149] the remaining Soviet-made and Chinese-made fighters of the Iraqi Air Force had
been decommissioned.

Syria
Syrian Arab Air Force MiG-29s have sometimes encountered Israeli fighter and reconnaissance
aircraft. Two Israeli F-15Cs reportedly shot down two MiG-29As on 2 June 1989 under unclear
circumstances.[150][151]

Further reports claim that on 14 September 2001 two Syrian Air Force MiG-29s were shot down by
two Israeli F-15Cs while the MiGs were intercepting an Israeli reconnaissance aircraft off the coast of
Lebanon. However, both Syria and Israel deny that this occurred.[151][152][153]

Syrian MiG-29s entered the Syrian Civil War in late October 2013, attacking Free Syrian Army
insurgents with unguided rockets and bombs in Damascus.[154]

A Syrian MiG-29SM crashed on 7 March 2020 near Shayrat Airbase. Marking the first crash of the
plane in the Syrian Air Force since 2001. According to avia.pro the aircraft may have been shot down
by MANPADS operated by the Syrian Opposition.[155][156]

North Korea
The Korean People's Air Force is believed to operate about 18
MiG-29 which are assigned to the 55th Air Regiment based at
Sunchon Air Base. In addition to 13 MiG-29 (9.12B) Fulcrum-As
and 2 Fulcrum-B trainers that were delivered in 1987, North Korea
also became the only Cold War export customer and licensed
manufacturer of the Fulcrum-C.[157] Called the MiG-29S-13
(9.13B) Fulcrum-C, they were delivered to North Korea from the
USSR/Russia between 1991 and 1992 in knock down parts. Only
three S-13s were completed due to Russia refusing to supply more A North Korean MiG-29 intercepting
parts to North Korea. The first locally built Fulcrum-C flew on 15 a USAF RC-135S in 2003.
April 1993. [157] These were first encountered and photographed by
the USAF in March 2003 when a pair of KPAF MiG-29s
intercepted an USAF RC-135S Cobra Ball reconnaissance aircraft.[158][159]

Sudan
There have been occasional claims regarding the use of Sudanese Air Force MiG-29s against insurgent
forces in Darfur. However, whereas Mi-24 combat helicopters as well as Nanchang A-5 or, more
recently, Su-25 ground-attack aircraft have been spotted and photographed on Darfurian air fields, no
MiG-29s have been observed. On 10 May 2008, a Darfur rebel group, the Justice and Equality
Movement (JEM) mounted an assault on the Sudanese capital. During this action, the JEM shot down
a Sudanese Air Force MiG-29 with 12.7 and 14.5 mm (0.500 and 0.571 in) heavy machine gun fire
while it was attacking a convoy of vehicles in the Khartoum suburb of Omdurman. The aircraft was
piloted by a Russian mercenary. He was killed in action as his parachute did not open after
 ejecting.[160][161][162] On 14 November 2008 Sudanese Ministry of
Defence admitted that Sudan had received 12 MiG-29 from
Russia.[163] An anonymous Russian source claimed that the
aircraft had been delivered before 2004.[163]

During the brief 2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict, on 4

April 2012, Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) claimed the
downing of a Sudanese MiG-29 using antiaircraft guns. The Sudan
Sudanese Air Force MiG-29SE government denied the claim.[164] On 16 April 2012, the SPLA
issued a second claim about the downing of a Sudanese MiG-
29. [165] It was not clear if this second claim referred to the previous one.

On 15 April 2023, a Sudanese MiG-29 was captured on film firing missiles over Khartoum during a
skirmish with paramilitary forces.[166]

On 25 May 2023, a Sudanese MiG-29 was filmed being shot down by the RSF over Omdurman.[167]
The pilot ejected and survived, although he was wounded and captured.[168]

United States
In 1997, the United States purchased 21 Moldovan MiG-29 aircraft under the Nunn–Lugar
Cooperative Threat Reduction program. Fourteen were MiG-29S models, which are equipped with an
active radar jammer in its spine and are capable of being armed with nuclear weapons. Part of the
United States' motive to purchase these aircraft was to prevent them from being sold to Iran.[169] This
purchase could also provide the tactical jet fighter communities of the USAF, the USN and the USMC
with a working evaluation and data for the MiG-29, and possibly for use in dissimilar air combat
training. Such information may prove valuable in any future conflicts and can aid in the design and
testing of current and future weapons platforms. In late 1997, the MiGs were delivered to the National
Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, though many
of the former Moldovan MiG-29s are believed to have been scrapped. Some of these MiG-29s are
currently on open display at Nellis AFB, Nevada; NAS Fallon, Nevada; Goodfellow AFB, Texas; and
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.

Others
A Cuban MiG-29UB shot down two Cessna 337s belonging to the
organisation Brothers to the Rescue in 1996, after the aircraft
approached Cuban airspace.[170]

According to some reports, in the 1999 Eritrean-Ethiopian War, a

number of Eritrean MiG-29s were shot down by Ethiopian Su-27s
piloted by Russian mercenaries.[171] It was reported that local
pilots were trained by instructors from those nations.[172] There
are also some other reports of Eritrean MiG-29s shooting down A MiG-29AS of the Slovak Air Force
two Ethiopian MiG-21s, three MiG-23s.[173] The claim that an
Eritrean MiG-29 shot down an Ethiopian Su-25 was later debunked, since the missing Ethiopian Su-
25TK was damaged in an accident in May 2000, is actually stored and used for spares at Bishoftu Air
Base.

As of 2022, Jane's Information Group reported the Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) operated 8 MiG-29s
(6B & 2UB).[174]

After the end of the 1994 civil war, newly reunified Yemen inherited several intact MiG-29s, bought by
South Yemen a few months earlier.[175] In 1995–1996, Yemen also received two additional jets from
Kazakhstan.[176] In 2001, a major arms deal including the purchase of up to 36 upgraded MiG-29s was
signed, with deliveries starting in June 2002.[176] Equipped with N019MP radar and an advanced fire
control system, they became the most advanced combat aircraft in the Yemeni Air force arsenal. They
are compatible with Kh-31P and Kh-29T guided air-to-ground missiles, as well as R-77 air-to-air
missiles.[176]

Potential operators and failed bids

Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Finland had a policy of splitting procurement of
armaments between western, eastern and domestic suppliers. The MiG-29 was planned to replace the
Finnish Air Force's MiG-21 fighters up to 1988, with test flights having been done.[177]

In the second half of the 1980s, the Soviet Union offered the MiG-29 to Libya. The offer was turned
down, as the weapons system and radar of the MiG-29 were assessed as similar to those of the MiG-
23MLD already in service with the Libyan Arab Air Force. The MiG-29's price was also deemed much
too high.[178]

During 1989–1990, the Soviet Union delivered 49 helicopters and 125 aircraft after the Soviet
withdrawal from Afghanistan. The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan additionally requested the
MiG-29 for the Afghan Air Force, although this was turned down.[179]

In 1989, Zimbabwe ordered a squadron's worth of MiG-29s to the USSR. Some Air Force of Zimbabwe
personnel travelled to Russia for conversion courses, but in 1992 the deal was cancelled, as the
geopolitical situation of the region was stabilising.[180]

In December 2008, Russia moved to expand its military influence in the Middle East when it
announced it was giving Lebanon 10 fighter jets, that would have been the most significant upgrade of
Lebanon's military since the civil war ended almost two decades before. A Russian defence ministry
representative said it was giving secondhand MiG-29s to Lebanon for free. This was to be part of a
defence cooperation deal that would have included Lebanese military personnel training in
Russia.[181] On 29 February 2010, Russia agreed to change the offer to 10 Mi-24 attack helicopters
based on a Lebanese request.[182]
In 2021 Russia offered the Argentine Air Force a batch of 15 MiG-29 fighters and another of Su-30
fighters with 12 units and seek also the sale of Yak-130 training jet and Mil Mi-17 helicopters.[183]

Variants

Original Soviet variants

MiG-29 (Product 9.12)[184]

Initial production version for Soviet Air Force; entered service
in 1983. NATO reporting name is "Fulcrum-A". Variant
possessed the Phazotron N019 Rubin radar, OEPS-29
optical-electronic sighting system and helmet mounted sight.

MiG-29 (Product 9.12A) 'Fulcrum-A'

Export variant of the 9.12 for Warsaw Pact pact countries
which included a downgraded RPLK-29E radar, downgraded A squadron of Bulgarian Air Force
OEPrNK-29E optoelectronic and navigation systems and MiG-29 "Fulcrum-A"
older IFF transponders. This variant also lacked the
capability to deliver nuclear weapons. Delivered to East
Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania.

MiG-29 (Product 9.12B) 'Fulcrum-A'

MiG-29 variant of the 9.12 for non-Warsaw Pact pact
countries which included a further downgraded radar and
avionics. Delivered to India, Iraq, Syria, North Korea, Cuba,
Malaysia, Myanmar and Eritrea.[185]

MiG-29UB (Product 9.51)

Twin seat training model. Infrared sensor mounted only, no Bulgarian Air Force MiG-29UB
radar. NATO reporting name is "Fulcrum-B".

MiG-29 (Product 9.13) 'Fulcrum-C'

Update of the initial production version; entered service in 1986. NATO reporting name is
"Fulcrum-C". Variant possessed an enlarged dorsal spine to accommodate a larger No.1 fuel
tank and the installation of the L-203BE Gardenyia-1 jammer that was lacking on the initial 9.12
version. This enlarged spine earned the 9.13 version and its successors the nickname of
"Fatback".[13]

MiG-29 (Product 9.13B) 'Fulcrum-C'

Export variant of the 9.13 provided to North Korea in semi-knocked down (SKD) kits and built in
Panghyon between 1991 and 1992. Like the 9.13, it has the Gardenyia-1 jammer but has
downgraded avionics and no IFF.[186] Other sources say the Gardenyia was not delivered to
North Korea.[187]

MiG-29S (Product 9.13S)

The MiG-29S was an update of the original 9.13 model retaining the NATO reporting code
"Fulcrum-C" and featured flight control system improvements; a total of four new computers
provided better stability augmentation and controllability with an increase of 2° in angle of attack
(AoA). An improved mechanical-hydraulic flight control system allowed for greater control
surface deflections. The MiG-29S can carry 1,150 L (250 imp gal; 300 U.S. gal) under wing drop
 tanks and a centerline tank. The inboard underwing hardpoints allow a tandem pylon
arrangement for carrying a larger payload of 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). Overall maximum gross weight
was raised to 20,000 kg (44,000 lb). This version also included new avionics and the new
Phazotron N019M radar and Built-In Test Equipment (BITE) to reduce dependence on ground
support equipment. Development of this version was initiated due to multiple systems being
compromised to the West by Phazotron engineer Adolf Tolkachev. This was the final version of
the MiG-29 produced before the collapse of the Soviet Union and only limited numbers were
produced.

Upgraded variants based on original airframe

MiG-29S (Product 9.12S)

Post Soviet upgrade for older 9.12 variants incorporating the changes developed for version
9.13S.

MiG-29SD (Product 9.12SD)

Export variant of upgraded 9.12S with downgraded versions of radar and avionics.

MiG-29SE (Product 9.13SE)

Export variant of the 9.13S with slightly downgraded N-019ME radar with multiple target tracking
ability and RVV-AE (R-77 missile) compatibility. The first export model MiG-29 with underwing
drop tanks; the inner underwing pylons can carry over 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs in side by side
tandem pairs. Its weapons mix includes R-27T1, R-27ER1 and R-27ET1 medium-range
missiles. The aircraft can be fitted with active ECM systems, weapons guidance aids, improved
built-in check and training systems. The MiG-29SE can simultaneously engage two air targets.

MiG-29SM (Product 9.13M)

Similar to the 9.13, but with the ability to carry guided air-to-surface missiles and TV- and laser-
guided bombs. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-C".

MiG-29SM (SyAF)
For the Syrian Air Force, and based on the MiG-29SM, except the Syrian MiG-29SM uses the
9.12 airframe. RAC MiG developed a special variant for Syria.[188]

MiG-29G/MiG-29GT
East German MiG-29 / 29UB upgraded to NATO standards,
with work done by MiG Aircraft Product Support GmbH
(MAPS), a joint venture company form between MiG
Moscow Aviation Production Association and
DaimlerChrysler Aerospace in 1993.[189]

MiG-29AS/MiG-29UBS
Slovak Air Force performed an upgrade on their MiG-
29/-29UB for NATO compatibility. Work is done by RAC MiG German Air Force MiG-29GT
and Western firms, starting from 2005. The aircraft now has
navigation and communications systems from Rockwell
Collins, an IFF system from BAE Systems, new glass cockpit features multi-function LC displays
and digital processors and also fitted to be integrate with Western equipment in the future.
However, the armaments of the aircraft remain unchanged. 12 out of 21 of the entire MiG-29
fleet were upgraded and had been delivered as of late February 2008.

MiG-29 Sniper
Upgrade planned for the Romanian Air Force by DASA, Aerostar and Elbit. DASA was
responsible for program management, technical support and the test flight program (together
 with Elbit), Elbit was responsible for developing the avionics
package, while Aerostar implemented the upgrades on the
aircraft. The first flight occurred on 5 May 2000.[190][191] The
upgrades included the installation of a new modular multirole
computer based on the MIL-STD-1553B data bus, upgraded
Western avionics, new radio stations, hybrid navigation
system composed of an inertial navigation system and
coupled with GPS receiver, identification system, two MiG-29 Sniper
152 mm × 203 mm (6.0 in × 8.0 in) MFCDs, a Head-Up
Display equipped with UFCP front control panel, new RWR,
new HOTAS and new ADC. The addition of a new radar and the integration of Western weapons
while maintaining Russian ones were also expected.[192] The program halted due to various
reasons, along with the retiring of Romanian MiG-29s in 2003, the Romanian Government
deciding to further invest in the MiG-21 LanceR program.[193]

MiG-29SMT (Product 9.17)

The MiG-29SMT is an upgrade of first-generation MiG-29s
(9.12 to 9.13) using enhancements on the MiG-29M.
Additional fuel tanks in a further enlarged spine provide a
maximum internal flight range of 2,100 km (1,300 mi). The
cockpit has an enhanced HOTAS design, two 152 mm
× 203 mm (6.0 in × 8.0 in) colour liquid crystal MFDs and two
smaller monochrome LCDs. The MiG-29A lacked an
advanced air-to-ground capability, thus the SMT upgrade
adds the upgraded Zhuk-ME radar with air-to-ground radar A Russian Air Force MiG-29SMT.
detection and integrates air-to-ground guided weapons. [194]
It also has upgraded RD-33 ser.3 engines with afterburning
thrust rated at 81 kN (18,000 lbf) each. The weapons load was increased to 4,500 kg (9,900 lb)
on six underwing and one ventral hardpoints, with similar weapon choices to the MiG-29M. It
can also accommodate non-Russian origin avionics and weapons.[195][196]

MiG-29BM
The MiG-29BM (probably Belarusian Modernised, possibly
Bolyshaya Modernizaciya – large modernization) is an
upgrade conducted by the ARZ-558 aircraft repair plant in
Baranovichi, Belarus. It is a strike variant of the MiG-29 and
the Belarusian counterpart to the Russian MiG-29SMT. It
includes improvements to weapons, radar, as well as adding
non-retractable air-air refueling ability. They entered service
in 2003 and it is estimated, that ten or so were modernized Bangladesh Air Force MiG-29BM
to BM standard.[197] The Bangladesh Air Force upgraded its
MiG-29s similar to BM standard.[198]

MiG-29UBT (Product 9.51T)

SMT standard upgrade for the MiG-29UB. Namely users, Algeria and Yemen.[199][200]

MiG-29UPG
The UPG was a new modification intended for the MiG-29s used by the Indian Air Force. The
Indian UPG version is similar to the SMT variant but differs by having a foreign-made avionics
suite integrated within it.[86] The weapons suite is the same as the SMT and K/KUB versions.[86]
It made its maiden flight on 4 February 2011. The version includes the new Zhuk-M radar, new
avionics, an IFR probe, as well as new enhanced RD-33 Series 3 turbofan engines, and the
 DRDO/DARE D-29 Electronic Warfare System.[87] The modernization is part of a $900 million
contract to upgrade the 69 fighter fleet.

MiG-29SMP / MiG-29UBP
The SMP/UBP are upgrades for the Peruvian Air Force MiG-29 fleet. In August 2008 a contract
of US$106 million was signed with RAC MiG for this custom SM upgrade of an initial batch of
eight MiG-29, with a provision for upgrading all of Peru's MiG-29s.[201] The single-seat version is
designated SMP, whereas the twin-seat version is designated UBP. It features an improved
ECM suite, avionics, sensors, pilot interface, and a MIL-STD-1553 databus. The interfaces
include improved IRST capabilities for enhanced passive detection and tracking as well as
better off-boresight launch capabilities, one MFCD and HOTAS.[202] The N019M1 radar, a
heavily modified and upgraded digital version of the N019 radar, replaces the standard N010
Zhuk-M of the MiG-29SMT. The upgrade also includes a structural life-extension program
(SLEP), overhauled and upgraded engines, and the addition of an in-flight refuelling probe.[203]

MiG-29MU1
A Ukrainian modernization of the MiG-29.[204]

MiG-29MU2
A further Ukrainian modernization of the MiG-29, focused on air to ground munitions.[205]

Second-generation variants with modified airframe

MiG-29M / MiG-33 (Product 9.15)

Advanced multirole variant, with a redesigned airframe,

mechanical flight controls replaced by a fly-by-wire system
and powered by enhanced RD-33 ser.3M engines. NATO
reporting code is "Fulcrum-E".

MiG-29UBM (Product 9.61)

Two-seat training variant of the MiG-29M. Never built. Russian MiG-29M
Effectively continued under the designation 'MiG-29M2'.

MiG-29M2 / MiG-29MRCA
Two-seat version of MiG-29M. Identical characteristics to MiG-29M, with a slightly reduced ferry
range of 1,800 km (1,100 mi).[206] RAC MiG presented in various air shows, including Fifth
China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition (CIAAE 2004),[207] Aero India
2005,[208][209] MAKS 2005.[210] It was once given designation MiG-29MRCA for marketing
purpose and now evolved into the current MiG-35.

MiG-29OVT
The aircraft is one of the six pre-built MiG-29Ms before 1991, later received thrust vectoring
engine and fly-by-wire technology. It served as a thrust-vectoring engine testbed and technology
demonstrator in various air shows to show future improvement in the MiG-29M. It has identical
avionics to the MiG-29M. The only difference in the cockpit layout is an additional switch to turn
on vector thrust function. The two RD-133 thrust-vectoring engines, each features unique 3D
rotating nozzles which can provide thrust vector deflection in all directions. However, despite its
thrust-vectoring, other specifications were not officially emphasized. It is usually used as an
aerobatic demonstrator and has been demonstrated along with the MiG-29M2 in various air
shows around the world for potential export.[211]

MiG-29K (Product 9.31)

 Naval variant based on MiG-29M, the letter "K" stands for
"Korabelnogo bazirovaniya" (deck-based). It features folding
wings, arrestor gear, and reinforced landing gear. Originally
intended for the Admiral Kuznetsov class aircraft carriers, it
had received series production approval from the Russian
Ministry of Defence but was grounded in 1992 due to shift in
military doctrine and financial difficulties.[212] The MiG
Corporation restarted the program in 1999. On 20 January
2004, the Indian Navy signed a contract of 12 single-seat
MiG-29K and four two-seat MiG-29KUB.[212] Modifications
were made for the Indian Navy requirement. Production Russian MiG-29OVT on display
MiG-29K and MiG-29KUB share a two-seater size canopy.
The MiG-29K has radar absorbing coatings to reduce radar
signature. Cockpit displays consist of wide HUD and three
(seven on MiG-29KUB) colour LCD MFDs with a Topsight E
helmet-mounted targeting system. It has a full range of
weapons compatible with the MiG-29M and MiG-29SMT.[213]
NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-D". MiG-29K at МАК 2007

MiG-29KUB (Product 9.47)

Identical characteristic to the MiG-29K but with tandem twin seat configuration. The design is to
serve as trainer for MiG-29K pilot and is full combat capable. The first MiG-29KUB developed for
the Indian Navy made its maiden flight at the Russian Zhukovsky aircraft test centre on 22
January 2007. NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-D".

MiG-35

A development of the MiG-29M/M2 and MiG-29K/KUB.

NATO reporting code is "Fulcrum-F".

Operators

Algeria

Algerian Air Force – 26 MiG-29s in service in January Russian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-
2014.[215][216] 14 MiG-29M/M2s on order.[217][218] As of 2023 35UB
there are 39 MiG-29 fighters and 1 UB trainer available, with 5
on order.[219]

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani Air Forces – 12 MiG-29s and 3 UB trainers

operational in 2023.[215][216][220]

Bangladesh Operators of the MiG-29

Current
Bangladesh Air Force – 6 MiG-29SEs (9.12SE)[221] and 2 MiG- Former
29UBs in service as of 2021. Four MiG-29SEs were upgraded
for life extension in Belarus. Rest were upgraded in 2021–
2022.[222][223]
Belarus

Belarusian Air Force – 33 MiG-29s in inventory as of 2024[224]

Bulgaria

Bulgarian Air Force – 11 MiG-29s and 3 MiG-29UB used for

conversion training in inventory as of 2022.[225]

Cuba Azerbaijani Air Force MiG-29

Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force – 4 MiG-29s in

inventory as of 2023[226]

Egypt

Egyptian Air Force – 46 MiG-29Ms delivered by 2021, with

some lost on the ground in Sudan.[227][228]

Eritrea Bangladesh Air Force MiG-29SE

9.12SE[214] Fulcrum takes off from
Eritrean Air Force – 7 MiG-29s in service as of 2022, but none Shahjalal International Airport
active in 2023[215][229]

India

Indian Air Force – 67 MiG-29s in service as of January

2021.[230]
Indian Naval Air Arm – 44 MiG-29Ks in service as of February
2021[230]

Iran
MiG-29 9.13 of the Belarusian Air
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force – 19 MiG-29s in operation as Force
of 2023 according to Flight Global.[231] Iran purchased 20 MiG-
29 (9.12B) and 4 MiG-29UB aircraft in 1989.[232] They
attempted to purchase 48 more in 1992, but the deal fell
through.[233] They had received 9 from Iraq, according to RSK
MiG.[234]

Mongolia

Mongolian Air Force - 6 MiG-29UBs in service as of December

2021.[235] That number fell to 2 operational UBs in 2023.[236]
Bulgarian Air Force MiG-29
Myanmar

Myanmar Air Force – 31 MiG-29s(6 SE, 20 SM(mod) and 5 UB) in January 2015.[237] 10 are
upgraded to MiG-29SM(mod) standard.[238] As of 2023, 28 fighters and 5 UB trainers remain.[239]

North Korea
Korean People's Air Force – 18 MiG-29s (6 9.12B, 3 S-13 and
2 UB) as of July 2023.[157]

Peru

Peruvian Air Force – 19 MiG-29s in service as of February

2021[225] Only 6 were available by the end of 2023.[240]

Poland
MiG-29 9.13 of the Chadian Air
Polish Air Force – 22 MiG-29s and 6 MiG-29UB used for Force lands at Lviv International
Airport
conversion training in service as of 2022.[225] 10 transferred to
Ukraine in 2023.[241]

Russia

Russian Aerospace Forces – 87 total[242] consisting of 70 MiG-

29/MiG-29UB, 15 MiG-29SMT and 2 MiG-29UBT in service as
of 2022.[242]less than 240 MiG-29 in service according to
World Air Forces.[243]
Russian Naval Aviation – 24 MiG-29Ks[225]
MiG-29 9.12B of the Myanmar Air
Serbia Force

Serbian Air Force and Air Defence – 14 MiG-29s (5 MiG-29Аs,

3 MiG-29Bs,[244] 3 MiG-29Ss, 3 MiG-29UBs) in inventory as of 2022, 11 of which are modernized
to the advanced MiG-29SMT standards while 3 (MiG-29UB) are used as a conversion trainer.[245]

Sudan

Sudanese Air Force – 10 fighters and 1 UB trainer in service as of January 2023[246][247]

Syria

Syrian Arab Air Force – 20 in service with 12 more on order as of January 2017.[246] A new
Russian delivery arrived in May 2020.[248] 29 available as of 2023.[249]

Turkmenistan

Turkmen Air Force – 24 MiG-29s in use as of 2023[215][250]

Ukraine

Ukrainian Air Force – 37 to 70 MiG-29s in use as of March

2019[251][252] As of 2023 it is estimated that 47 fighters and 8
UB trainers are operational.[253]

United States

Used by private defense contractor RAVN Aerospace for Ukrainian MiG-29 in 1992
adversary training services.[254]
 Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces – 60 MiG-29s were operation as of January 2014.[215] Only
38 MiG 29s of all type were available in 2023.[255]

Yemen

Yemeni Air Force – 24 in service as of January 2017.[246] All grounded because of civil war. Many
were destroyed on the ground during the Saudi-led Operation Decisive Storm in 2015.[256] 23
reported available in 2023, with 32 MiG-29s on order.[257]

Former operators
Chad – The Chadian Air Force received 3 MiG-29s[258]
from Ukraine in 2015.[259] None operational as of 2024.[260]
Czechoslovakia – Received 18 MiG-29s and two MiG-
29UB aircraft. Although six were capable of delivering nuclear
weapons, the necessary equipment for this was removed as
per the CFE treaty. All passed onto successor states.
Czech Republic – Inherited nine MiG-29 and one MiG-
Hungarian Air Force MiG-29
29UB. All sold to Poland in 1995 in exchange for 11 W-3A
Sokol helicopters. Replaced with Saab JAS 39 Gripen.
East Germany – 24 absorbed into the West German Air Force upon reunification.
Germany – One crashed, one on display, 22 sold to Poland in 2003 for €22 ($26.02).[261]
Hungary – 28 in inventory as of January 2011.[262] Reportedly stored outside.[263] The last
fighter was retired in December 2010,[264] at which point only 4 aircraft were still in operational
condition.[263] In 2011 the Hungarian government intended to sell six MiG-29 9.12 and two MiG-
29UB aircraft. Replaced with JAS 39 Gripen but kept in reserve if needed.[265] In October 2017,
the Hungarian Air Force announced that 23 MiG-29s were to be auctioned off including engines
and spare parts in November.[266] The online auction had a reservation price of €8.7 million and
failed to attract any bidders. This might have been because of an agreement between Hungary
and Russia requiring the manufacturer's (Russia's) approval to transfer ownership of the
aircraft.[263]
Iraq – Received 37 MiG-29s during Saddam Hussein's era (MiG-29 9.12B and MiG-29UB);
these were destroyed or written off and nine were reportedly flown to Iran.[147]
Israel – Leased from Poland in 1997.[267][268]
Kazakhstan - Kazakh Air and Air Defence Forces – 23 MiG-29s as of 2023. These were
retired in 2023, put up for auction in October 2023, and reportedly sold in April 2024 to the US. It
was speculated that these would be transferred to Ukraine as spare parts sources and/or
decoys.[269][270][271] In a later statement, the Kazakh state-owned weapons importer and exporter
Kazspetexport denied such claims, saying that foreign companies were not allowed to bid.[272][273]
Malaysia – Retired 16 MiG-29s in 2017 for lack of spare parts and engine
problem.[274][275][276] Replaced with Sukhoi Su-30.
Moldova – Not operational,[216] six MiG-29S in storage. In the 1990s, a total of six were sold
to the US for type evaluation testing.[277][278]
Romania – 17 MiG-29 9.12A and five MiG-29UB were delivered from 1989,[279] 1 MiG-29S
received from Moldova in 1992.[280] Retired in 2003.[281]
 Serbia and Montenegro – Inherited from Yugoslavia, six destroyed in 1999.[282]

Slovakia – Slovakia operated in total 24 MiG-29s. 9 MiG-

29 9.12A and 1 MiG-29UB were inherited from
Czechoslovakia. From 1993 to 1995 Slovakia ordered 12
additional MiG-29 9.12A and 2 MiG-29UB fighters as
compensation for Russian debt.[283] 12 aircraft were upgraded
by the Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG and Western
companies in 2007 and 2008 to fulfill the NATO
requirements,[284][285] and were maintained by Russian
military technicians at Sliač Air Base.[286] They were officially
withdrawn from service on 31 August 2022.[287] Slovakia's Slovakian MiG-29 in 1999
Foreign Minister Rastislav Káčer has said that his country is
prepared to transfer their fleet of MiG-29s to Ukraine. He said:
"We have not yet handed [Ukraine] the MiG-29s. But we are
ready to do it. We are talking with our NATO partners about how to do it," and such a package
would involve "several thousand" missiles.[288][289] Slovakia transferred the first four of its MiG-29
fighter jets, from 13 to be sent to Ukraine on 24 March 2023.[290]
South Yemen – Received between 6 and 12 MiG-29s from either Moldova and Russia, or
Moldova only, in 1994.[291]
Soviet Union – Passed on to successor states.

Yugoslavia – 14 MiG-29 and 2 MiG-29UB, passed on to Serbia and Montenegro.[282]

Aircraft on display
Czech Republic

On display at the Prague Aviation Museum in Prague.[292]

Germany

29+03 – MiG-29G on display at the Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr in Berlin.[124] This

airframe is the only remaining German MiG-29 in Germany. It was previously on display in Laage
before being moved to the Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr in 2006 as part of the exhibition
"50 Jahre Luftwaffe".[293][294]
Hungary

One MiG-29 is on display with other older MiG planes and helicopters at The RepTár Museum of
Szolnok, Hungary.[295][a]
India

KB-732 – On display as a gate guardian at Ojhar Air Force Station in Nasik, Maharashtra.[297]
KB-741 – On display at the Technical Type Training (TETTRA) School in Pune, Maharashtra.[297]
Latvia

9-52 – MiG-29UB on display at the Riga Aviation Museum in Riga. This airframe is the second
MiG-29UB prototype. After 213 test flights around Moscow between 23 August 1982 and 10 April
1986, it was disassembled and parts of the wings and tails were re-used in prototype (9–16). The
 remains were shipped to Riga Military Aviation Engineers High School, and later handed over to
the Riga Aviation Museum in 1994, where it is currently displayed.[298] The remains of this
prototype is in a very bad condition, with open fuselage panels and a partly broken canopy.[299]
Poland

MiG-29G on display at the Muzeum Wojska Polskiego in Warsaw.[300]

MiG-29GT on display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków. This aircraft was sold by Germany
to Poland in 2002 and briefly served in the Polish Air Force.[301]
Romania

67 – On display at the National Museum of Romanian Aviation

in Bucharest.[302]
Russia

On display at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino.

Painted as "Blue 01".[303] This airframe is the first prototype
MiG-29.[304]
On display at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino.
MiG-29 Sniper on display
Painted as "Blue 03".[305]
2960710039 – MiG-29 9.13[306] On display at the Central Air
Force Museum in Monino. Painted as "Blue 70".[307]
2960718121 – MiG-29 9.13[308] On display at the Central Air
Force Museum in Monino. Painted as "Blue 51".[309]
On display at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino.
Painted as "Blue 18". This airframe is a MiG-29KVP.[310]
2960705560 – On display at the Museum of the Great Patriotic
War in Moscow. Painted as "Blue 26".[311]
On display at the Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum in First prototype MiG-29 on display at
Khimki. Painted as "Blue 04".[312] the Central Air Force Museum in
On display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. Monino
Painted as "Red 02".[313]
Slovakia

8605 – MiG-29 9.12A[314] on display in Museum of Aviation in Košice[315]

7501 – MiG-29 9.12A[314] on display at Sliač Air Force Base in Sliač. Normally not accessible to
public.
9308 – MiG-29 9.12A[314] on display in Vojenské historické múzeum Piešťany (Military History
Museum Piešťany) in Piešťany.[316]
5817 – MiG-29 9.12A[314] on display in Vojenské historické múzeum Piešťany[317]
5515 – MiG-29 9.12A[314] on display in Vojenské historické múzeum Piešťany.[318]
United States

2960512124 – MiG-29 9.12[319] On display at Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo,
Texas.[320]
 2960717458 – MiG-29 9.13[319] On display at the airpark at
Naval Air Station Fallon near Fallon, Nevada.[321][322]
2960717473 – MiG-29 9.13[319] On display at the Threat
Training Facility at Nellis Air Force Base near North Las Vegas,
Nevada.[323][324]
2960516761 – MiG-29 9.12[319] on display in the Cold War
Gallery of the National Museum of the United States Air Force
at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.[325]
MiG-29 on display in McMinnville,
2960516766 – MiG-29 9.12[319] On display at the Pima Air and Oregon.
Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[326][327]
2960721930 – MiG-29 9.13[319] On display at the Evergreen
Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.[328][329]
50903012038 – MiG-29UB on display at the National Air and
Space Intelligence Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
in Dayton, Ohio.[327][330]

Airworthy
MiG-29 9.12A[319] at the National
N29UB – MiG-29UB owned by Jared Isaacman.[331] It was Museum of the United States Air
previously owned by the Flying Heritage Collection in Everett, Force in Dayton, Ohio
Washington. The aircraft was obtained from Eastern Europe in
early 2009. The aircraft has an FAA approved maintenance
program and is flyable.[332]
N129XX[333] – MiG-29UB owned by Air USA and located at the Quincy Regional Airport in Quincy,
Illinois. This aircraft was purchased by Don Kirlin from Kyrgyzstan.[334] It is available for contract
training and flight testing.[335]
Two MiG-29UBs in flying condition were offered for sale from Eastern Europe in spring 2009.
These aircraft come from the same source as the flyable aircraft (N129UB) previously owned by
the Historic Flight Foundation[336][332] and now owned by Jared Isaacman.[331]

Specifications (MiG-29)
Data from Mikoyan,[337] Airforce
technology, [338] Deagel, [339] Business World[340]

General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 17.32 m (56 ft 10 in)
Wingspan: 11.36 m (37 ft 3 in)
Height: 4.73 m (15 ft 6 in)
Wing area: 38 m2 (410 sq ft)
Empty weight: 11,000 kg (24,251 lb)
Gross weight: 14,900 kg (32,849 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 18,000 kg
(39,683 lb)
 Fuel capacity: 3,500 kg (7,716 lb) internal
Powerplant: 2 × Klimov RD-33 afterburning turbofan engines, 49.42 kN (11,110 lbf) thrust each
[341] dry, 81.58 kN (18,340 lbf) with afterburner

Performance
Maximum speed: 2,450 km/h (1,520 mph, 1,320 kn) at high altitude
Maximum speed: Mach 2.3+
Range: 1,430 km (890 mi, 770 nmi) with maximum internal fuel[342]
Combat range: 700–900 km (430–560 mi, 380–490 nmi) with 2 x R-27s, 4 x R-73s at high
altitude[343]
Ferry range: 2,100 km (1,300 mi, 1,100 nmi) with 1× drop tank
Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,000 ft)
g limits: +9
Rate of climb: 330 m/s (65,000 ft/min) [344]
Wing loading: 403 kg/m2 (83 lb/sq ft)
Thrust/weight: 1.09
Armament
Guns: 1 × 30 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 autocannon. Originally held 150 rounds, reduced
to 100 on later variants.
Hardpoints: 7 × hardpoints (6 × underwing, 1 × fuselage) with a capacity of up to 4,000 kg
(8,800 lb) of stores, with provisions to carry combinations of:
Rockets:
S-5
S-8
S-24
Missiles:
2-4 × R-27R/ER/T/ET/P/EP air-to-air missiles
6 × R-60/R-60M AAMs
6 × R-73 AAMs (later variants also carry the R-73M, R-74 and R-74M)
4 × Astra (Indian Air Force)
Rampage (Indian Air Force)[345]
AGM-88 HARM (Integration by Ukrainian Air Force during the 2022 Russian invasion of
Ukraine)[346][347]
2 × Kh-29T/ET (MiG-29SMT, MiG-29M/M2, MiG-29K/KR and MiG-35 only)
6 × R-77 (MiG-29S, MiG-29M/M2 & MiG-29K only)
Bombs:
6 × 665 kg (1,466 lb) bombs
4 × FAB-500-M62 500kg general purpose bomb
4 × FAB-250-M62 250kg general purpose bomb
4 × BETAB-500 500kg concrete piercing bomb
4 × KMGU-AO2/PTAB munitions dispenser
4 × RBK-500-PTAB/255-PTAB 500kg cluster bomb
 4 × RBK-250-PTAB/275-AO 250kg cluster bomb
Other:
1 × 1400 L external drop tank
2 × 1100 L external drop tank
Avionics
Radar depands in variants: N019 family radar or Phazotron Zhuk-M (export designation Zhuk-ME)
radar
OEPS-29 IRST[348]
SPO-15 'Beryoza' RWR[349]
DARE D-29 EW system (on MiG-29 UPG)[87]

Notable appearances in media

See also
Fourth-generation jet fighter
Aviation portal
Ghost of Kyiv
Related development

Mikoyan MiG-29K
Mikoyan MiG-29M
Mikoyan MiG-35
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo

Dassault Mirage 2000
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
Related lists

List of fighter aircraft

List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

Notes
a. Hungarian AF MiG-29 s/n 2960535148 was a 9.12A[296]

References
1. "The MiG-29 fighters family" (http://migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/the-mig-29-fighters-family).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150619095035/http://www.migavia.ru/index.php/en/produ
 ction/the-mig-29-fighters-family) 19 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Russian Aircraft
Corporation MiG, 8 December 2014. Retrieved: 19 September 2018.
2. Gordon & Davison 2005, p. 9.
3. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p. 10.
4. "Vietnam summary" (https://www.scramble.nl/orbats/vietnam/summary). Scramble. NL. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030653/https://www.scramble.nl/orbats/vietnam/summary)
from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
5. Jenkins 1998, pp. 9–11.
6. Gordon & Davidson 2005, p. 9.
7. Spick 2000, pp. 488–89, 512–13.
8. Gordon & Davison 2005, pp. 8–9.
9. Correll, John T. "The Reformers." (http://www.afa.org/magazine/feb2008/0208reformers.asp) Air
Force Magazine Online, February 2008, pp. 7–9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080926
205831/http://www.afa.org/magazine/feb2008/0208reformers.asp) 26 September 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
10. Lake World Air Power Journal Volume 36 Spring 1999, pp. 110–11.
11. Lambert 1993, p. 238.
12. Zuyev, A. and Malcolm McConnell. Fulcrum: A Top Gun Pilot's Escape from the Soviet Empire.
Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Warner Books, 1993. ISBN 0-446-36498-3.
13. Gordon 2006, p. 65.
14. Gordon and Davison 2005, pp. 27–29.
15. Eden 2004, pp. 310–321.
16. "Russian Air Force to Receive 16 New MiG Fighters" (http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20140415/189
237858/Russian-Air-Force-to-Receive-16-New-MiG-Fighters.html). RIA Novosti. 15 April 2014.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140418080639/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20140415/1
89237858/Russian-Air-Force-to-Receive-16-New-MiG-Fighters.html) from the original on 18 April
2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
17. Gordon & Davison 2005, pp. 30, 34.
18. "Russia considers funding MiG-29 successor" (http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-co
nsiders-funding-mig-29-successor-394022/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201312170224
46/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-considers-funding-mig-29-successor-394022/)
17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine - Flightglobal.com, 11 December 2013
19. Russia Air Force Handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt2ZaOilGXIC). USA:
International Business Publications. 7 February 2007. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4330-4115-0. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20200205224846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt2ZaOilGXIC)
from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
20. Gordon 2006, pp. 55, 57: "Indeed, on the first thirty production aircraft the inlet ducts, engine
cowlings, leading-edge flaps, control surfaces, wingtips, fuselage spine, detachable upper fin
sections and numerous access panels were made of composites, not to mention the radome and
dielectric fin caps concealing communications aerials." Composites failed during testing and
service. "In the end only composite fins, radome and access panels remained."
21. Lake 1987, p. 94.
22. "MiG-29 Fulcrum Fighter Bomber" (http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig29/). Airforce
Technology. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150216191747/http://www.airforce-technolog
y.com/projects/mig29) from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
23. Gordon 2006, p. 341.
24. "MiG-29 Fulcrum Fighter Bomber" (https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig29/). Airforce
technology. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180707062411/https://www.airforce-technolo
gy.com/projects/mig29/) from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
25. Gordon 2006, p. 58.
26. Gordon 2006, p. 431.
27. Liebermann, Oren (8 August 2022). "Pentagon acknowledges sending previously undisclosed
anti-radar missiles to Ukraine" (https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/08/politics/anti-radar-missiles-ukrai
ne-russia-pentagon/). CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220810034252/https://editio
n.cnn.com/2022/08/08/politics/anti-radar-missiles-ukraine-russia-pentagon) from the original on 10
August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
28. Trevithick, Joseph (8 August 2022). "Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms" (http
s://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/u-s-confirms-air-launched-anti-radiation-missiles-sent-to-ukrai
ne). The Drive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220810072251/https://www.thedrive.com/t
he-war-zone/u-s-confirms-air-launched-anti-radiation-missiles-sent-to-ukraine) from the original on
10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
29. Rogoway, Tyler (7 August 2022). "Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms" (https://
www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/does-ukraine-now-have-agm-88-high-speed-anti-radiation-missile
s). The Drive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220810072251/https://www.thedrive.com/th
e-war-zone/does-ukraine-now-have-agm-88-high-speed-anti-radiation-missiles) from the original
on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
30. Sotham, John, "Solved: The mystery of the MiG-29", Air & Space, September 2014, pp. 29–35.
31. "More MiG Malfunctions." (http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20090721.aspx)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090724150742/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatri
t/articles/20090721.aspx) 24 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine Strategy Page, 21 July 2009.
Retrieved 14 October 2009.
32. Johnson, Reuben F. "The Paris Air Show Twenty Years On." (http://www.weeklystandard.com/Cont
ent/Public/Articles/000/000/013/788wbhgw.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200709110
22211/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/788wbhgw.asp) 11
September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Weekly Standard, 18 June 2007. Retrieved 10 March
2009.
33. "1993–1877" (http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%201877.html). Flight
Archive. Flight global. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090656/http://www.flightglo
bal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%201877.html) from the original on 6 October 2014.
Retrieved 14 November 2014.
34. "Russian MiG-29 fighter crashes in East Siberia: Pilot dead." (http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/6
2151/russian-mig-29-fighter-crashes-in-east-siberia-pilot-dead.html) Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20090727124734/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/62151/russian-mig-29-fighter-crashe
s-in-east-siberia-pilot-dead.html) 27 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Journal of the Turkish
Weekly, 5 December 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
35. "Corrosion issue grounds one-third of Russian air force MiG-29 fleet." (http://www.flightglobal.com/
articles/2009/03/19/324017/corrosion-issue-grounds-one-third-of-russian-air-force-mig-29.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090322192947/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/
03/19/324017/corrosion-issue-grounds-one-third-of-russian-air-force-mig-29.html) 22 March 2009
at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 19 March 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
36. Litovkin, Dmitry. "У новых истребителей МиГ-29 выявлена коррозия (MiG-29 pilot did
everything to his notice)." (http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news199808) Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20090315030205/http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news199808) 15 March 2009 at the
Wayback Machine Izvestia, 23 April 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2009. (English translation). (https://
translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izvestia.ru%2Fnews%2Fnews199808&sl
=ru&tl=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150921051805/http://transla
te.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izvestia.ru%2Fnews%2Fnews199808&sl=ru&tl
=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8) 21 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Google. Retrieved 14
October 2009.
37. AirForces Monthly, p. 68.
38. Isby, David C. "16 Additional MiG-29SMTs for Russia". Air International, June 2014. Vol. 86, No. 6.
p. 8.
39. "Op Tempo, Sustainment Flaws Hit Russian Air Force" (http://www.defensenews.com/story/defens
e/air-space/2015/07/12/russian-fleets-crashing-ukraine-nato-fighter-bomber/29962399/) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20240312000517/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/07/12/op-t
empo-sustainment-flaws-hit-russian-air-force/) 12 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Defense
News, 12 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
40. "Russian MiG Fighter Crashes in Southern Russia, Pilot Lives" (https://www.nytimes.com/aponlin
e/2015/07/03/world/europe/ap-eu-russia-military-crash.html) New York Times, 3 July 2015.
Retrieved 2 August 2015.
41. "Военная авиация России переживает всплеск авиапроисшествий" (https://www.bbc.com/russi
an/russia/2015/12/151215_russia_air_crashes). 15 December 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20160208021643/http://www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2015/12/151215_russia_air_crashe
s) from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
42. Long, Helen. "Russia ‘shot down Georgia drone’." (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7358761.st
m) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080422003231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/735
8761.stm) 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine BBC, 21 April 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
43. Chivers, C.J. "Russian jet shot down Georgian spy drone, UN says" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0081013141331/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/26/europe/georgia.php). Archived from the
original (http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/26/europe/georgia.php) on 13 October 2008.
Retrieved 5 June 2008. International Herald Tribune, 26 May 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
44. "SBU releases more conversations implicating Russia in shooting down Malaysia Airlines flight
(Video, Transcript)" (http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sbu-releases-more-conversations-im
plicating-russia-in-shooting-down-malaysia-airlines-flight-video-transcript-2-356778.html).
KyivPost. 19 July 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141002230942/http://www.kyivpo
st.com/content/ukraine/sbu-releases-more-conversations-implicating-russia-in-shooting-down-mal
aysia-airlines-flight-video-transcript-2-356778.html) from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved
4 October 2014.
45. "Spokesman for National Security and Defense Council Information Center: Malaysian Flight MH-
17 was outside the range of Ukraine's surface to air defense systems – Ukraine Crisis Media
Center" (http://uacrisis.org/rechnik-rnbo/). uacrisis.org. 18 July 2014. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20141128142237/http://uacrisis.org/rechnik-rnbo/) from the original on 28 November
2014. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
46. "Russia Rejects 'Absurd' Accusation Over Downed Ukrainian Jet" (http://www.rferl.org/content/ukr
aine-russia-jet-shot-down-blame/25460575.html). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 17 July 2014.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140717140524/http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-russia
-jet-shot-down-blame/25460575.html) from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
47. Cenciotti, David (13 September 2017). "Russia Has Deployed Its MiG-29SMT Multirole Combat
Aircraft To Syria For The Very First Time" (https://theaviationist.com/2017/09/13/russia-has-deploy
ed-its-mig-29smt-multirole-combat-aircraft-to-syria-for-the-very-first-time/). theaviationist.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181214060248/https://theaviationist.com/2017/09/13/russ
ia-has-deployed-its-mig-29smt-multirole-combat-aircraft-to-syria-for-the-very-first-time/) from the
original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
48. "Russia's upgraded MiG-29 fighter jets to test new aircraft armament in Syria" (http://tass.com/def
ense/979702). TASS. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133207/http://tass.com/defe
nse/979702) from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
49. "Two Russian MiG-29s Have Crashed In Libya According To Top American Intel Official" (https://w
ww.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36365/two-russian-mig-29s-have-crashed-in-libya-according-to-top
-american-intel-official). The Drive. 11 September 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00911205841/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36365/two-russian-mig-29s-have-crashed-in
-libya-according-to-top-american-intel-official) from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved
12 September 2020.
50. "Ukrainian Mig-29 Fulcrum evacuated from Crimea, back to operational status" (http://theaviationis
t.com/2014/08/04/mig-29-flight-status/). The Aviationist. 4 August 2014. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20141207220355/http://theaviationist.com/2014/08/04/mig-29-flight-status/) from the
original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
51. "Ukrainian Mig-29 Fulcrum (in display team livery) performs low pass over pro-Russia separatists"
(http://theaviationist.com/2014/04/16/ukrainian-mig-29-show-of-force/). The Aviationist. 16 April
2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141102191118/http://theaviationist.com/2014/04/1
6/ukrainian-mig-29-show-of-force/) from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November
2014.
52. "Militants down Ukrainian MiG-29 in Donetsk region, crew ejects" (http://www.kyivpost.com/conten
t/ukraine/militants-down-ukrainian-mig-29-in-donetsk-region-crew-ejects-359777.html). Kyiv Post.
7 August 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141027033158/http://www.kyivpost.com/c
ontent/ukraine/militants-down-ukrainian-mig-29-in-donetsk-region-crew-ejects-359777.html) from
the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
53. Paton Walsh, Nick; Hanna, Jason; Shoichet, Catherine E. (7 August 2014). "Ukraine: Rebel leader
resigns; military jet shot down" (http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/europe/russia-ukraine-cris
is/). CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021212/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/
07/world/europe/russia-ukraine-crisis/) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved
14 November 2014.
54. Harro Ranter. "ASN Aircraft accident 7-Aug-2014 Mikojan-Gurevic MiG-29 02 Blue" (http://aviation
-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=168283). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014110100540
6/http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=168283) from the original on 1 November 2014.
Retrieved 14 November 2014.
55. "Ukrainian fighter plane shot down by pro-Russia rebels" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/201
4/aug/17/ukraine-fighter-jet-shot-down). The Guardian. France-Presse. 17 August 2014. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170321075009/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/17/u
kraine-fighter-jet-shot-down) from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
56. "Separatists shoot down Ukrainian Mig-29 fighter plane: military" (https://www.reuters.com/article/u
s-ukraine-crisis-airplane-idUSKBN0GH04Z20140817). Reuters. 17 August 2014. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20141129060336/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/17/us-ukraine-crisis
-airplane-idUSKBN0GH04Z20140817) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved
14 November 2014.
57. "Pro-Russia separatists have shot down another Ukrainian Mig-29 Fulcrum" (http://theaviationist.c
om/2014/08/17/another-mig-29-shot-down/). The Aviationist. 17 August 2014. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20141125080712/http://theaviationist.com/2014/08/17/another-mig-29-shot-dow
n/) from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
58. Ukrainian MiG-29 Fighter Jet Being Upgraded with Multi-role Capability (https://www.defenseworl
d.net/news/22639/Ukrainian_MiG_29_Fighter_Jet_Being_Upgraded_with_Multi_role_Capability#.
WxmlkzNKhE4), Defenseworld.net, 1 June 2018, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191001
131506/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/22639/Ukrainian_MiG_29_Fighter_Jet_Being_Upgrad
ed_with_Multi_role_Capability#.WxmlkzNKhE4) from the original on 1 October 2019, retrieved
27 August 2019
59. Ukraine Air Force Receives Upgraded Soviet-era MiG-29 (https://www.defenseworld.net/news/275
52/Ukraine_Air_Force_Receives_Upgraded_Soviet_era_MiG_29), Defenseworld.net, 31 July
2020, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200920015316/https://www.defenseworld.net/new
s/27552/Ukraine_Air_Force_Receives_Upgraded_Soviet_era_MiG_29) from the original on 20
September 2020, retrieved 26 September 2020
60. Correll, Diana Stancy (29 May 2020). "B-1Bs complete Bomber Task Force mission with
Ukrainian, Turkish aircraft for the first time" (https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/20
20/05/29/b-1bs-complete-bomber-task-force-mission-with-ukrainian-turkish-aircraft-for-the-first-tim
e/). Air Force Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105135156/https://www.airforceti
mes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/05/29/b-1bs-complete-bomber-task-force-mission-with-ukrainia
n-turkish-aircraft-for-the-first-time/) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
61. U.S. Air Force B-52s Integrate with Ukrainian Fighters (https://www.eucom.mil/article/40736/us-air-
force-b-52s-integrate-with-ukrainian-f), United States European Command, 4 September 2020,
archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200923185805/https://www.eucom.mil/article/40736/us-ai
r-force-b-52s-integrate-with-ukrainian-f) from the original on 23 September 2020, retrieved
26 September 2020
62. Bomber Task Force continues European mission push in Black Sea region (https://www.eucom.mi
l/article/40783/bomber-task-force-continues-european-mission), United States European
Command, 15 September 2020, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200923193718/https://w
ww.eucom.mil/article/40783/bomber-task-force-continues-european-mission) from the original on
23 September 2020, retrieved 26 September 2020
63. "Ukraine conflict: EU to supply Kyiv with fighter aircraft" (https://www.janes.com/defence-news/ne
ws-detail/ukraine-conflict-eu-to-supply-kyiv-with-fighter-aircraft). Jane's. 28 February 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220321165729/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/new
s-detail/ukraine-conflict-eu-to-supply-kyiv-with-fighter-aircraft) from the original on 21 March 2022.
Retrieved 11 April 2022. "While supplying aircraft would address the immediate problem of
replacing attrition losses, Ukraine's main airbases have been subjected to attack, with at least six
MiG-29s destroyed on the ground at Ivano-Frankivsk Airport in the southwest of the country."
64. "Президент України присвоїв загиблому пілоту з Прикарпаття звання Героя України" (https://v
ikna.if.ua/news/category/if/2022/03/20/131828/view) (in Ukrainian). 20 March 2022. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220321150121/https://vikna.if.ua/news/category/if/2022/03/20/131828/v
iew) from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
65. "Щодня о 9 ранку на час воєнного стану в Україні проводять хвилину мовчання на згадку про
захисників, які віддали свої життя, захищаючи країну від російських загарбників. 26 березня
згадаймо льотчика-винищувача з Івано-Франківщини Степана Тарабалка" (https://freeradio.co
m.ua/zahynuv-za-ukrainu-vshanovuiemo-khvylynoiu-movchannia-lotchyka-stepana-tarabalka/).
Free Radio (in Ukrainian). 26 March 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022032607094
2/https://freeradio.com.ua/zahynuv-za-ukrainu-vshanovuiemo-khvylynoiu-movchannia-lotchyka-ste
pana-tarabalka/) from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
66. "Історія льотчика-героя Олександра Брінжала" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220411012453/h
ttps://sport-arena24.com.ua/2022/04/%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D
1%8F-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B3%
D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%
D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80/) (in Ukrainian). 8 April 2022. Archived
from the original (https://sport-arena24.com.ua/2022/04/%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D
1%80%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D
0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%
D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80/) on 11 April 2022.
Retrieved 11 April 2022.
67. "У бою під Житомиром загинув український льотчик: він збив один ворожий літак перед
загибеллю" (https://24tv.ua/boyu-pid-zhitomirom-zaginuv-ukrayinskiy-lotchik-vin-zbiv-odin_n19056
90). 24 TV (in Ukrainian). 14 March 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022031504242
4/https://24tv.ua/boyu-pid-zhitomirom-zaginuv-ukrayinskiy-lotchik-vin-zbiv-odin_n1905690) from
the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
68. " "Встиг Збити Один": Під Житомиром Під Час Бою З Двома Літаками Окупантів Загинув 28-
Річний Льотчик Євген Лисенко З Черкащини" (https://tsn.ua/ukrayina/vstiz-zbiti-odin-pid-zhitomir
om-pid-chas-boyu-z-dvoma-litakami-okupantiv-zaginuv-28-richniy-lotchik-yevgen-lisenko-z-cherka
schini-2009674.html). TSN (in Ukrainian). 15 March 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0220315153505/https://tsn.ua/ukrayina/vstiz-zbiti-odin-pid-zhitomirom-pid-chas-boyu-z-dvoma-lita
kami-okupantiv-zaginuv-28-richniy-lotchik-yevgen-lisenko-z-cherkaschini-2009674.html) from the
original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
69. "Стало відомо про загибель двох авіаторів, які служили у Луцьку" (https://wayback.archive-it.or
g/all/20220326024921/https://suspilne.media/221698-stalo-vidomo-pro-zagibel-dvoh-aviatoriv-aki-
sluzili-u-lucku/). Suspilne (in Ukrainian). 25 March 2022. Archived from the original (https://suspiln
e.media/221698-stalo-vidomo-pro-zagibel-dvoh-aviatoriv-aki-sluzili-u-lucku/) on 26 March 2022.
70. Trevithick, Joseph (19 August 2022). "Ukrainian MiG-29s Are Firing AGM-88 Anti-Radiation
Missiles" (https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukrainian-mig-29s-are-firing-agm-88-anti-radiati
on-missiles). The Drive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220820025323/https://www.thedr
ive.com/the-war-zone/ukrainian-mig-29s-are-firing-agm-88-anti-radiation-missiles) from the
original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
71. @KpsZSU (30 August 2022). "One of the 🇺🇦 pilots has made a footage of the MiG-29 fighter jets
combat operations.🇺🇦 pilot Ivan dedicates this…" (https://x.com/KpsZSU/status/156453136560069
0176) (Tweet) – via Twitter.
72. David Cenciotti (31 August 2022). "First Footage Of Ukrainian MiG-29 Firing US-delivered Anti-
Radiation Missiles Emerges" (https://theaviationist.com/2022/08/30/first-footage-of-ukrainian-mig-fi
ring-arm-emerges/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220903232859/https://theaviationist.
com/2022/08/30/first-footage-of-ukrainian-mig-firing-arm-emerges/) from the original on 3
September 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
73. "Ukraine Confirms 1st Known Case Of Fighter Jet Going Down To A Kamikaze Drone" (https://eur
asiantimes.com/ukraine-confirms-1st-known-case-of-fighter-jet-going-down-to-a-kamikaze/).
Eurasian Times. 14 October 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221016082250/https://
eurasiantimes.com/ukraine-confirms-1st-known-case-of-fighter-jet-going-down-to-a-kamikaze/)
from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
74. Thomas Newdick (13 October 2022). "Ukraine Claims MiG-29 Pilot Downed Five Drones Before
Ejecting" (https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukrainian-claims-mig-29-pilot-downed-five-drone
s-before-ejecting). The Drive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221017191024/https://ww
w.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukrainian-claims-mig-29-pilot-downed-five-drones-before-ejecting)
from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
75. Dylan Malyasov (20 September 2023). "Russian drone damaged Ukrainian MiG-29 fighter at
military airfield" (https://defence-blog.com/russian-drone-damaged-ukrainian-mig-29-fighter-at-milit
ary-airfield/?amp). Defence Blog. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230928182855/https://d
efence-blog.com/russian-drone-damaged-ukrainian-mig-29-fighter-at-military-airfield/?amp) from
the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
76. "[Actu] L'Inde et les MiG-29" (https://redsamovar.com/2019/10/07/actu-linde-et-les-mig-29/). Red
Samovar. 7 October 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230208073944/https://redsam
ovar.com/2019/10/07/actu-linde-et-les-mig-29/) from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved
21 February 2023.
77. Kapisthalam, Kaushik. "Warplanes Article Index." (http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articl
es/20050520.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080325001156/http://www.strategypa
ge.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20050520.aspx) 25 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Strategy
page, 20 May 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
78. "India's MiG-29 fighter jets to be upgraded by Russia." (http://www.india-defence.com/reports-132
8) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091312/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-1
328) 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine India Defence, 8 February 2006. Retrieved 19 July
2009.
79. "India has acquired the right to manufacture Saint-Petersburg’s engines." (http://en.klimov.ru/medi
a/news/2007-01-24/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081202094504/http://en.klimov.ru/m
edia/news/2007-01-24/) 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Klimov, 24 January 2007.
Retrieved 19 July 2009.
80. Pandit, Rajat. "India, Russia ink MiG-29 upgrade deal." (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
2008-03-08/india/27749543_1_squadrons-iaf-base-repair-depot-air-superiority-fighters) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130702084429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-
08/india/27749543_1_squadrons-iaf-base-repair-depot-air-superiority-fighters) 2 July 2013 at the
Wayback Machine The Times of India, 8 March 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
81. "India is worried about its fleet of MiG-29s." (http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_c
ontent&task=view&id=70884&Itemid=2) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090729012231/h
ttp://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70884&Itemid=2) 29
July 2009 at the Wayback Machine app.com.pk, 14 March 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
82. "India says its MiG-29 safe despite Russian grounding of such aircraft." (http://news.xinhuanet.co
m/english/2009-03/14/content_11012252.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2009041116
3127/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/14/content_11012252.htm) 11 April 2009 at the
Wayback Machine Xinhua News Agency, 14 March 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
83. "Antony spills the beans, says Mig-29 structurally flawed." (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/antony-spills-
the-beans-says-mig29-structurally-flawed/97226-3.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
090818161203/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/antony-spills-the-beans-says-mig29-structurally-flawed/9
7226-3.html) 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine IBN Live. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
84. Pandit, Rajat. "India, Russia to ink $1.2 bn deal for 29 more MiG-29Ks." (http://articles.timesofindi
a.indiatimes.com/2010-01-18/india/28115936_1_refit-rechristened-ins-vikramaditya-largest-defenc
e-supplier) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indig
enous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html) 2 February 2014 at the
Wayback Machine The Times of India, 18 January 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
85. "Indian Navy inducts ‘lethal’ MiG-29K." (http://www.zeenews.com/news605304.html) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20100221061356/http://www.zeenews.com/news605304.html) 21
February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Zee news, 19 February 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
86. "Indian MiG-29 upgrade" (https://archive.today/20130504123535/http://en.take-off.ru/news/102-feb
2011/558-mig-29upg-india-02-2011). Take-Off. Archived from the original (http://en.take-off.ru/new
s/102-feb2011/558-mig-29upg-india-02-2011) on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
87. "Development of D-29 System (Internal EW system for MIG-29 Upgrade Aircraft)" (https://www.drd
o.gov.in/development-d-29-system-internal-ew-system-mig-29-upgrade-aircraft). Defence
Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183748/https://www.drdo.gov.in/development-d-2
9-system-internal-ew-system-mig-29-upgrade-aircraft) from the original on 12 May 2021.
Retrieved 12 May 2021.
88. Sabha, Lok. "Upgradation of MIG-29 squadrons." (http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=
54392) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20091127005939/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/relea
se.asp?relid=54392) 27 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine Pib. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
89. Vladimir Radyuhin (10 December 2012). "Russia delivers 3 upgraded MiG-29s to India" (http://ww
w.thehindu.com/news/international/russia-delivers-3-upgraded-mig29s-to-india/article4185028.ec
e). The Hindu. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151017030613/http://www.thehindu.com/n
ews/international/russia-delivers-3-upgraded-mig29s-to-india/article4185028.ece) from the original
on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
90. "A Mig 29 fighter jet of Indian Air Force crashes in Punjab" (https://www.defencestar.in/military/indi
an-air-force/a-mig-29-fighter-jet-of-indian-air-force-crashes-in-punjab/3444/?amp). Defence Star. 8
May 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105135233/https://www.defencestar.in/mili
tary/air-force/defence-news-india-iaf-mig-29-crash-upgraded-mig-29-of-indian-air-force-crashes-in-
punjab/3444/) from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
91. "IAF set to place orders for 21 MiG-29 jets from Russia by Dec to shore up aircraft strength" (http
s://theprint.in/defence/iaf-set-to-place-orders-for-21-mig-29-jets-from-russia-by-dec-to-shore-up-air
craft-strength/517907/). The Print. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201008051706/https://
theprint.in/defence/iaf-set-to-place-orders-for-21-mig-29-jets-from-russia-by-dec-to-shore-up-aircra
ft-strength/517907/) from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
92. "The Case of Indian Acquisition of Mig-29s: Why Buy a 40-Year Old Aircraft?" (https://sldinfo.com/
2019/07/the-case-of-indian-acquisition-of-mig-29s-why-buy-a-40-year-old-aircraft/). SLDinfo. 18
July 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105858/https://sldinfo.com/2019/07/the
-case-of-indian-acquisition-of-mig-29s-why-buy-a-40-year-old-aircraft/) from the original on 4
August 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
93. "IAF to immediately buy 21 MiG-29 fighter aircraft to bolster depleting fleet" (https://www.ibtimes.c
o.in/iaf-immediately-buy-21-mig-29-fighter-aircraft-bolster-depleting-fleet-791888). International
Business Times. 14 February 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212149/http
s://www.ibtimes.co.in/iaf-immediately-buy-21-mig-29-fighter-aircraft-bolster-depleting-fleet-791888)
from the original on 16 February 2019.
94. "Russia sent a commercial proposal for the delivery of 21 MiG-21 to India" (https://www.globaldefe
nsecorp.com/2021/07/25/russia-sent-a-commercial-proposal-for-the-delivery-of-21-mig-21-to-indi
a/). Global Defense Corp. 24 July 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210726063542/h
ttps://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/07/25/russia-sent-a-commercial-proposal-for-the-delivery-
of-21-mig-21-to-india/) from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
95. Gordon and Davison 2005, p. 77.
96. "Yugoslav & Serbian MiG-29s." (http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_380.shtml) Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20140214094718/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_380.shtml)
14 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Air Combat Information Group, 30 November 2003.
Retrieved 14 October 2009.
97. Oppenheim, John and Willem-Jan van der Wolf. Global war crimes tribunal collection, Volume 1,
Part 1. Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Global Law Association, 1997, p. 404.
98. "Case Mig-29" (http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/514/09.html). Vreme. 9 November 2000.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161003111023/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/514/0
9.html) from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
 99. Lok, Joris Janssen, "How Dutch F-16AMs shot down a Mig-29." (http://www.janes.com/defence/ne
ws/kosovo/jdw990401_01_n.shtml) Jane's. Retrieved 7 September 2009. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20060709062142/http://www.janes.com/defence/news/kosovo/jdw990401_01_n.sht
ml) 9 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
100. Archived at Ghostarchive (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qABnIDOcyS8)
and the Wayback Machine (https://web.archive.org/web/20200228155738/https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=qABnIDOcyS8): "F-15 Eagle vs MiG-29 Fulcrum | With "Dozer" " (https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=qABnIDOcyS8). 31 January 2019 – via youtube.com.
101. "Niko nije rekao neću, drugi deo Predrag Milutinović pilot" (http://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/RT
S+1/60209/Niko+nije+rekao+ne%C4%87u%2C+drugi+deo.html). Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20121007055009/http://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/20/RTS+1/60209/Niko+nije+rekao+ne%
C4%87u,+drugi+deo.html) from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
102. "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum: Losses & Ejections." (http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircr
aft_by_Type/mig-29.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071017035011/http://www.ejecti
on-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/mig-29.htm) 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
ejection-history.org.uk, 17 October 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
103. Генерал Великович на авиашоу (довоенная фотография). 26 марта ему предстояло сбить F-
16 (88-0490 Генерал Великович на авиашоу (довоенная фотография). 26 марта ему
предстояло сбить F-16C (88-0490 (http://artofwar.ru/img/z/zampini_d_f/text_0580/) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20110703115319/http://artofwar.ru/img/z/zampini_d_f/text_0580/) 3 July
2011 at the Wayback Machine
104. Dewitte, Lieven."The US Air Force suspended all F-16 fighter flights at Luke Air Force Base." (htt
p://www.f-16.net/news_article229.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111011091502/htt
p://www.f-16.net/news_article229.html) 11 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine F-16.net, 26
March 1999. Quote: "The US Air Force suspended all F-16 fighter flights at Luke Air Force Base."
105. "Serbian Fighter Jet Crashes Near Belgrade" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121003194501/http://
news.sky.com/story/707436/serbian-fighter-jet-crashes-near-belgrade). Sky News. 7 July 2009.
Archived from the original (http://news.sky.com/story/707436/serbian-fighter-jet-crashes-near-belgr
ade) on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
106. Vojinovic, Petar (2 June 2014). "Srbija ostala bez operativnih lovačkih aviona – dežurni par
prizemljen zbog nedostatka akumulatora" (https://tangosix.rs/2014/02/06/srbija-ostala-bez-operati
vnih-lovackih-aviona-dezurni-par-prizemljen-zbog-nedostatka-akumulatora/). Tango Six (in
Serbian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240105035352/https://tangosix.rs/2014/02/06/s
rbija-ostala-bez-operativnih-lovackih-aviona-dezurni-par-prizemljen-zbog-nedostatka-akumulator
a/) from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
107. "PM tells why Serbia decided to acquire Russian MiG-29s" (http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.p
hp?yyyy=2016&mm=12&dd=23&nav_id=100046). B92. 23 December 2016. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20161224150431/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2016&mm=12
&dd=23&nav_id=100046) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
108. Tomkins, Richard (30 January 2017). "Belarus donates MiG-29 fighter aircraft to Serbia" (http://ww
w.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/01/30/Belarus-donates-MiG-29-fighter-aircraft-to-Serbia/68814857
94095/). United Press International. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170210053824/http://
www.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/01/30/Belarus-donates-MiG-29-fighter-aircraft-to-Serbia/68814
85794095/) from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
109. Россия закончила поставку шести истребителей МиГ-29 в Сербию (https://ria.ru/defense_safet
y/20171004/1506207956.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171007183648/https://ria.
ru/defense_safety/20171004/1506207956.html) 7 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine RIA
Novosti, 4 October 2017.
110. "Serbia formally accepted four RAC MiG-29 fighters donated by Belarus during a ceremony at the
latter's 558th Aircraft Repair Plant in Baranavichy on 25 February" (https://www.flightglobal.com/ne
ws/articles/pictures-serbia-receives-mig-29-fighters-from-belar-456115/). Flight Global. 26
February 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044434/https://www.flightglobal.c
om/news/articles/pictures-serbia-receives-mig-29-fighters-from-belar-456115/) from the original on
6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
111. "Serbia receives six MiG-29s donated by Russia" (https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/serbi
a-receives-six-mig-29s-donated-by-russia-442496/). Flightglobal. 25 October 2017. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20171025133811/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/serbia-receiv
es-six-mig-29s-donated-by-russia-442496/) from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved
2 November 2017.
112. "Serbia hopes to be through with MiG-29 modernization by Putin's visit in November" (http://tass.c
om/world/1015283). 29 July 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042718/http://t
ass.com/world/1015283) from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
113. "Serbia receives 4 more MiG-29 fighter jets from Belarus – The Defense Post" (https://www.thedef
ensepost.com/2019/02/25/serbia-receives-4-more-mig-29-fighter-jets-from-belarus/). 25 February
2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210518172214/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2
019/02/25/serbia-receives-4-more-mig-29-fighter-jets-from-belarus/) from the original on 18 May
2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
114. Lake World Air Power Journal Volume 4 Winter 1990/91, p. 86.
115. MiG-29s leave Luftwaffe (http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRHeft/FRHeft04/FRH0404/FR0404c.ht
m) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100624022957/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRHef
t/FRHeft04/FRH0404/FR0404c.htm) 24 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine – Flug Revue, April
2004
116. "MiG-29 Fulcrum (Mikoyan-Gurevich)." (https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/mig-29.htm)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231249/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/mig
-29.htm) 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAS. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
117. Neely, SrA. Dan. "Aviano Vigileer: 'Buzzards' Fly With MiG 29s." (http://aeroweb.lucia.it/rap/RAFA
Q/Buzzards.html) AeroWeb. Retrieved 1 August 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2006
0704084625/http://aeroweb.lucia.it/rap/RAFAQ/Buzzards.html) 4 July 2006 at the Wayback
Machine
118. "Code One, 1995–07." (http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1995/articles/jul_95/july2a_9
5.html#top) codeonemagazine.com. Retrieved 30 September 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20061024194254/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/1995/articles/jul_95/july2a_
95.html#top) 24 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
119. Lake 1997, p. 70.
120. "F/A-18 vs. Mig 29 in "Red October" War Games" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn1sBfIlUj
Y). Youtube. Discovery Channel. 20 November 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161
102205814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn1sBfIlUjY) from the original on 2 November
2016. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
121. Sotham, John. "The Truth About the Mig 29" (https://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/truth-
about-mig-29-180952403/). Air And Space Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190217142633/https://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/truth-about-
mig-29-180952403/) from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
122. "MiGi za 1 euro w Bydgoszczy." (in Polish) (http://lotnictwo.net/doc.php?doc=03100401) lotnictwo.
Retrieved 30 September 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928095510/http://lotni
ctwo.net/doc.php?doc=03100401) 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
123. "Last of MiG-29s offered by Germany arrive in Poland" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150323101
020/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-97300722.html). AP Worldstream. Associated Press. 4
August 2004. Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-97300722.html) on 23
March 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
124. "Bundeswehr." (http://www.mgfa.de/html/bildAnzeige.php?img_id=633) Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20070928132050/http://www.mgfa.de/html/bildAnzeige.php?img_id=633) 28
September 2007 at the Wayback Machine mgfa.de. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
125. Trevithick, Joseph (18 June 2020). "Russian MiG-29 And Su-24 Combat Jets Caught In-Flight at
Libyan Base in New Satellite Images" (https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34193/new-imagery
-catches-russian-mig-29-and-su-24-combat-jets-in-flight-at-libyan-air-base). The Drive. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20200916072443/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/34193/new-i
magery-catches-russian-mig-29-and-su-24-combat-jets-in-flight-at-libyan-air-base) from the
original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
126. Trevithick, Thomas Newdick and Joseph (11 September 2020). "Two Russian MiG-29s Have
Crashed in Libya According to Top American Intel Official" (https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zon
e/36365/two-russian-mig-29s-have-crashed-in-libya-according-to-top-american-intel-official). The
Drive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200911205841/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-z
one/36365/two-russian-mig-29s-have-crashed-in-libya-according-to-top-american-intel-official)
from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
127. "Jared Szuba,"Wagner has already crashed two Russian fighter jets in Libya, AFRICOM says," Al-
Monitor, 11 September 2020" (https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/09/russia-libya-figh
ter-crash.html). 11 September 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200912011521/http
s://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/09/russia-libya-fighter-crash.html) from the original on
12 September 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
128. "Ceremonia se realizó en el Grupo Aéreo Nª 6 | Fuerza Aéra del Perú Firma Contrato Para
Reparar MIG29" (https://archive.today/20080816015813/http://www.mindef.gob.pe/informacion/pr
ensa.php?mod=2&id=639). archive.is. 16 August 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.min
def.gob.pe/informacion/prensa.php?mod=2&id=639) on 16 August 2008. Retrieved 2 February
2019.
129. "Polish official says pilot of crashed jet saved" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171219011734/http
s://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-polish-official-pilot-crashed-jet-saved-5186656
1). ABC News. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original (https://abcnews.go.com/Internation
al/wireStory/latest-polish-official-pilot-crashed-jet-saved-51866561) on 19 December 2017.
Retrieved 19 December 2017.
130. "Poland Signs $44.5M Deal To Modernize MiG-29s" (https://archive.today/20120728145153/http://
www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=7611560&c=EUR&s=AIR). Defense News. 7 September
2011. Archived from the original (http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=7611560&c=EUR&s=A
IR) on 28 July 2012.
131. "Agresorzy powrócili z TLP" (http://www.altair.com.pl/news/view?news_id=10030). altair.com.pl (in
Polish). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130406063724/http://www.altair.com.pl/news/vie
w?news_id=10030) from the original on 6 April 2013.
132. "Polish Air Force MiG-29 Crashes in Minsk Mazowiecki. It's The First Ever Crash Of A Polish
Fulcrum" (https://theaviationist.com/2017/12/19/polish-air-force-mig-29-crashes-in-minsk-mazowie
cki-its-the-first-ever-crash-of-a-polish-fulcrum/). The Aviationist. 19 December 2017. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20171222021113/https://theaviationist.com/2017/12/19/polish-air-force-mi
g-29-crashes-in-minsk-mazowiecki-its-the-first-ever-crash-of-a-polish-fulcrum/) from the original on
22 December 2017.
133. Wilk, Remigiusz (19 December 2017). "Polish MiG-29 jet fighter crashes" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20171222052129/http://www.janes.com/article/76531/polish-mig-29-jet-fighter-crashes).
Jane's. Archived from the original (http://www.janes.com/article/76531/polish-mig-29-jet-fighter-cra
shes) on 22 December 2017.
134. Durman, Natalia (17 July 2018). "Katastrofa MiG-29 w Pasłęku. Wiemy, co mogło doprowadzić do
tragedii. Nieoficjalne informacje" (https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/katastrofa-mig-29-w-pasleku-wiemy-co-
moglo-doprowadzic-do-tragedii-nieoficjalne-informacje-6274277605664897a). Wiadomosci (in
Polish). PL. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065101/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kata
strofa-mig-29-w-pasleku-wiemy-co-moglo-doprowadzic-do-tragedii-nieoficjalne-informacje-627427
7605664897a) from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
135. "Katastrofa wojskowego MiG-a. "Zobaczyłam, jak spada samolot" " (https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/n
ajnowsze/katastrofa-wojskowego-mig-a-zobaczylam-jak-spada-samolot-238711). TVN 24 (in
Polish). 4 March 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211222153601/https://tvn24.pl/tvn
warszawa/najnowsze/katastrofa-wojskowego-mig-a-zobaczylam-jak-spada-samolot-238711) from
the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
136. "Statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland in connection with the
statement by the US Secretary of State on providing airplanes to Ukraine" (https://www.gov.pl/we
b/diplomacy/statement-of-the-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-poland-in-connection-wit
h-the-statement-by-the-us-secretary-of-state-on-providing-airplanes-to-ukraine). gov.pl. 8 March
2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220311002428/https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/s
tatement-of-the-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-poland-in-connection-with-the-stateme
nt-by-the-us-secretary-of-state-on-providing-airplanes-to-ukraine) from the original on 11 March
2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
137. "Poland to send MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine – Will other NATO members follow suit?" (https://w
ww.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_0-Tq83Co4). DW News. 16 March 2023. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230316221937/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_0-Tq83Co4) from the original
on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023 – via Youtube.
138. "Germany approves Poland's request to send MiG-29 jets to Ukraine" (https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2023/4/13/germany-approves-polands-request-to-send-mig-29-jets-to-ukraine). Al-Jazeera.
13 April 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230414055154/https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2023/4/13/germany-approves-polands-request-to-send-mig-29-jets-to-ukraine) from the
original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
139. Cooper, Tom (2020). In the claws of the Tomcat: US Navy F-14 Tomcats in Air Combat against
Iran and Iraq, 1987–2000. Helion & Co. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-915070-23-4.
140. Steve Davies. F-15C Eagle Units in Combat, p. 88. Osprey Combat Aircraft 53.
141. [1] (http://army.lv/?s=502&id=132&v=9) один самолет Панавиа «Торнадо» английских ВВС (http
s://archive.today/20120701132551/http://army.lv/?s=502&id=132&v=9) at archive.today (archived
1 July 2012)
142. "Iraqi air-air victories during the Gulf War 1991." (http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/victories-iraq-g
ulf.war.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110717131257/http://aces.safarikovi.org/victo
ries/victories-iraq-gulf.war.pdf) 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine safarikovi.org.com, 2004.
Retrieved 7 December 2009.
143. "ASN Aircraft accident Panavia Tornado GR1 ZA467." (http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?
id=55429) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111009011640/http://aviation-safety.net/wikiba
se/wiki.php?id=55429) 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Flight Safety Foundation via
aviation-safety.net, 21 December 2009.
144. Lake 2004, pp. 47–48.
145. Roblin, Sebastien (3 March 2020). "Fail? How Russia's MiG-29 Fulcrum Fighter Isn't as Good as It
Looks" (https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/fail-how-russias-mig-29-fulcrum-fighter-isnt-good-it-lo
oks-129167). The National Interest. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200304165210/http
s://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/fail-how-russias-mig-29-fulcrum-fighter-isnt-good-it-looks-12916
7) from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
146. "Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141008111539/http://www.aci
g.org/artman/publish/article_404.shtml). Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
147. Gordon 2006, p. 483.
148. Woods, Kevin M. "Iraqi Perspectives Project Phase II, Um Al-Ma'arik (The Mother of All Battles):
Operational and Strategic Insights from an Iraqi Perspective, Volume 1 (Revised May 2008)." (htt
p://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA484530) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20110722185912/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPr
efix=html&identifier=ADA484530) 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Defense Technical
Information Center via oai.dtic.mil. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
149. Kaplan, Fred. "Who disbanded the Iraqi army?" (http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/
war_stories/2007/09/who_disbanded_the_iraqi_army.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20111211013621/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2007/09/who_disba
nded_the_iraqi_army.html) 11 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Slate, 7 September 2007.
Retrieved 9 December 2011.
150. "Israeli Air-to-Air Victories since 1974" (http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_270.shtml).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090221141546/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article
_270.shtml) from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
151. Cooper, Tom. "Israeli-Syrian Shadow-Boxing." (http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_437.sht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081003004730/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/art
icle_437.shtml) 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ACIG, 30 September 2003. Retrieved 1
August 2010.
152. "Ejection history." (http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/mig-29.htm) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20071017035011/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/mig-
29.htm) 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ejection-history.org.uk. Retrieved 1 August
2010.
153. "Israel downed 2 Syrian MiGs in 2001." (http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/05/breaking245
3413.05625.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081117041424/http://www.worldtribune.
com/worldtribune/05/breaking2453413.05625.html) 17 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
WorldTribune.com. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
154. "Syrian Mig-29 Fulcrum jets appear in the skies over Damascus during ground attack missions" (ht
tp://theaviationist.com/2013/10/22/mig-29-damascus/#.UoFe7OJXn0c). The Aviationist. 22
October 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150226191156/http://theaviationist.com/20
13/10/22/mig-29-damascus/#.UoFe7OJXn0c) from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved
14 November 2014.
155. "СМИ: Турция сбила сирийский МиГ-29. Видео" (https://avia.pro/news/smi-turciya-sbila-siriyskiy-
mig-29-video). avia.pro. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200508191451/http://avia.pro/ne
ws/smi-turciya-sbila-siriyskiy-mig-29-video) from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved
19 September 2020.
156. "Spadł syryjski MiG-29. Okoliczności niejasne" (https://www.defence24.pl/spadl-syryjski-mig-29-ok
olicznosci-niejasne). Defence24. PL. 9 March 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202010
01162907/https://www.defence24.pl/spadl-syryjski-mig-29-okolicznosci-niejasne) from the original
on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
157. Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (2020). Armed Forces of North Korea: On the Path of Songun.
Helion Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910777-14-5.
158. "MiG-29戦闘機（ファルクラム）（北朝鮮）" (in Japanese). (http://www6.atwiki.jp/namacha/page
s/230.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120210120725/http://www6.atwiki.jp/namach
a/pages/230.html) 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Atwiki.jp. Retrieved 5 October
2012.
159. Schmitt, Eric (4 March 2003). "North Korea MiG's Intercept U.S. Jet on Spying Mission" (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2003/03/04/world/north-korea-mig-s-intercept-us-jet-on-spying-mission.html). The
New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063025/http://www.nytimes.com/
2003/03/04/world/north-korea-mig-s-intercept-us-jet-on-spying-mission.html) from the original on
29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
160. "Russian Fighter Pilot Shot Down In Sudan." (http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htatrit/articles/20
080530.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080601233129/http://www.strategypage.co
m/htmw/htatrit/articles/20080530.aspx) 1 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine strategypage.com,
30 May 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
161. Ali, Wasil. "Russia says fighter pilot shot down in Sudan was an ex-military officer." (http://www.su
dantribune.com/spip.php?article27350) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150513060232/ht
tp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27350) 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
sudantribune.com, 30 May 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
162. "Russian pilots fly Sudan MIGs in Darfour missions." (http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/W
TARC/2008/af_sudan0189_05_29.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080601043625/ht
tp://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/af_sudan0189_05_29.asp) 1 June 2008 at
the Wayback Machine World Tribune, 29 May 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
163. Informacje in "Raport - Wojsko Technika Obronność" Nr. 12/2008, p. 62 (in Polish)
164. "South Sudan: Nation Guns Down War Plane, Khartoum Denies." (http://allafrica.com/stories/2012
04050273.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131111022923/http://allafrica.com/storie
s/201204050273.html) 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Allafrica, 5 April 2012.
165. "SPLA shoots down Khartoum jet fighter over Heglig: officials." (http://www.sudantribune.com/BRE
AKING-NEWS-SPLA-shoots-down,42284) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2012070709531
6/http://www.sudantribune.com/BREAKING-NEWS-SPLA-shoots-down,42284) 7 July 2012 at the
Wayback Machine Sudan Tribune, 17 April 2012.
166. @air_intel (15 April 2023). "A Sudanese Air Force MiG-29 firing a rocket over Khartoum as fighting
continues between the Army & paramilitary forces" (https://x.com/air_intel/status/16471904573806
83781) (Tweet) – via Twitter.
167. "Additional footage of the Sudanese warplane shot down over Omdurman" (https://www.reddit.co
m/r/CombatFootage/comments/13r8rqs/additional_footage_of_the_sudanese_warplane_shot/). 25
May 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230531183537/https://www.reddit.com/r/Comb
atFootage/comments/13r8rqs/additional_footage_of_the_sudanese_warplane_shot/) from the
original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
168. Abdul, Kazim (25 May 2023). "Sudan's RSF Shoots Down Russian-Made MiG-29 Fighter Jet over
Khartoum: A Stalemate Emerges in the Ongoing Conflict" (https://www.military.africa/2023/05/suda
ns-rsf-shoots-down-russian-made-mig-29-fighter-jet-over-khartoum-a-stalemate-emerges-in-the-o
ngoing-conflict/). Military Africa. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230807051331/https://w
ww.military.africa/2023/05/sudans-rsf-shoots-down-russian-made-mig-29-fighter-jet-over-khartoum
-a-stalemate-emerges-in-the-ongoing-conflict/) from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved
7 August 2023.
169. "Transcript." (http://www.defenselink.mil/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1197) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20061002092955/http://www.defenselink.mil/Transcripts/Transcript.a
spx?TranscriptID=1197) 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Defense Link. Retrieved 30
September 2010.
170. "Cuba." (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/86-99.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20071227053640/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/86-99.html) 27 December 2007 at the
Wayback Machine UMN. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
171. Sander Peeters. "Different African Air-to-Air Victories" (https://web.archive.org/web/201411290127
18/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=62).
acig.org. Archived from the original (http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&tas
k=view&id=44&Itemid=62) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
172. "II Ethiopian Eritrean War, 1998–2000" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100201234428/http://www.
acig.org/artman/publish/article_189.shtml). acig.org. Archived from the original (http://www.acig.or
g/artman/publish/article_189.shtml) on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
173. Cooper, Tom; Kyzer, Jonathan (10 February 2008). "Ethiopian Eritrean War, 1998–2000" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20090210141029/http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_c
ontent&task=view&id=138&Itemid=47). acig.org. Archived from the original (http://s188567700.onli
ne.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=138&Itemid=47) on 10 February 2009.
Retrieved 25 July 2011.
174. "Jane's by IHS Markit" (https://janes.ihs.com/Janes/Display/jwafa020-jwaf). Jane's. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220105135159/https://customer.janes.com/portal/Account/PreAuthentic
ate?callingurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcustomer.janes.com%2FJanes%2FDisplay%2Fjwafa020-jwaf)
from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
175. Cooper 2018, p. 13
176. Cooper 2018, p. 14
177. "Fighters from East and West - Episode 2" (https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-50436567). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20211210140223/https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-50436567) from the original
on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
178. Cooper 2018b, p. 47.
179. "Wings over the Hindu Kush | Asia@War | Helion & Company" (https://www.helion.co.uk/military-hi
story-books/wings-over-the-hindu-kush-air-forces-aircraft-and-air-warfare-of-afghanistan-1989-200
1.php). www.helion.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
180. Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 208–9.
181. "Russia Lebanon jets arms supply." (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/18/russia-leban
on-jets-arms-supply) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140342/https://www.theguar
dian.com/world/2008/dec/18/russia-lebanon-jets-arms-supply) 2 February 2017 at the Wayback
Machine The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
182. "Equipping Lebanon's… Government?" (http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/tanks-planes-and-ua
vs-for-lebanon-05382/). Defense Industry Daily. 30 October 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20141112150108/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/tanks-planes-and-uavs-for-lebanon
-05382/) from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
183. "Russia reportedly offered MiG-29 and Su-30 fighters to Argentina" (https://www.airway1.com/russi
a-reportedly-offered-mig-29-and-su-30-fighters-to-argentina/). 31 January 2021. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210226032349/https://www.airway1.com/russia-reportedly-offered-mig-29-
and-su-30-fighters-to-argentina/) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
184. "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A" (https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-She
ets/Display/Article/197174/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-29a/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
80823041922/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Artic
le/197174/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-29a/) from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August
2018.
185. Gordon, Yefim (1999). Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum - multi-role fighter (https://archive.org/details/miko
yanmig29fulc0000gord/mode/2up). MBI Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 0-7603-0764-4.
OCLC 1150808027 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1150808027). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
186. Oryx (19 February 2014). "Oryx Blog: The KPAF investigated: North Korea's MiG-29s" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20140324114219/http://spioenkop.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-kpaf-investigated-
north-koreas-mig.html). Oryx Blog. Archived from the original (http://spioenkop.blogspot.com/2014/
02/the-kpaf-investigated-north-koreas-mig.html) on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
187. Gordon 2006, p. 69, p. 487.
188. "Russia helps keep Syria's MiG-29s flying" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140612161151/http://w
ww.janes.com/article/39087/russia-helps-keep-syria-s-mig-29s-flying). Archived from the original
(http://www.janes.com/article/39087/russia-helps-keep-syria-s-mig-29s-flying) on 12 June 2014.
Retrieved 14 November 2014.
189. "Moscow Defense Brief." (http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2007/ic/article2/) Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20090820094539/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2007/ic/article2/) 20 August 2009 at the
Wayback Machine MDB.Cast.ru. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
190. "MiG-ul 29 Sniper a ajuns la Berlin fara escala" (https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/bacau/mig-ul-29-sniper
-a-ajuns-la-berlin-fara-escala~ni1bdd). Ziarul de Iași (in Romanian). 6 June 2000. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220414012410/https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/bacau/mig-ul-29-sniper-a-aju
ns-la-berlin-fara-escala~ni1bdd) from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
191. "Aerostar/Dasa fly first MiG-29 Sniper upgrade" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220325234748/htt
ps://www.flightglobal.com/aerostar/dasa-fly-first-mig-29-sniper-upgrade-/32108.article).
FlightGlobal. 16 May 2000. Archived from the original (https://www.flightglobal.com/aerostar/dasa-f
ly-first-mig-29-sniper-upgrade-/32108.article) on 25 March 2022.
192. "Aripi romanesti : MIG 29 in RoAF…" (https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/aripi-romanesti-mig-29-in-roa
f). Rumania Military. 4 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220623144942/http
s://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/aripi-romanesti-mig-29-in-roaf) from the original on 23 June 2022.
Retrieved 26 March 2022.
193. Tudor Curtifan (25 October 2021). "Armata României, după 30 de ani: De la MiG-29 la F-16. Ce s-
a schimbat din 1989 până în prezent" (https://www.defenseromania.ro/armata-romaniei-dupa-30-d
e-ani_613443.html) (in Romanian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220526220730/http
s://www.defenseromania.ro/armata-romaniei-dupa-30-de-ani_613443.html) from the original on 26
May 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
194. "Mig-29 fighter jet family, Russia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060226171501/http://www.airforc
eworld.com/fighter/eng/mig29.htm) AirForceWorld.com Retrieved 23 August 2013.
195. "MiG-29SMT, upgraded MiG-29UB aircraft." (http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_SMT_
e.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110301013550/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_
e/MiG_29_SMT_e.htm) 1 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine RAC MiG. Retrieved 1 August
2010.
196. "MiG-29SMT/MiG-29UB upgraded" (http://migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/the-mig-29-fighters-f
amily/mig-29smt-mig-29ub-upgraded). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150627050337/htt
p://www.migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/the-mig-29-fighters-family/mig-29smt-mig-29ub-upgra
ded) from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
197. Furtak, Marek (2016). MiG-29BM - myśliwiec wielozadaniowy Sił Powietrznych Białorusi. in:
"Lotnictwo" Nr. 1/2016(177), pp. 52–58 (in Polish)
198. "Bangladesh plans to upgrade a second batch of MiG-29 fighters" (https://www.blogbeforeflight.ne
t/2021/03/bangladesh-mig29-modernization.html). Blog Before Flight. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210524090929/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/03/bangladesh-mig29-moderniz
ation.html) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
199. "CAST comments." (http://www.cast.ru/eng/?id=274) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070
510160620/http://www.cast.ru/eng/?id=274) 10 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Centre for
Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
200. "Moscow Defense Brief." (http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/1-2005/ff/largest_identified/) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20090919020449/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/1-2005/ff/largest_identified/) 19
September 2009 at the Wayback Machine mdb.cast.ru. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
201. "Fuerza Aéra del Perú firma contrato para reparar MiG-29." (http://www.mindef.gob.pe/informacio
n/prensa.php?mod=2&id=639) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080817115426/http://ww
w.mindef.gob.pe/informacion/prensa.php?mod=2&id=639) 17 August 2008 at the Wayback
Machine Ministry of Defense, 12 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
202. Wojciechowski, Mariusz. "MiG-29." (http://www.mars.slupsk.pl/fort/mig/mig-29-pe.htm) Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120415013047/http://www.mars.slupsk.pl/fort/mig/mig-29-pe.htm) 15
April 2012 at the Wayback Machine mars.slupsk.pl. Retrieved 28 November 2011
203. "La Fuerza Aérea de Perú muestra su capacidad de combate." (http://www.defensa.com/index.ph
p?option=com_content&view=article&id=6565:la-fuerza-aerea-de-peru-muestra-su-capacidad-de-
combate&catid=55:latinoamerica&Itemid=163) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2017063020
2851/http://www.defensa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6565:la-fuerza-aer
ea-de-peru-muestra-su-capacidad-de-combate&catid=55:latinoamerica&Itemid=163) 30 June
2017 at the Wayback Machine defensa.com, 25 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
204. Golz, Alexander (21 December 2017). "MiG modernization in liviv" (https://www.key.aero/article/mi
g-modernization-liviv). Key.Aero. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230816210910/https://w
ww.key.aero/article/mig-modernization-liviv) from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 3 June
2022.
205. Thomas Newdick (8 August 2022). "Ukraine's Uniquely Upgraded MiG-29 Fulcrum Is Back" (http
s://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraines-uniquely-upgraded-mig-29-fulcrum-is-back). The
Drive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230824193805/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-z
one/ukraines-uniquely-upgraded-mig-29-fulcrum-is-back) from the original on 24 August 2023.
Retrieved 10 August 2022.
206. MiG-29M / "MiG-29M2." (http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_M_M2_e.htm) Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20080103033258/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_M_M2_
e.htm) 3 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine RAC MiG. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
207. "Latest MiG-29 planes to be flown." (http://english.people.com.cn/200410/27/eng20041027_16178
0.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071211040229/http://english.people.com.cn/2004
10/27/eng20041027_161780.html) 11 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine People's Daily
Online. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
208. "Russian Aircraft Corporation 'MiG' at Aero India 2005." (http://www.migavia.ru/eng/news/?id=19&t
id=4) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140108092635/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/news/?id
=19&tid=4) 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Rac MiG. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
209. "ACIG Exclusives: Aero India 2005: Chapter 4." (http://www.acig.org/exclusives/aero/acig_aero05_
mrca.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100424071946/http://www.acig.org/exclusives/
aero/acig_aero05_mrca.htm) 24 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine acig.org. Retrieved 1 August
2010.
210. Seaman, Richard. "MAKS 2005 highlights." (http://www.richard-seaman.com/Aircraft/AirShows/Ma
ks2005/Highlights/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070531023631/http://www.richard-se
aman.com/Aircraft/AirShows/Maks2005/Highlights/) 31 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
richard-seaman.com. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
211. "MiG-29VFT video from “Smotr” TV-series." (http://www.aviapedia.com/fighters/mig-29vft-video-sm
otr) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070601213158/http://www.aviapedia.com/fighters/mig
-29vft-video-smotr) 1 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Aviapedia. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
212. "MiG-35/MiG-35D." (http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=4) Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20100318034422/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=4) 18 March 2010
at the Wayback Machine Rac MiG. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
213. "MiG Corp. started series production of MiG-29K/KUB for Indian Navy." (http://www.migavia.ru/en
g/news/?id=18&tid=4&page=1) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20050414204008/http://ww
w.migavia.ru/eng/news/?page=1&tid=4&id=18) 14 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine migavia.ru.
Retrieved 1 August 2010.
214. 36501 was a 9.12SE per Gordon 2006, p. 459.
215. "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2014 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology,
January 2014.
216. "World Air Forces 2014" (http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/108161/
world-air-forces-2014.pdf) (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20140810163035/http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/108161/world-air
-forces-2014.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
217. "MiG-29 on a Roll After Sales Success in Algeria, India" (https://www.defenseworld.net/news/2817
3/MiG_29_On_A_Roll_After_Sales_Success_in_Algeria__India). Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20211222163126/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28173/MiG_29_On_A_Roll_After_Sal
es_Success_in_Algeria__India) from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December
2021.
218. "Algerian MiG-29M2 spotted for the first time" (https://www.aerotime.aero/27141-algerian-mig-29m
2-spotted-for-the-first-time). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211222163128/https://www.a
erotime.aero/27141-algerian-mig-29m2-spotted-for-the-first-time) from the original on 22
December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
219. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.12
220. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.13
221. Gordon 2006, p. 459.
222. "Bangladesh plans to upgrade a second batch of MiG-29 fighters" (https://www.blogbeforeflight.ne
t/2021/03/bangladesh-mig29-modernization.html). Blog Before Flight. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210524090929/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/03/bangladesh-mig29-moderniz
ation.html) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
223. "BAF Starts Process To Modernize Second Batch Of Mig-29" (https://defencehub.live/threads/baf-
starts-process-to-modernize-second-batch-of-mig-29.4265/). DefenceHub | Global Military &
Security Forum. 8 January 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231019034041/https://d
efencehub.live/threads/baf-starts-process-to-modernize-second-batch-of-mig-29.4265/) from the
original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
224. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.13
225. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2022). "The Military Balance 2022". The Military
Balance.
226. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.16
227. Martin, Guy (29 June 2021). "Egyptian MiG-29 deliveries concluded as Su-35 deliveries begin" (htt
ps://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/egyptian-mig-29-deliveries-conclud
ed-as-su-35-deliveries-begin/). Defence Web. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
228. Tack, Sim; Rogoway, Tyler (17 April 2023). "Egyptian MiG-29s Destroyed In Sudan" (https://www.t
wz.com/egyptian-mig-29s-destroyed-in-sudan). The War Zone. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
229. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.22
230. "Amid Ladakh border standoff, Defence ministry to purchase 21 MiG-29s, 12 Su-30 MKI aircraft"
(https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/amid-ladakh-border-standoff-defence-ministry-to-purcha
se-21-mig-29s-12-su-30-mki-aircraft-1696280-2020-07-02). India Today. 2 July 2020. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20200702201937/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/amid-ladakh-
border-standoff-defence-ministry-to-purchase-21-mig-29s-12-su-30-mki-aircraft-1696280-2020-07-
02) from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
231. "2023 World Air Forces directory" (https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/2023-world-air-forces-direc
tory/151088.article). Flight Global. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221207235701/https://
www.flightglobal.com/reports/2023-world-air-forces-directory/151088.article) from the original on 7
December 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
232. Gordon 2006, p. 481.
233. Gordon 2006, p. 482.
234. Gordon 2006, p. 482.
235. "Mongolia received four more MiG-29UB combat training fighters from Russia" (https://vpk.name/e
n/569065_mongolia-received-four-more-mig-29ub-combat-training-fighters-from-russia.html).
vpk.name. 30 December 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220810083544/https://vp
k.name/en/569065_mongolia-received-four-more-mig-29ub-combat-training-fighters-from-russia.ht
ml) from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
236. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.24
237. "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2015 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology,
January 2015
238. "Myanmar MiG-29 Upgrade Revealed" (https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-03
-28/myanmar-mig-29-upgrade-revealed-will-malaysia-follow). ainonline.com. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20190428075548/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-03-28/
myanmar-mig-29-upgrade-revealed-will-malaysia-follow) from the original on 28 April 2019.
Retrieved 3 April 2019.
239. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, pp.24-25
240. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.27
241. Poland transfers ten MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine (https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3706466-
poland-transfers-ten-mig29-fighter-jets-to-ukraine.html)
242. The Military Balance 2022. IISS. 15 February 2022. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8.
243. World Air Forces 2024 (https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688). Flight Global
244. 9.12A and 9.12B
245. Živojin Banković (3 May 2022). "Kako je lovac postao viĹĄenamenski borbeni avion: Detalji novog
naoruĹžanja na premijeri modernizovanih MiG-ova 29SM - Tango Six" (https://tangosix.rs/2022/03/
05/kako-je-lovac-postao-visenamenski-borbeni-avion-detalji-novog-naoruzanja-na-premijeri-moder
nizovanih-mig-ova-29sm/). Tangosix.rs. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181734/ht
tps://tangosix.rs/2022/03/05/kako-je-lovac-postao-visenamenski-borbeni-avion-detalji-novog-naoru
zanja-na-premijeri-modernizovanih-mig-ova-29sm/) from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved
17 July 2022.
246. "WorldAirForces2017-Landscape.pdf" (https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14484). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20170731231249/https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14484) from the
original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
247. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.30
248. "Russia has delivered second batch of advanced MiG-29 fighter aircraft to Syria" (https://www.airr
ecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2020/may/6284-russia-has-delivered-seco
nd-batch-of-advanced-mig-29-fighter-aircraft-to-syria.html). airrecognition.com. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210524161255/https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-avi
ation-news/2020/may/6284-russia-has-delivered-second-batch-of-advanced-mig-29-fighter-aircraft
-to-syria.html) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
249. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.30
250. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.32
251. Ponomarenko, Illia (15 March 2019). "Ukraine's Air Force rebuilds amidst war" (https://www.kyivpo
st.com/ukraine-politics/ukraines-air-force-rebuilds-amid-war.html). Kyiv Post. Kyiv, Ukraine.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201108020124/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/
ukraines-air-force-rebuilds-amid-war.html) from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved
3 September 2019.
252. "Ukraine Has Lots of MiG-29s, but It Might Not Have Enough Pilots" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/
davidaxe/2022/02/14/ukraine-has-lots-of-mig-29s-but-it-might-not-have-enough-pilots/). Forbes.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220320211354/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/20
22/02/14/ukraine-has-lots-of-mig-29s-but-it-might-not-have-enough-pilots/) from the original on 20
March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
253. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p. 32.
254. RAVN Aerospace (formerly Air USA). "Our Aircraft" (https://www.ravnaero.com/aircraft). Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20141115214600/http://air-usa.com/aircraft) from the original on 15
November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
255. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.34
256. Cooper 2018, p. 43
257. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.34
258. Guy Martin (2 June 2014). "Chad receiving MiG-29s" (http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?opt
ion=com_content&view=article&id=34935:chad-receiving-mig-29s&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=1
07). defenceweb.co.za. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150121113925/http://www.defenc
eweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34935:chad-receiving-mig-29s&catid
=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107) from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
259. "First of Chad's MIG-29 Arrives In N'Djamena" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141014083811/htt
p://osimint.com/2014/09/11/first-of-chads-mig-29-arrives-in-ndjamena/). Open Source IMINT.
Archived from the original (http://osimint.com/2014/09/11/first-of-chads-mig-29-arrives-in-ndjamen
a/) on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
260. 2024 World Air Forces, Flight Global, p.15
261. "German Luftwaffe and the MiG-29 Fulcrum | MiGFlug.com Blog" (https://migflug.com/jetflights/ger
man-luftwaffe-mig-29-fulcrum/). Migflug.com. 24 January 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220523152100/https://migflug.com/jetflights/german-luftwaffe-mig-29-fulcrum/) from the
original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
262. "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2011 Aerospace: Aviation Week and Space Technology,
January 2011.
263. Kovács, Zsóka (12 April 2019). "Do you need an MiG-29 fleet? You can get it on sale in Hungary"
(https://dailynewshungary.com/do-you-need-an-mig-29-fleet-you-can-get-it-on-sale-in-hungary/).
Daily News Hungary. Hungary. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220325151248/https://dail
ynewshungary.com/do-you-need-an-mig-29-fleet-you-can-get-it-on-sale-in-hungary/) from the
original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
264. "Vége, ennyi volt… (A MiG-29 és üzemeltetőik emlékére)." (http://www.jetfly.hu/rovatok/galeria/veg
e_ennyi_volt/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110114020502/http://www.jetfly.hu/rovatok/
galeria/vege_ennyi_volt/) 14 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine JETfly Magazin. Retrieved 5
October 2012.
265. "MIG-29-est vegyenek!" (http://nol.hu/archivum/mig-29-est_vegyenek) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220105135234/http://nol.hu/belfold/mig-29-est_vegyenek_-1166991) 5 January 2022
at the Wayback Machine nol.hu. Népszabadság, 12 August 2011.
266. Dunai, Peter (31 October 2017). "Hungary auctions off MiG-29s" (https://archive.today/201711012
15915/http://www.janes.com/article/75340/hungary-auctions-off-mig-29s). IHS Jane's 360.
Archived from the original (http://www.janes.com/article/75340) on 1 November 2017. Retrieved
1 November 2017.
267. "US buys Su-27 fighters from Ukraine for ‘aggressor’ training." (http://www.defencetalk.com/us-buy
s-s...raining-18795/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105135212/https://www.defencet
alk.com/us-buys-su-27-fighters-from-ukraine-for-aggressor-training-18795/) 5 January 2022 at the
Wayback Machine defencetalk.com, 13 May 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
268. "IAF Magazine: The “Sting” has landed" (http://iaf.co.il/5642-35655-en/IAF.aspx) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20140201212857/http://iaf.co.il/5642-35655-en/IAF.aspx) 1 February 2014 at
the Wayback Machine iaf.co.il
269. "117 MiG-31, MiG-29 & Other Russian-Origin Fighter Jets Put Up On Auction By Kazakhstan;
Here's Why" (https://www.eurasiantimes.com/on-sale-117-mig-31-mig-29-heres-why/). 28 October
2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
270. "Kazakhstan sells over 100 military aircraft" (https://mil.in.ua/en/news/kazakhstan-sells-over-100-
military-aircraft/). 27 October 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
271. "US buys 81 Soviet-era combat aircraft from Russia's ally costing on average less than $20,000
each, report says" (https://ca.news.yahoo.com/us-buys-81-soviet-era-145127753.html). 29 April
2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
272. "Did the US buy old aircraft from Kazakhstan?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508033135/http
s://censor.net/en/news/3486827/did_the_us_buy_old_aircraft_from_kazakhstan). Censor.NET. 24
April 2024. Archived from the original (https://censor.net/en/news/3486827/did_the_us_buy_old_ai
rcraft_from_kazakhstan) on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
273. Spirlet, Thibault; Rommen, Rebecca (30 April 2024). "Claims that the US bought 81 Soviet-era
combat aircraft from a close Russian ally are likely false, experts say" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20240430152115/https://www.businessinsider.com/claims-us-buying-soviet-era-aircraft-from-kaz
akhstan-likely-false-2024-4). Business Insider. Archived from the original (https://www.businessinsi
der.com/claims-us-buying-soviet-era-aircraft-from-kazakhstan-likely-false-2024-4) on 30 April
2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
274. Pocock, Chris. "Malaysia Grounds MiG-29s and Rethinks Future Fighter" (https://www.ainonline.c
om/aviation-news/defense/2017-11-09/malaysia-grounds-mig-29s-and-rethinks-future-fighter).
Aviation International News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028010730/https://www.a
inonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-11-09/malaysia-grounds-mig-29s-and-rethinks-future-fig
hter) from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
275. "Can Malaysia afford frugality in air force modernisation?" (https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/0
7/09/can-malaysia-afford-frugality-in-air-force-modernisation/). East Asia Forum. 9 July 2021.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028010719/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/07/0
9/can-malaysia-afford-frugality-in-air-force-modernisation/) from the original on 28 October 2021.
Retrieved 28 October 2021.
276. "Smoky Bandit: The Malaysian Air Force Retires All Russian Aircraft" (https://www.globaldefensec
orp.com/2021/09/02/smoky-bandit-the-malaysian-air-force-retires-all-russian-aircraft/). Global
Defense Corp. 2 September 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028010721/https://
www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/09/02/smoky-bandit-the-malaysian-air-force-retires-all-russian-
aircraft/) from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
277. DefenseLink News Transcript, DoD News Briefing: Cooperative Threat Reduction Initiative (http://
www.defenselink.mil/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=1197) Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20061002092955/http://www.defenselink.mil/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=
1197) 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
278. "Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: U.S. Buys Moldovan Aircraft to Prevent
Acquisition by Iran" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080110022618/http://www.armscontrol.org/act/
1997_10/moldoct.asp). Archived from the original (http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1997_10/moldoc
t.asp) on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
279. "Romanian International Air Show." (http://www.targeta.co.uk/roias.htm) Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20090623092854/http://www.targeta.co.uk/roias.htm) 23 June 2009 at the Wayback
Machine targeta.co.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
280. "Trade Registers" (https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php). SIPRI. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_reg
ister.php) from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
281. Gordon 2006, p. 497.
282. Yugoslav & Serbian MiG-29s (http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_380.shtml) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20140214094718/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_380.shtml)
14 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, acig.org. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
283. "Káčer: Osemnásť stíhačiek MiG-29 sa zmodernizuje do budúceho roka" (https://domov.sme.sk/c/
867323/kacer-osemnast-stihaciek-mig-29-sa-zmodernizuje-do-buduceho-roka.html).
domov.sme.sk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204555/https://domov.sme.sk/c/86
7323/kacer-osemnast-stihaciek-mig-29-sa-zmodernizuje-do-buduceho-roka.html) from the original
on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
284. "ILA 2008: Slovakian MiG upgrade debuts at Berlin" (https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ila-
2008-slovakian-mig-upgrade-debuts-at-berlin-224271/). Flight Global. 29 May 2008. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20171117070228/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ila-2008-slov
akian-mig-upgrade-debuts-at-berlin-224271/) from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved
16 November 2017.
285. "Letecká technika Taktického krídla Sliač" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180715152012/http://ww
w.lzsliac.mil.sk/261/). lzsliac.mil.sk. Archived from the original (http://www.lzsliac.mil.sk/261/) on 15
July 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
286. "Slovakia: Why is a Nato state using Soviet-designed jets?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-e
urope-44388878/slovakia-why-is-a-nato-state-using-soviet-designed-jets). BBC News. 6 June
2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191204031116/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world
-europe-44388878/slovakia-why-is-a-nato-state-using-soviet-designed-jets) from the original on 4
December 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
287. "Slovakia's neighbours to patrol its skies, freeing MiG jets for Ukraine" (https://www.reuters.com/w
orld/europe/slovakias-neighbours-patrol-its-skies-freeing-mig-jets-ukraine-2022-08-27/).
reuters.com. 27 August 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230821221035/https://ww
w.reuters.com/world/europe/slovakias-neighbours-patrol-its-skies-freeing-mig-jets-ukraine-2022-0
8-27/) from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
288. Jaroslaw Adamowski (14 December 2022). "Slovakia readies transfer of upgraded MiG-29
warplanes to Ukraine" (https://news.yahoo.com/slovakia-readies-transfer-upgraded-mig-18110851
2.html). Yahoo! News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221214034802/https://news.yaho
o.com/slovakia-readies-transfer-upgraded-mig-181108512.html) from the original on 14 December
2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
289. Sakshi Tiwari (14 December 2022). "Finally, A NATO Country Offers Its Fighter Jets To Ukraine;
Slovak Minister's Proposal Unlikely To Impress Zelensky" (https://eurasiantimes.com/finally-a-nato
-country-offers-its-fighter-jets-to-ukraine-slovak/). EurAsian Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20221214040306/https://eurasiantimes.com/finally-a-nato-country-offers-its-fighter-jets-to-u
kraine-slovak/) from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
290. Dlhopolec, Peter (23 March 2023). "News digest: Ukrainians in control of four Slovak fighter jets
now" (https://spectator.sme.sk/c/23150095/ukrainians-now-in-control-of-four-slovak-fighter-jets.ht
ml). spectator.sme.sk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230323213802/https://spectator.s
me.sk/c/23150095/ukrainians-now-in-control-of-four-slovak-fighter-jets.html) from the original on
23 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
291. Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company
Publishing. pp. 51, 53. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.
292. Letecké muzeum Kbely láká na unikát. Slavnou sovětskou stíhačku MiG-29 (http://www.novinky.c
z/domaci/403825-letecke-muzeum-kbely-laka-na-unikat-slavnou-sovetskou-stihacku-mig-29.html),
Novinky CZ, Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160527052749/http://www.novinky.cz/domac
i/403825-letecke-muzeum-kbely-laka-na-unikat-slavnou-sovetskou-stihacku-mig-29.html) 27 May
2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 26 May 2016.
293. "Laage without MiG-29!" (http://www.fabulousfulcrums.de/NEWS/ohneMig_e.htm). Fabulous
Fulcrums. August 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161008111102/http://www.fabulo
usfulcrums.de/NEWS/ohneMig_e.htm) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August
2016.
294. "MiG-29 Spotter´s Collection" (http://www.fabulousfulcrums.de/index_e.html). Fabulous Fulcrums.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160815021823/http://www.fabulousfulcrums.de/index_e.h
tml) from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
295. "Reptár - Szolnoki repülőmúzeum" (http://reptar.hu/) (in Hungarian). Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20190330152236/http://reptar.hu/) from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved
30 March 2019.
296. Gordon 2006, p. 475.
297. "Preserved Vintage Military and Civilian Aircraft" (http://www.warbirds.in/list/index.php). Warbirds
of India. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161005172539/http://www.warbirds.in/list/index.p
hp) from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
298. "MiG-29UB" (http://en.airmuseum.lv/blog/mig-29ub). Riga Airmuseum. LV: AGK. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20160828132838/http://en.airmuseum.lv/blog/mig-29ub/) from the original on
28 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
299. "Airframe Dossier - Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29UB, s/n 52 Blue, c/n 952" (http://aerialvisuals.ca/Airfr
ameDossier.php?Serial=33064). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201610
08132839/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=33064) from the original on 8
October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
300. "Samolot myśliwski MIG 29" (http://www.muzeumwp.pl/emwpaedia/samolot-mysliwski-mig-29.ph
p). Muzeum Wojska Polskiego. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160827153153/http://ww
w.muzeumwp.pl/emwpaedia/samolot-mysliwski-mig-29.php) from the original on 27 August 2016.
Retrieved 24 August 2016.
301. "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29GT (UB) (NATO: Fulcrum-B)" (http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/zbiory_s
z.php?ido=162&w=a). Polish Aviation Museum. NeoServer. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20160712003446/http://muzeumlotnictwa.pl/zbiory_sz.php?ido=162&w=a) from the original on 12
July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
302. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29AS, s/n 67 {2} FARo, c/n 2960532367/4305" (http://
aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=126837). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20161008132913/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=126837) from
the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
303. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum-A (NATO), s/n 01 blue {1} VVS, c/n 9-01"
(http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=123059). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20161014005526/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=12305
9) from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
304. Belyakov, R. A. (1994). MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-55750-566-8.
305. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum-A (NATO), s/n 03 blue VVS, c/n
0390502020" (http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=123060). Aerial Visuals. CA.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161014005237/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.ph
p?Serial=123060) from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
306. Gordon 2006, p. 444.
307. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29, s/n 70 Blue VVS, c/n 2960710039" (http://aerialvis
uals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=151011). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20161014005337/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=151011) from the
original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
308. Gordon 2006, p. 445.
309. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29, s/n 51 Blue Russian AF, c/n 2960718121" (http://a
erialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=102096). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20161014005454/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=102096) from
the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
310. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29, s/n 18 blue VVS, c/n 9-18" (http://aerialvisuals.ca/
AirframeDossier.php?Serial=123061). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0161014005354/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=123061) from the original on
14 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
311. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum-A (NATO), s/n 26 blue, c/n 05560" (http://a
erialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=118804). Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20161008132823/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=118
804) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
312. "Airframe Dossier - Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum-A (NATO), s/n 04 blue VVS, c/n 904" (htt
p://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=144879). Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20161008132742/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=
144879) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
313. Wilson, Alan (15 August 2012). "Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum '02 red' " (https://www.flickr.com/photos/
ajw1970/8469511618). Flickr. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161020095508/https://ww
w.flickr.com/photos/ajw1970/8469511618) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved
23 August 2016.
314. Gordon 2006, p. 499.
315. "Do Košíc včera priviezli stíhačku MiG-29" (https://kosice.korzar.sme.sk/c/6799514/do-kosic-vcera
-priviezli-stihacku-mig-29.html). Kosice.korzar.sme. SK: Petit Press. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20201130181332/https://kosice.korzar.sme.sk/c/6799514/do-kosic-vcera-priviezli-stihacku
-mig-29.html) from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
316. "MiG-29A 9308 : Československo" (https://www.valka.cz/MiG-29A-9308-t51617). Valka. CZ. 30
December 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210524161255/https://www.valka.cz/Mi
G-29A-9308-t51617) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
317. "MiG-29A 5817 : Československo" (https://www.valka.cz/MiG-29A-5817-t51607). Valka. CZ. 30
December 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210524161256/https://www.valka.cz/Mi
G-29A-5817-t51607) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
318. "MiG-29A 5515 : Československo" (https://www.valka.cz/MiG-29A-5515-t51605). Valka. CZ. 30
December 2006. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210524161254/https://www.valka.cz/Mi
G-29A-5515-t51605) from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
319. Gordon 2006, p. 501.
320. "MIG-29 receives a new home" (http://www.goodfellow.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/322/Article/
373058/mig-29-receives-a-new-home.aspx). Goodfellow Air Force Base. 22 May 2013. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160911104725/http://www.goodfellow.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/ta
bid/322/Article/373058/mig-29-receives-a-new-home.aspx) from the original on 11 September
2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
321. "NAS Fallon" (http://www.aeroresource.co.uk/operational-reports/nas-fallon/). AeroResource. 3
March 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160411210616/http://www.aeroresource.co.
uk/operational-reports/nas-fallon/) from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
322. Henniger, Mike (9 October 2012). "Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum-C (NATO), s/n 10 white
MoAF, c/n 2960717458" (https://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=24155). Aerial
Visuals. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150624040844/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDo
ssier.php?Serial=24155) from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
323. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 9.13, s/n 06 white MoAF, c/n 2960717473" (http://a
erialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=17898). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20161008132901/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=17898) from the
original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
324. Seaman, Richard. "Nellis AFB Threat Training Facility Aircraft" (http://www.richard-seaman.com/Air
craft/Museums/ThreatTrainingFacility/Aircraft/). The Flying Kiwi. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20070630152434/http://www.richard-seaman.com/Aircraft/Museums/ThreatTrainingFacility/Ai
rcraft/) from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
325. "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A" (http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheet
s/Display/tabid/509/Article/197174/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-29a.aspx). National Museum of the US
Air Force. 29 May 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161122192720/http://www.nation
almuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/197174/mikoyan-gure
vich-mig-29a.aspx) from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
326. "Fulcrum-A" (http://www.pimaair.org/aircraft-by-name/item/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-29-fulcrum-a).
Pima Air & Space Museum. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810030857/http://www.pi
maair.org/aircraft-by-name/item/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-29-fulcrum-a) from the original on 10
August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
327. "Aircraft on loan (by Location)" (http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Portals/7/documents/other/aircr
aft_on_loan_by_location.pdf) (PDF). National Museum of the US Air Force. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20161122040605/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Portals/7/documents/other/ai
rcraft_on_loan_by_location.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved
8 November 2016.
328. "Military Aircraft" (http://www.evergreenmuseum.org/military-aircrafts). Evergreen Museum
Campus. Evergreen Museum. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160815105616/http://www.
evergreenmuseum.org/military-aircrafts) from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August
2016.
329. Henniger, Mike (1 August 2007). "Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum-C (NATO), s/n 41 white
MoAF, c/n 2960721930" (https://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=70568). Aerial
Visuals. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240312000545/https://www.aerialvisuals.ca/Airfr
ameDossier.php?Serial=70568) from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 28 December
2023.
330. "Airframe Dossier – Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29UB-12, s/n 61 yellow MoAF, c/n N50903012038" (ht
tp://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10620). Aerial Visuals. CA. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20161008132850/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10620) from
the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
331. "FAA Registry [N29UB]" (http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=2
9UB). Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20141208075339/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumb
ertxt=29UB) from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
332. "Mikoyan MiG-29UB Fulcrum" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140512235503/http://flyingheritage.
com/TemplatePlane.aspx?contentId=60). Flying Heritage Collection. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.flyingheritage.com/TemplatePlane.aspx?contentId=60) on 12 May 2014. Retrieved
28 May 2014.
333. "FAA Registry [N129XX]" (http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=
129XX). Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20161008111049/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NN
umbertxt=129XX) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
334. Hoffman, Carl (October 2005). "Building Your Own Air Force, One Mig at a Time" (https://www.wire
d.com/wired/archive/13.10/kirlin_pr.html). Wired Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 10. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20130731082229/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.10/kirlin_pr.html) from the
original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
335. "Aircraft" (http://air-usa.com/aircraft). Air USA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141115214
600/http://air-usa.com/aircraft) from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November
2014.
336. Day 2009, pp. 12–13.
337. "MiG-29/MiG-29UB/MiG-29SE." (http://www.migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/the-mig-29-fighter
s-family/mig-29-mig-29ub-mig-29se?limit=1&start=1) RAC MiG, Migavia. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20160518025228/http://migavia.ru/index.php/en/production/the-mig-29-fighters-famil
y/mig-29-mig-29ub-mig-29se?limit=1&start=1) 18 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved
21 June 2016.
338. "MiG-29 Fulcrum Fighter Bomber" (http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig29/). Airforce
technology. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150216191747/http://www.airforce-technolog
y.com/projects/mig29) from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
339. "Mig-29" (http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/Mig-29_a000357001.aspx). Deagel. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20170627204355/http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/Mig-29_a000
357001.aspx) from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017..
340. "Air Force to get 33 new fighter jets, 248 indigenous Astra missiles" (http://www.businessworld.in/a
rticle/Air-Force-to-get-33-new-fighter-jets-248-indigenous-Astra-missiles/02-07-2020-293377/).
Business World. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200702140625/http://www.businessworl
d.in/article/Air-Force-to-get-33-new-fighter-jets-248-indigenous-Astra-missiles/02-07-2020-29337
7/) from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
341. Gordon 2006, p. 335.
342. "MiG-29." (http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jau/jau
_9123.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_N
ame=JAU&keyword=) Jane's Aircraft Upgrades , Jane's Information Group, subscription article
dated 10 July 2009.
343. Gordon 2006, pp. 66, 377.
344. "MIG MAPO MiG-29" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004748/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.co
m/frtypen/FRMiG-29.htm). Flug Revue. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original (http://www.f
lug-revue.rotor.com/frtypen/FRMiG-29.htm) on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
345. "Indian Air Force, Navy induct air-to-surface Rampage missile in its fleet" (https://timesofindia.india
times.com/india/indian-air-force-navy-induct-air-to-surface-rampage-missile-in-its-fleet/articleshow/
109649375.cms). The Times of India. 27 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
346. Stefano D'Urso (21 August 2022). "Ukrainian MiG-29s Are Hunting Russian Radars With AGM-88
Harm Missiles" (https://theaviationist.com/2022/08/21/ukrainian-mig-29s-are-hunting-russian-radar
s-with-agm-88-harm-missiles/). The Aviationist. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
347. Michael Peck (17 August 2022). "The US Has Quietly Given Ukraine Anti-Radar Missiles to Fight
Russia" (https://www.businessinsider.com/us-quietly-gives-ukraine-anti-radar-missiles-to-fight-russ
ia-2022-8). Business insider. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
348. "US hubs become defenders of the earth" (http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-
report.aspx?ID=1065929229&pu=1&rd=janes_com). Jane’s. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120912194712/http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?ID=10659
29229&pu=1&rd=janes_com) from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
349. "MiG-29" (http://www.kagero.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=368:mig-29&cati
d=95&Itemid=688). Kagero. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210422112744/http://kagero.
pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=368:mig-29&catid=95&Itemid=688) from the
original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

Bibliography
Cooper, Tom (2018). Hot Skies Over Yemen. Vol. 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian
Peninsula, 1994–2017. Warwick, UK: Helion & Co. Publishing. ISBN 978-1-911628-18-7.
——— (2018b). MiG-23 Flogger in the Middle East, Mikoyan i Gurevich MiG-23 in Service in
Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya and Syria, 1973–2018. Warwick: Helion & Co. Publishing. ISBN 978-1-
912390-32-8.
———; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs. Vol. 2: Madagascar to
Zimbabwe. Houston: Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5.
Day, Jerry (April 2009), "Hot Hot Hot!", Air Classics, 45 (4).
Eden, Paul, ed. (2004), "Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum", Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft,
London: Amber Books, ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
Gordon, Yefim; Davison, Peter (2005). Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 Fulcrum. North Branch, MN:
Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-085-0.
——— (2006). Mikoyan Mig-29 (https://archive.org/details/midland-publishing-famous-russian-airc
raft-mi-g-29/mode/1up). Famous Russian aircraft. Dimitriy Komissarov, transl. Midland Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-85780-231-3 – via Internet Archive.
Jenkins, Dennis R. McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter. Arlington,
TX: Aerofax, 1998. ISBN 1-85780-081-8.
 Lake, Jon. "Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum'". World Air power Journal. Volume 4, Winter 1990/91.
London: Aerospace Publishing. pp. 44–91. ISBN 1-874023-06-9. ISSN 0959-7050 (https://www.wo
rldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0959-7050).
——— (1997), Jane's How to Fly and Fight in the Mikoyan MiG-29, New York: HarperCollins,
ISBN 0-00-472144-6.
——— (Spring 1999), "Variant Briefing: Mikoyan MiG-29", World Air Power Journal, 36, London:
Aerospace Publishing: 108–35, ISBN 978-1-86184-027-1.
Lambert, Mark (1993), Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94, Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data
Division, ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.
North, David M. MiG-29 Pilot Report, part 1 (http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviationweek.com/fil
es/uploads/2015/01/1990-%20MiG-29%20Pilot%20Report%20%281%20of%202%29.pdf)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150226134950/http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviation
week.com/files/uploads/2015/01/1990-%20MiG-29%20Pilot%20Report%20%281%20of%202%2
9.pdf) 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Part 2 (http://aviationweek.com/site-files/aviatio
nweek.com/files/uploads/2015/01/1990-%20MiG-29%20Pilot%20Report%20%282%20of%202%2
9.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150226134901/http://aviationweek.com/site-files/a
viationweek.com/files/uploads/2015/01/1990-%20MiG-29%20Pilot%20Report%20%282%20of%2
02%29.pdf) 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Spick, Mike, ed. "MiG-29 'Fulcrum'". "The Flanker". Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul,
MN: MBI Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.

External links
MiG-29/-29UB/-29SE (https://web.archive.org/web/20140807153322/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/pr
oduction/?tid=1&id=17), MiG-29SD (https://web.archive.org/web/20081229143025/http://www.mig
avia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=18), MiG-29SMT, upgraded MiG-29UB (https://web.archive.org/
web/20081229130550/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/production/?tid=1&id=20), and MiG-29K/KUB (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20130317093834/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_29_K_KUB
_e.htm), MiG Corporation.
MiG-29 Flight manual (https://steamcdn-a.akamaihd.net/steam/apps/957110/manuals/DCS_MIG-2
9_Flight_Manual_EN.pdf)
German Luftwaffe's former MiG-29 Staffel 1./JG 73 "Steinhoff" in Laage (http://www.fabulousfulcru
ms.de/index_e.html), Fabulous Fulcrums.
MiG-29 (http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/mig-29/mig-29.htm), Milavia.
Cuban MiG-29 (http://urrib2000.narod.ru/EqMiG29-e.html), Narod.
Intensive Finnish study on positive and negative features of the MiG-29 fighter (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20110514051002/http://www.sci.fi/~fta/MiG-29.htm), Sci.fi.
"How to Win in a Dogfight: Stories from a Pilot Who Flew F-16s and MiGs" (https://foxtrotalpha.jalo
pnik.com/how-to-win-in-a-dogfight-stories-from-a-pilot-who-flew-1682723379), Foxtrot Alpha,
Jalopnik.
The Truth About the MiG-29 (http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/truth-about-mig-29-180
952403/?all), Airspace mag.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikoyan_MiG-29&oldid=1235469538"