PDF Charles Law Adm

LAWAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Lawaan, Danao City

SY 2023-2024
SELF LEARNING KIT

FOR
SCIENCE 10
Prepared by:
JENNY JANE R. LAWAS
Science Teacher
Week 2: CHARLES’ LAW
What is your answer to the first picture? How about the second picture?
If you answer temperature and volume, you’ve got it right! What does it mean?
Temperature is the measure of the coldness or hotness of the gas. Volume is the
amount of space occupied by the gases. Now let us discover the relationship between
these two properties of the gas.
Have you ever wondered why sky lanterns float in the sky? Have you experienced
riding in a hot air balloon? How does it feel?
It is like a mini-hot air balloon; as the temperature increases, the sky lantern obtains
its full volume and rises in the atmosphere. It rises and rises as the temperature increases
because the density of gases decreases as gases expand due to the increase in
temperature. This explains that the increase in volume and decrease in density cause the
sky lantern to float in the air! Now, we will discover the relationship between volume and
temperature at a constant pressure of a gas and its application in a real-life situation.
The volume-temperature relationship in gases (k = V/T) was
determined by and named after Jacques Charles. In his experiment,
Jacques Charles trapped a sample of gas in a cylinder with a movable
piston in a water bath at different temperatures. Jacques Charles found
out that different gases decreased their volume by factors 1/273 per °C
of cooling. With this rate of reduction, if gas will be cooled up to -273°C,
it will have zero volume! Interesting, isn’t it? Charles’ Law states that at
constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly
Jacques Charles proportional to the Kelvin
(1746 - 1823) (K) temperature.
✓ A gas expands when its temperature increases.

✓ A gas contracts when temperature decreases
Charles’ Law Equation:
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Where: V1 = Initial volume T1 = Initial Temperature (in K)
V2 = Final volume T2 = Final Temperature (in K)
• It is important to remember that absolute temperature must be considered not
temperature according to normal Fahrenheit or Centigrade scales.
• The absolute Fahrenheit scale is called Rankine and the absolute Centigrade is
called Kelvin.
The volume-temperature relationship in gases (k = V/T) was determined by and

named after Jacques Charles.
• In his experiment, Jacques Charles trapped a sample of gas in a cylinder with a
movable piston in a water bath at different temperatures. Jacques Charles found
out that different gases decreased their volume by factors 1/273 per °C of cooling.
With this rate of reduction, if gas will be cooled up to -273°C, it will have zero volume!
Real-life Examples of Charles’ Law

Hot air balloon
The working principle of an air balloon is simple. It consists of a bag or an envelope, a
basket to carry passengers, and a fuel source like propane. On ignition of the fuel, the air
inside the envelope heats up. This hot air expands as per
Charles' law. As the temperature of the air increases, the
volume of the air also increases, and consequently, the
density decreases. This makes the envelope lighter than the
atmospheric air surrounding it. The buoyant force pushes
the lighter envelope up in the
ai r, and it flies.
Human lungs
In winters, the temperature of the air decreases. As a
consequence, the temperature of the air inside the body also
decreases. According to Charles' law states volume is directly
proportional to temperature. Hence, the volume of the air
decreases with the temperature. It shrinks the lungs and physical
activities like jogging become difficult on freezing winter days.
Pool floats When water is cooler than air. The air in swim floats shrinks because of a
decrease in temperature of the air inside floats. The reverse
phenomenon is observed during hot summer days when water
is much warmer. In a hot climate, The temperature of the air
inside swim floats increases, and they get overinflated
Ping-pong balls
A common problem with ping-pong balls is they can get a
dent when exposing to a strong blow or pressure. A
common method to fix this dented ball is to immerse the
ball into warm water. On immersion, the temperature of the
air inside the ball increases, and as per Charles' law, the air
expands. The ball is inflated and dents are fixed.
Tires
Tires of untouched vehicles get deflated during freezing winter days while get inflated in
hot summer days. This unusual behaviour is because of Charles' law. In winter due to low
temperatures, the air inside a tyre gets cooler, and they
shrink. While in hot days, the air expands with temperature.
CHARLES’ LAW SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
CHARLES’ LAW SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:

WEEK 3: KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY, AVOGADRO’S LAW, and DEAL GAS LAW
Lesson 1: Behavior of Gases Using Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gases like the wind and / or air is a form of matter. The behavior of particles of matter can
be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory.
The assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory are as follows:
1. According to the KMT all matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant, random
motion
▪ Move in a straight line until they collide with other particles or with the walls of the
container.
2. Gas particles are much smaller than the distances between them. Most of a gas consists
of empty space.
▪ Gas consists of small particles that are separated from one another by empty space
▪ Most of the volume of a gas consists of empty space because they are so far apart, there
are no attractive or repulsive forces between the gas molecules
▪ The motion of one particle is independent of the motion of other particles
3. No kinetic energy is lost when gas particles collide with each other or with the walls of the
container (elastic collision)
▪ Undergoes elastic collision – no kinetic energy is lost when particles collide.
▪ The total amount of kinetic energy remains constant.
4. All gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given temperature
i. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particle in a sample of matter.
ii. Kinetic energy and temperature are directly related
▪ The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy
iii. The Kelvin temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic
energy of the particles of the substance. 273 + _____oC = _______Kelvin
iv. There is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin (Absolute Zero).
v. Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2; where m = mass and v = velocity
ABSOLUTE ZERO
• The greater the atomic and molecular motion, the greater the temperature is of a
substance.
• If all atomic and molecular motion would stop, the temperature would be at absolute
zero (0 Kelvin or -273 oC)
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

▪ Diffusion – describes the movement of one material through another Particles diffuse
from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
▪ Effusion – gas escapes through a tiny opening.
The heavier the molecule, the slower it will effuse or diffuse.

PARTICLE COLLISIONS
You learned from the Kinetic Molecular theory that gas particles are constantly moving
and colliding with anything in their path. The collisions in these particles in the air result in
atmospheric pressure.
Pressure is the amount of Force exerted per unit of area, or P = F/A. It is measured in units
of pascals (Pa), the SI unit of pressure. Since pressure is the amount of force divide by area, one
pascal of pressure is one Newton per square meter or 1 N/m2.
Often gases are confined within containers. A balloon and a bicycle tire are examples
of these containers. They remain inflated because of collisions of the air particles with the walls
of the containers. This collection of forces, caused by collisions of particles, pushes the walls of
the container outward. Increasing the number of air particles causes more collisions with the
walls of the container which causes it to expand. As the container continues to expand,
increase in pressure will also happen.
Lesson 2: AVOGADRO’S LAW
What is Avogadro’s Law?
Avogadro’s Law states that “The volume of gas is directly related to

the number of moles when both pressure and temperature are held
constant”.
Equation:
V1 = V2
n1 n2
Where:
V1 = initial volume n1 = initial amount of gas (mole)
V2 =final volume n2 = final amount of gas (mole)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Lesson 3: IDEAL GAS LAW What is Ideal Gas Law?
The ideal gas law was based on experimental measurements

of the properties of gases. (Simply, the combination of the 3
gas laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and Avogadro’s Law)
Equation:
PV = nRT
Where:
P = Pressure in atmospheres (atm)
V = Volume in liters (L)
n= amount of gas in moles (mol)
T=Temperature in Kelvin (K)
R = universal gas constant equal to 0.0821 L.atm
mol.K
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
NOTE: Please answer the given answer sheets.

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LAWAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Lawaan, Danao City

SELF LEARNING KIT

✓ A gas expands when its temperature increases.

The volume-temperature relationship in gases (k = V/T) was determined by and

Real-life Examples of Charles’ Law

CHARLES’ LAW SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

CHARLES’ LAW SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:

DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

The heavier the molecule, the slower it will effuse or diffuse.

Lesson 2: AVOGADRO’S LAW

What is Avogadro’s Law?

Avogadro’s Law states that “The volume of gas is directly related to

Lesson 3: IDEAL GAS LAW What is Ideal Gas Law?

The ideal gas law was based on experimental measurements

NOTE: Please answer the given answer sheets.

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