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    Redox Apr 2024

    Uploaded by

    Jasmine Gabaitsiwe

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Redox Apr 2024

    Uploaded by

    Jasmine Gabaitsiwe
    4 views4 pages

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    4 views4 pages

    Redox Apr 2024

    Uploaded by

    Jasmine Gabaitsiwe

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Redox

    Oxidation and Reduction

    Core:
    • Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen loss/gain. (Oxidation
    state limited to its use to name ions, e.g. iron(II), iron(III), copper(II),
    manganate(VII).)
    • Define redox in terms of electron transfer

    Oxidation and reduction


    • Oxidation and reduction take place together at the same time in the same reaction.
    • These are called redox reactions.
    • There are three definitions of oxidation. It is a reaction in which:
    o oxygen is added to an element or a compound.
    o an element, ion or compound loses electrons.
    o the oxidation state of an element is increased.

    • There are three definitions of reduction. It is a reaction in which:


    o oxygen is removed from an element or a compound.
    o an element, ion or compound gains electrons.
    o the oxidation state of an element is decreased.

    Oxidation state

    • The oxidation state (also called oxidation number) is a number assigned to an atom or
    ion in a compound which indicates the degree of oxidation (or reduction).
    • The oxidation state helps you to keep track of the movement of electrons in a redox
    process.
    • It is written as a +/- sign followed by a number.
    • E.g: O2- means that it is an atom of oxygen that has an oxidation state of -2. It is not
    written as O2- as this refers to the ion and its charge.

    Assigning the oxidation number

    • Oxidation number refers to a single atom or ion


    • The oxidation number of a compound is 0 and of an element (for example Br in Br2)
    is also 0.
    • The oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is always -2 (except in peroxide R-
    O-O-R, where it is -1).
    • For example in FeO, oxygen is -2 then Fe must have an oxidation number of +2 as the
    overall oxidation number for the compound must be 0.

    Ionic Equations

    • Ionic equations are used to show only the particles that actually take part in a reaction.
    • These equations show only the ions that change their status during a chemical process,
    i.e: their bonding or physical state changes.

    Source of notes: savemyexams.co.uk


    • The other ions present are not involved and are called spectator ions.

    Writing ionic equations

    • For the neutralisation reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

    HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

    • If we write out all of the ions present in the equation and include the state symbols,
    we get:

    H+(aq) + Cl– (aq)+ Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) → Na+ (aq)+ Cl–(aq) + H2O(l)

    • The spectator ions are thus Na+ and Cl–. Removing these from the previous equation
    leaves the overall net ionic equation:

    H+(aq) + OH–(aq) →H2O(l)

    • This ionic equation is the same for all acid-base neutralisation

    Example redox equation: oxygen loss/gain

    Zinc oxide + carbon → zinc + carbon monoxide

    ZnO + C → Zn + CO

    • In this reaction the zinc oxide has been reduced since it has lost oxygen. The carbon
    atom has been oxidised since it has gained oxygen.

    Example redox equation: electron loss/gain and oxidation state

    Zinc + copper sulphate → zinc sulphate + copper

    Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

    • Writing this as an ionic equation:

    Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) →Zn2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Cu(s)

    • By analysing the ionic equation, it becomes clear that zinc has become oxidised as its
    oxidation state has increased and it has lost electrons:

    Zn(s) →Zn2+(aq)

    • Copper has been reduced as its oxidation state has decreased and it has gained
    electrons:

    Cu2+(aq) → Cu(s)

    Source of notes: savemyexams.co.uk


    Exam Tip

    Use the mnemonic OIL-RIG to remember oxidation and reduction in terms of the movement
    of electrons:
    Oxidation Is Loss – Reduction Is Gain

    Redox Reactions

    Supplement:
    • Identify redox reactions by changes in oxidation state and by the colour
    changes involved when using acidified potassium manganate(VII), and
    potassium iodide. (Recall of equations involving KMnO4 is not required.)
    • Define oxidising agent as a substance which oxidises another substance
    during a redox reaction. Define reducing agent as a substance which
    reduces another substance during a redox reaction
    • Identify oxidising agents and reducing agents from simple equations

    Oxidising agent
    • A substance that oxidises another substance, in so doing becoming itself reduced.
    • Common examples include hydrogen peroxide, fluorine and chlorine.

    Reducing agent

    • A substance that reduces another substance, in so doing becoming itself oxidised.


    • Common examples include carbon and hydrogen.
    • The process of reduction is very important in the chemical industry as a means of
    extracting metals from their ores.

    Example

    CuO + H2 →Cu + H2O

    • In the above reaction, hydrogen is reducing the CuO and is itself oxidised, so the
    reducing agent is therefore hydrogen.
    • The CuO is reduced to Cu and has oxidised the hydrogen, so the oxidising agent is
    therefore copper oxide.

    Source of notes: savemyexams.co.uk


    Identifying redox reactions

    • Redox reactions can be identified by the changes in the oxidation states when a
    reactant goes to a product.

    Example

    Chlorine + potassium iodide → potassium chloride + iodine

    Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl + I2

    Chlorine has become reduced as its oxidation state has decreased from 0 to -1 on changing
    from the chlorine molecule to chloride ions:

    Cl2(g) → 2Cl–(aq)

    • Iodine has been oxidised as its oxidation state has increased from -1 to 0 on
    changing from iodide ions to the iodine molecule:

    2I+(aq) → I2(s)

    Identifying redox reactions by colour changes

    • The tests for redox reactions involve the observation of a colour change in the
    solution being analysed.
    • Two common examples are acidified potassium manganate(VII), and potassium
    iodide.

    • Potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4, is an oxidising agent which is often used to test
    for the presence of reducing agents.
    • When acidified potassium manganate (VII) is added to a reducing agent its colour
    changes from pink-purple to colourless.

    • Potassium iodide, KI, is a reducing agent which is often used to test for the presence
    of oxidising agents.
    • When added to an acidified solution of an oxidising agent such as aqueous chlorine or
    hydrogen peroxide, the solution turns a brown colour due to the formation of iodine.

    Source of notes: savemyexams.co.uk

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