1.

1P: Preparing for OOP – Answer Sheet

Introduction
This answer sheet serves two purposes:
A. It serves as a revision for you of your previous learnings; and
B. It establishes a baseline understanding of tour knowledge in key Computer Science
topics.
As such, this answer sheet is divided into the following areas of knowledge:
A. Your experience with UNIX/DOS console commands;
B. Your ability to differentiate between data types (e.g., text) and information categories
(e.g., title);
C. Your experience with parsing and evaluating expressions according to rules of
precedence;
D. Your understanding of computer science concepts and various programming language
constructs;
E. Finally we want you to develop a simple function called Average. You will develop a
fully functional program in three steps:
1) Implement the Average function,
2) Define a main function calling Average, and
3) Define tests and output the qualifies the result on calling Average on a given array
of numbers.
Section A: Console commands
Explain the following terminal instructions:
a) cd:

change directory: to navigate through the file system.

b) pwd:

print working directory: to show directory if available

c) mkdir:

make directory: create new directory

d) cat:

concatenate: concatenate and display files' content

e) ls:

list: list files

Section B: Data types and Information Classes
1. Consider the following kinds of information, and suggest the most appropriate data
type to store or represent each class of information:

Information Category Suggested Data Type

A person’s family name string

A person’s age in years integer

A person's weight in kilograms float

A telephone number string

A temperature on the Kelvin scale float

The average age of a group of children float

Whether a student has passed this task boolean

2. Aside from the examples already provided in question 1, consider the following list and
find an example of information that could be stored as:

Data type Suggested Information Category

A boat's name
String

The number of boats bought

Integer

The length of the boat (in meters)

Float

Is the boat up to standard.

Boolean
Section C: Parsing and Evaluating Expressions
Fill out the last two columns of the following table. Parse and evaluate each expression. Enter
the resulting value in column 3 and specify, in column 4, the data type of the expression in a
complier “friendly” form (i.e., in a language format accepted, for example, in C, C#, or Pascal):

Expression Given Value Data Type

6 6 integer

True True boolean

A a = 2.5 2,5 float

1+2*3 7 integer

a and False a = True True boolean

a or False a = True True boolean

3 integer
a+b a=1
b=2

2*a a=3 6 integer

12.5 float
a*2+b a = 2.5
b=3
15 integer
a+2*b a = 2.5
b=3
9 integer
(a + b) * c a=1
b=2
c=3
Fred Flinstone string
“Fred” + “ Flintstone”

a + “ Rubble” a = “Barney” Barney Rubble string

Section D: Computer Science and Programming
Language Concepts:
1. Using an example, explain the difference between declaring and initializing a
variable.

The difference between the two is….<finish the sentence>

declaring a variable means defining its name and type, whileinitializing gives it an initial
value.

Insert your example here:

Declare: int age (C)

Initialize: age = 45 (C)

2. Explain the concept parameter. Write some code that demonstrates a simple of use of
a parameter. You should show a procedure or function that uses a parameter, and
how you would call that procedure or function.

A parameter is….<finish the sentence>

a special type of variable used to allow a function or procedure to refer to an input
(arguments) and use them

Insert your example here:

def greet(name)
puts "Hello, #{name}!"
end

greet("BOB")
3. Using code examples, describe the term scope as it is being used in programming (not
in business or project management). In your explanation, focus on procedural
programming. Ensure that you cover as many kinds of scopes and their respective
differences as possible. Your answer must detail at least two kinds of scopes.

A scope is….<finish the sentence>

The range that a variable is declared. A global scope means that the variable can be used
anywhere in the code, while a local scope means that it can only be used in a function only.

Insert your examples here:

Global:
$cow = "moo"

Local:
def animal
dog = "woof"
end
Section E: Programming Practice:
1. Using procedural style programming, in any language you like, write a function called
Average, which accepts an array of integers and returns the average of those integers.
Do not use any libraries for calculating the average: we want to see your understanding
of algorithms. You must demonstrate appropriate use of parameters, returning and
assigning values, and the use of control statements like a loop. Note — just write the
function Average at this point. In the next question we will ask you to invoke the
Average function. You are not required to develop a complete program or even specify
code that outputs anything at this stage. Average is a pure function. Input/output and
any business logic processing is the responsibility of the (main line) calling the function
Average.
Insert your code here:

def Average(numbers)
sum = 0

numbers.each do |num|
sum += num
end

average = sum.to_f / numbers.size

return average
end

2. Using the same language, write a main function you would to set up data (i.e., declare
an array and initialize it with proper values), call the Average function, and print out the
result. You are not required to provide input processing logic; you can have an inline
instantiate of the collection of data values that the Average function needs to calculate
the average of. Please use a reasonable data set, that is, the array must contain at
least five elements of numerical type.
Insert your code here:

def main ()
data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
result = Average(data)
puts "The average is: #{result}"
end

main()
3. Again using the same language, extend the main function with some output
statements. Print the message “Double digits” if the average is above or equal to 10.
Otherwise, print the message “Single digits”. And then, if the average is negative (e.g.,
the average of a week’s temperature readings at the Australian base in the Antarctic),
add an additional line of output highlighting that the “Average value is in the negative”.
Provide screenshot(s) of your program running, that is, the code and the run time
output.
Insert your code here:

if result >= 10
puts "Double digits"
if result < 0
puts "Average value is in the negative"
else
puts "Single digits"
end
end
 Insert your whole program here:

def Average(numbers)
return nil if numbers.empty?

sum = 0
numbers.each do |num|
sum += num
end

average = sum.to_f / numbers.size

return average
end

def main
data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

result = Average(data)

puts "The average is: #{result}"

if result >= 10
puts "Double digits"
elsif result < 0
puts "Average value is in the negative"
else
puts "Single digits"
end
end

main

End of Task
All students have access to the Adobe Acrobat tools. Please print your solution to PDF and
submit via Canvas.