Programming is the process of writing

computer programs using a specific

programming language. Programming
allows creating applications and tools that
help solve problems and optimize processes
in many different areas such as business,
medicine, science, entertainment, among
others.
One of the most popular programming
languages currently is Python. Python was
created in 1991 by Guido van Rossum and
is a popular and easy-to-use programming
language. They are used in many different
applications and fields such as education,
data analysis, and web application
development.
Python has many great features that make
it popular among programmers. Some of
these features include:
Ease of use: Python has a simple, clean
structure and an easy-to-understand
programming language, which makes it ideal
for beginners and professionals alike.
Open source: Python is open source and this
means that developers can access, modify,
improve and expand the code of the basic
language to suit their own needs.

Reliability and security: Python provides

security and reliability features, offers tools to
prevent common programming errors.
Productivity: Python is characterized by high
productivity because it allows programmers to
write quickly and with a minimum amount of
code.

Python is used in many different fields

and applications such as web application
development, data analysis, and manifestology
 Print
The print function in Python is used to
print text or a certain value to the screen.
They can be used to show text or a
value to the user, or to check the value
of a particular variable during program
.execution

To use the print function, the "print"

command is used, and the text or value
that you want to print is passed as an
intermediate to the function. For example,
to print the text "Hello, World!"In Python,
the following command can be used
The print function can also be used to print the
value of a specific variable, as in the following
example:

The result «10» will appear on the screen.

The function can also be used to print several

values at the same time, such as:

The result will show «Hello, World!»On the

screen.
Varibales
In the Python language, variables are used to store values
and data that are used in the program. It can be said that
variables represent containers for data, and are used to
permanently preserve values during the execution of the
program.

The definition of variables in Python does not require any

specific type for the data stored in the variable, that is, the
program does not need to specify the type of the variable
when defining it, and the type of the variable can be
changed at any time during the execution of the program.
For example, the variable « x «with a value of «5» can be
defined as follows:

After that, the value of the variable «x» can be

changed to «10», as follows:
Multiple variables can also be defined in
Python, as in the following example:

Any value can be assigned to any variable,

be it a numerical value, text, or of any other
type. Variables can also be used in other
calculations or code, as in the following:
example:

The result «15» will appear on the screen. In this

example, the variables «x» and «y» were used in
the calculation «x + y», and the result was stored
in the variable «z». And then the print function was
used to print the value of the variable «z» on the
screen.
 String
In Python, a «string» is defined as a set of
consecutive characters that are represented
between regular quotation marks («) or double
quotation marks («»). Strings can be used to
represent texts and other textual information in
the program.

For example, a simple string can be defined in

the following way:

Or by double quoting as follows:

An empty string can also be defined simply as
follows:

Or define a string containing specific

characters using indexing as follows:
 Numbers
int,float,complex
In Python, int is used to represent integers. A
variable of this type can be created using the
following general form:

Where:

variable_name is the name of the variable you want to

create.
integer_value is the correct value that you want to store
in the variable.
For example, the number 5 can be stored in a variable of
type int using the following code:

The value of the variable can be printed

using the print () function as follows:
 The result will appear on the screen as
follows:

Note: basic arithmetic operations (such as addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division) can be used on
variables of type int and can also be converted to other
types in case of need.
In Python, float is a type of numeric data used to
represent small and large real numbers. The term «float»
implies that these numbers float on the surface (floating),
that is, they move between integers and those that have
decimal digits.

Floating numbers are distinguished by their ability

to represent large, small and decimal numbers with
high accuracy, and are also widely used in scientific,
engineering and financial calculations.

In this example, the variable x is defined with a

floating decimal value equal to 3.14
Complex numbers are numbers that consist of a real
part and an imaginary part and are defined in Python
using the symbol j to represent the imaginary part.

A complex number in Python can be created using

the complex () function, which takes one or two
parameters to determine the value of the real part and
the imaginary part. For example, the complex number
2 + 3j can be constructed as follows:

Complex numbers can also be created

using mixed numbers, which have a
real part and an imaginary part. For
example, the complex number 4 + 1j
can be defined as follows:

Python supports many arithmetic operations on

complex numbers, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, and these operations
can be done using the usual arithmetic
coefficients, such as+, -, * and /.
 Comments
Comments in Python are used to write text that explains
or clarifies part of the code, and is not executed when
the program is run. Comments can be used for several
reasons, such as:

Explaining the code to other readers.

Documenting the code.
Ignoring parts of the code for testing new things.
A comment in Python can be created using the hash
symbol (#) when it is placed at the beginning of a line.
After the hash symbol, the text to be explained is written,
as follows:

Comments can also be placed on the same line

as the code, by placing the hash symbol at the
beginning of the text to be explained, as follows:

Comments can be written in any programming

language, but they should be in English or the
official language in the country where Python is
used for official or public projects.
 Comparison operations
In Python, comparison operations are performed using special
comparison operators, namely:

Equality operator ( = = ) - compares the two values on the sides

of the operator and returns True if the two values are equal, and
False if the two values are unequal.

The inequality operator (!= )- It compares the two values on

the sides of the operator and returns True if the two values are
unequal, and False if the two values are equal.

Operator greater than ( > ) - compares the two values on the

sides of the operator and returns True if the first value is greater
than the second value, and False if the first value is smaller than
the second value.

Operator smaller than ( < ) - compares the two values on the

sides of the operator and returns True if the first value is smaller
than the second value, and False if the first value is larger than
the second value.

Operator greater than or equal to (>=) - compares the two

values on both sides of the operator and returns True if the first
value is greater than or equal to the second value, and False if
the first value is smaller than the second value.

Operator smaller than or equal to (<=) - compares the two

values on the sides of the operator and returns True if the first
value is smaller than or equal to the second value, and False if
the first value is greater than the second value.

Operations are carried out

 Booleans
In Python, bool is a built-in type of data that
represents true and false values. It is used
to represent logical decisions and logical
conditions in programming.

It takes a True value if the analyzed value is

true, and takes a False value if the value is
incorrect.

For example, the variable x can be defined as

having a True value as follows:

Or the Y variable can be defined as having

a False value as follows:
The True and False values can be used
to create conditions in programming. For
example, if we have a variable z that has the
value 5, we can write a condition that checks
whether z is equal to 5 as follows:

The print command will be executed only if

the condition is true, this means that the True
value has been used in the condition.
 Mathematical
operations
Arithmetic operations in Python can be done
using the basic arithmetic operations supported
by the language. Examples of such operations
include:

Plural (+)
Subtract (-)
Hit (*)
Divide (/)
Remainder of the division (%)
Ranking strength ( ** )
For example, you can perform a combination of
two numbers in Python as follows:
You can use other calculations in the same way.
And in case you want to do a more complex
calculation, arithmetic libraries can be used in
Python, such as NumPy and pandas.
You can use the subtraction operation in Python
using the symbol « - « as follows:

In this example, two variables a and b were

created and combined using the subtraction
operation, then the result was stored in
variable c, and finally the value of c was
printed using the print () function.

You can use this operation with any type

of Number, be it integers or decimals. They
can also be used with variables that contain
numeric values.
You can use the multiplication operation in
Python using the symbol « * « as follows:

In this example, two variables a and b

were created and multiplied using the
multiplication operation, then the result was
stored in variable c, and finally the value of
c was printed using the print () function.

You can use this operation with any type

of Number, be it integers or decimals. They
can also be used with variables that contain
numeric values.
You can use the division operation in
Python using the symbol «/» as follows:

In this example, two variables a and b

were created and divided a by b using
the division operation, then the result was
stored in variable c, and finally the value of
c was printed using the print () function.
When using the division operation, a
result is returned in decimal form, even if
the number by which it is divided and the
product are integers. If you want to get a
correct result, you can use the operation
«//» instead of»/», and this operation will
return only a correct result. For example:

In this example, the operation «//» was

used instead of»/», which returned an
integer value.
 In Python, you can get the remainder of
the division using the mathematical sign%,
and it returns the remainder of the division
between the two given numbers.

For example, if you want to get the

remainder of the division at a division of
3 ÷ 7, you can use the percentage sign as
follows:

And here the result is 1 because the remainder of

the division is 1, where it can be written as:

The remainder of the division can be used in

many applications, such as determining whether a
certain number is odd or even, determining which
week corresponds to the specified date, etc.
 Input
input () is a function built into Python that
allows the user to enter data through the
keyboard.This function takes a text (it can
be used as an educational text) and prints
it on the screen, after which it waits for the
data to be entered by the user.

When the user enters data through input

(), the value entered by the user is saved as
text.This value can be stored in a variable
for use in the rest of the program.

Input() can be used in many applications,

such as creating a program that asks the
user to enter their name, or a program that
asks the user to enter a number.In both
cases, input() is used to get the input that
the user enters.
In Python, the input value (input) is always
considered text (string). This means that the
value that the user enters will be saved as text.

The input value can be read from the user using

input() and then stored in a variable, as follows:

In this example, the text «What is your name?»On

the screen, the user is asked to enter his name.
The name entered by the user is saved in the
name variable. And this value is stored as text.

The variable name in the program can then be

used as text, as in the following examples:

Using the + operation, the text «Hello,» can be

combined with the value of the variable name and
then with the text»!»To create a welcome sentence
that uses the username he entered.
To take an integer input in Python, you
can use the input() function to get the
input as a string and then convert it to an
integer using the int() function. Here›s an
example:

In this example, the input() function

prompts the user to enter an integer,
which is then stored as a string in the
num variable. The int() function is used to
convert the string to an integer.

Note that if the user enters a non-integer

value, this will result in a ValueError. You
can use a try-except block to handle this
error if needed.
To take a floating-point number input in
Python, you can use the input() function
to get the input as a string and then
convert it to a float using the float()
function. Here›s an example:

In this example, the input() function

prompts the user to enter a floating-
point number, which is then stored
as a string in the num variable. The
float() function is used to convert
the string to a floating-point
number.

Note that if the user enters a non-

numeric value, this will result in a
ValueError. You can use a try-except
block to handle this error if needed.
 If Condition
if is a conditional statement in Python used
to execute a block of code only if a certain
condition is true. The syntax for the if
statement is as follows:

Here, condition is a Boolean expression

that is evaluated to either True or False. If
condition is True, then the code inside the
block is executed, and if condition is False,
then the code is skipped.

Optionally, an else clause can be added

to the if statement to execute a different
block of code if the condition is False:
Additionally, an elif (short for «else
if») clause can be added to the if
statement to check for additional
conditions:

Here, if condition1 is True, then the

first block of code is executed. If
condition1 is False, then condition2
is checked, and if it is True, then the
second block of code is executed. If
both condition1 and condition2 are
False, then the last block of code is
executed.
The correct syntax in Python for this
statement is:

This code will output «True» because the

condition «4 > 5» is true, and therefore the
«if» statement is executed. This causes the
«print(True)» statement to be executed.

Note that it›s not necessary to include the «else»

clause in this case, since there are only two
possible outcomes and the condition is always
true. So, the following code would have the same
result:

This code will also output «True».

This code will output «yes» because the
condition «5 == 5» is true, and therefore the
«print» statement is executed.

Note that in Python, the double equals sign

«==» is used to check for equality between
two values. In this case, we are checking
if the value of 5 is equal to the value of 5,
which is true.
In this case, the code will output «False»
because the condition «x != y» is false.
The values of both x and y are equal to
10, so the «if» statement is not executed,
and therefore the «else» statement is
executed instead. The «print(False)»
statement is then executed, resulting in
the output «False».

Note that the «else» statement is

executed when the condition in the «if»
statement is false. In this case, since x
and y are both equal to 10, the condition
is false, and the «else» statement is
executed.
 Data Type
To print the type of the variable x, you need to
put the print statement on a separate line:

This will output the following:

This indicates that x is an integer,

because the type() function returns the
data type of the value that is passed to
it.
 For Loops
In Python, the For loop statement is used to
repeat the execution of a sentence or set of
sentences repeatedly and by the number of
elements in an array or string of characters.

The phrase for loop can be used in different

forms, here are some examples:

The for loop is on the list:

The For loop statement can be used to
execute repeated sentences on all items in a
list.For example, if we have the following list:

We can use the following for loop to print all

fruits:
And the fruits will be printed as follows:

The for loop on a string of characters:

The for loop can be used to execute repeated
sentences on each character in the character
string. For example, we can use the following
for loop to print each character in the string
«Python»:

The letters will be printed as follows:

The for loop with the use of range:
The for loop can be used with the use of
the range() function to execute repeated
sentences a certain number of times. For
example, we can use the following for
loop to print numbers from 1 to 5:

The numbers will be printed as

follows:

These are some examples of how the For loop

phrase is used in Python. The for loop can be
used in many different applications, such as
executing repetitive sentences on lists
This code uses nested for loops to print
a pattern of stars. The code consists of
two for loops inside each other. The outer
ring is repeated 5 times, and the inner
ring is repeated 4 times. At each iteration
of the inner loop, one star is printed
without moving the cursor to the new line
using end=»», then after the inner loop
is completed the new line moves using
print() into the outer loop. This process is
repeated until 5 rows of vertical stars are
printed.

Thus, the output will be printed as follows:

Where 4 stars are printed on each
line, and 5 rows of stars are printed.
This code is used for loops to print a pattern of stars,
where one line containing a star is printed and then
more than one row containing stars is printed based on
the number of lines. This is done using nested for-loops
in this form:

The outer loop repeats 4 times using range (5 ,1) to

repeat on four consecutive numbers 4 ,3 ,2 ,1.
The inner loop is duplicated based on the current value
of the variable i (which is set in the outer loop) using
range(1, i1+) to print stars by the current line.
At each cycle of the Inner Loop, a number of stars
equal to the current value of the variable i is printed,
and then the transition to the new line is carried out
using print (), to print a new row.
Thus, the output will be printed as follows:
Multiplication table
When executed, the code you provided will
generate a multiplication table from 1 to
10. The output of the program will look like
this:
The first line of output displays the header
row, which consists of the values from
1 to 10. The second line is a separator
made up of a row of dashes. After that,
the program uses nested for loops to
generate the multiplication table. Each
row of the table displays the products of
multiplying the number on the left side
(from 1 to 10) with the numbers at the top
(also from 1 to 10).

For example, the third row shows the

products of 3 multiplied by each number
from 1 to 10. The product of 3 multiplied
by 1 is 3, the product of 3 multiplied by 2
is 6, the product of 3 multiplied by 3 is 9,
and so on, until the product of 3 multiplied
by 10 is 30.

Overall, the output is a table that shows

the products of multiplying each pair of
numbers from 1 to 10.
 While Loops
While loops in Python are used for executing
a block of code repeatedly until a certain
condition is met. The syntax for a while loop
in Python is:

The condition is a boolean expression that

is evaluated before each iteration of the
loop. If the condition is True, the code inside
the loop is executed. Once the code inside
the loop has been executed, the condition
is evaluated again, and if it is still True, the
code inside the loop is executed again. This
process continues until the condition is
False, at which point the loop is exited, and
control is transferred to the next line of code
after the loop.
Here is an example of a while
loop in Python:
In this example, the variable i is initially
set to 1. The while loop will continue
to execute as long as the value of i is
less than or equal to 5. Inside the loop,
the value of i is printed, and then i is
incremented by 1. This process will repeat
until the value of i is 6, at which point the
condition of the while loop will be False,
and the loop will exit. The output of the
above code will be:
This is a basic password verification
program written in Python. The
program sets a password variable
to «5.1» and allows the user to input
their guess for the password. If the
guess does not match the password,
the user is given 2 more chances to
input the correct password. If the
guess matches the password within
the allowed number of attempts, the
program outputs «valid password».
If the guess is incorrect and the
number of attempts is exceeded, the
program outputs «try again later».

Here is how the program works:

Note that the program converts the input
to a float using the float() function. If the
input is not a valid float, a ValueError will
be raised. Also, the program uses the
title() method to capitalize the first letter
of each word in the strings outputted by
the program.
 List
A list in Python is a set of ordered and
modifiable elements, inside of which
elements can be stored using square
brackets «[ ]» and separated by a
comma»,». Any type of element can be
stored inside a List, including numbers, text
strings, other lists, and even functions.

When a List is created in Python, a space

is allocated in memory to store all the
elements added to it. The List can be
modified by adding, removing or modifying
elements within it. List items can also be
accessed using indexing, since the position
of the item in the List is determined using
the index number.

An example of creating a List in Python:

Items within a List can be accessed using
indexing, for example:

A new item can be added to the List using

the append () command:

An item can be deleted from the List

using the remove () command:
The pop() function in Python is used to
remove the element located at the specified
location in the List and return its value. If the
item location is not specified, the last item in
the List will be removed and returned.

For example, if we have the following List:

And we want to remove the element at the

specified location 2, we will use the pop ()
function as follows:
The clear() function in Python is used to
remove all items in the List, and completely
unpack them.

For example, if we have the following List:

And we want to remove all the elements in

the List, we will use the clear () function as
follows:

The result will be as follows:

That is, the List now does not

contain any elements.
 Tuple
A Tuple in Python is a sequence of Comma-
separated elements enclosed in parentheses
(), a data structure similar to a List but with
important differences.

The main difference between Tuple and List

is that Tuple cannot be changed after its
creation, that is, it does not support mutable
operations such as adding, deleting or
modifying. Thus, Tuple is mainly used to store
fixed sets of elements that are not changed
later.

Tuple elements can be accessed using

indexing, for example:
This command will produce one element of
Tuple, where the value 1 that is located in
the first position is printed in Tuple.

An empty Tuple can be created by giving

an empty value to (), for example:

A Tuple can be created with a number of

comma-delimited elements inside (), for
example:

A Tuple can be created and its value assigned

to a number of comma-delimited elements
without the need to use (), for example:
Dictionary
A Dictionary in Python is a data structure
that allows a programmer to store and
retrieve values by keys instead of the usual
indexing that is used in a List or Tuple.

A Dictionary in Python consists of a set

of Comma-Separated Values surrounded
by {} brackets, where each value in the
Dictionary contains a key and a value (value)
corresponding to this key.

The key can be any non-modifiable

(immutable) value such as numbers and
strings, while the value can be any value used
in Python.

The values in the Dictionary can be accessed

using the key, for example:
This command will produce the value 1,
where the ‹apple› key was used to access
the specified key value.
An empty Dictionary can be created by
giving an empty value to {}, for example:

A Dictionary can be created with a set of

specified values using parentheses {}, for
example:

And new values can be added to the

Dictionary using the specified key and their
value, for example:
 Def
«def» is a reserved word (keyword) in the
Python language used to define functions
and methods in programming. The word
«def» is used to specify the beginning of
the definition of a function, followed by the
name of the function, the list of expected
inputs of the function (if the function
expects inputs), after which the merge
symbol»:», and followed by the function
body that determines the behavior of the
function when it is run.

An example of defining a function using

«def» in Python:
In this example, the reserved word «def»
was used to define a new function as
«greet» and specify a single input with the
name «name». The function body contains
an instruction that outputs a greeting
message to the selected person using the
input name.

This function can be called anywhere in the

program by the function name, presenting
the required data as operands, as follows:

This example will result from running the

function and printing the text «Hello, John!»In
directing.
Here are some examples of how to use «def»
to define functions in Python:

A simple function for adding two numbers:

A function for calculating the average of a

list of numbers:

Function for printing custom greeting text:

A function for converting temperature from
the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale:

A function for converting a text string to

an integer:

«Def» in Python allows programmers to

define custom functions and methods for
performing certain functions in a program.
These functions can be used to reuse code
repeatedly and reduce the frequency of
manual operations.
Good

Luck