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Variability

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Cheez Nutz
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6 views

Variability

Uploaded by

Cheez Nutz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of

Variability
Lesson Objective:
Describe data using the measures of
variation, such as the range, variance,
interquartile range and standard
deviation (Ungrouped and Grouped).
Comparison of Outdoor Paint
A testing lab wishes to test two
experimental brands of outdoor paint to
see how long each will last before fading.
The testing lab makes 6 gallons of each
paint to test. Since different chemical
agents are added to each group and only
six cans are involved, these two groups
constitute two small populations. The results
(in months) are shown. Find the mean of
each group.
Since the means are equal, you might
conclude that both brands of paint last
equally well. However, when the data sets
are examined graphically, a somewhat
different conclusion might be drawn.
Even though the means are the same for both brands, the
spread, or variation, is quite different. In the figure shows
that brand B performs more consistently; it is less variable.
For the spread or variability of a data set, three measures
are commonly used: range, variance, and standard
deviation. Each measure will be discussed in this section.
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
A single value that describes how spread the
data is. These are the range, mean absolute
deviation, variance and standard deviation.

A. RANGE
• Range is the difference between the highest and
the lowest value. It is not very useful measure of
dispersion, because it only affects the outliners
and not all values in the data set.

Range (R) = highest value – lowest value


B. VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

•Variance – is a measure of variation,


which considers the position of each
observation relative to the mean of the
set. It is an approximate average of the
squared deviations from the sample
mean.

•Standard Deviation – is the square root


of the variance.
Range
Measures of Variability - Range
The range is defined to be the highest
value minus the lowest value. The
symbol R is used for the range.

R = highest value – lowest value


Extremely large or extremely small
data values can drastically affect the
range.
Make sure the range is given as a single number.
The range for brand A shows that 50 months
separate the largest data value from the smallest
data value. For brand B, 20 months separate the
largest data value from the smallest data value,
which is less than one-half of brand A’s range.
EXAMPLE: Employee Salaries
The salaries for the staff of the XYZ
Manufacturing Co. are shown here. Find the
range.
Since the owner’s salary is included in the
data, the range is a large number. To have a
more meaningful statistic to measure the
variability, statisticians use measures called
the variance and standard deviation.
Some Properties of the Range

The larger the value of the


range, the more dispersed the
observations are.
It is quick and easy to
understand.
A rough measure of dispersion.
Interquartile
Range
Interquartile-
Ungrouped Data
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Unrouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Unrouped Data)
EXAMPLE -1
A class teacher has the following data about
the number of absences of 35 students of a
class. Compute five number summary for the
following frequency distribution.
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Ungrouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Ungrouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Ungrouped Data)

Thus, 25 % of the students had absences


less than or equal to 3 days.
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Ungrouped Data)

Thus, 75 % of the students had absences


less than or equal to 5 days.
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Ungrouped Data)
Some Properties of IQR
Reduces the influence of
extreme values.
Not as easy to calculate as
the Range.
Interquartile-
Grouped data
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
EXAMPLE -1
The following table gives the amount of time
(in minutes) spent on the internet each
evening by a group of 56 students. Compute
Inter quartile range for the following frequency
distribution.
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)

Thus, 25 % of the students spent less than or


equal to 15.25 minutes on the internet.
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)

Thus, 75 % of the students spent less than or equal


to 20 minutes on the internet.
Measures of Variation – Interquartile
Range (Grouped Data)
Variance and
Standard Deviation
Ungrouped
Data
Variance
Standard Deviation (SD)
Comparison of Outdoor Paint-BRAND A
Find the variance and standard
deviation for the data set for brand
A paint in Example 3–15. The
number of months brand A lasted
before fading was 10, 60, 50, 30, 40,
20.
Column A contains the raw data X. Column B contains the
differences X - µ obtained in step 2. Column C contains the
squares of the differences obtained in step 3.
Comparison of Outdoor Paint- BRAND B
Find the variance and standard deviation for brand B paint
data in Example 3–18. The months were 35, 45, 30, 35, 40, 25
Since the standard deviation of brand A
is 17.1 and the standard deviation of
brand B is 6.5, the data are more
variable for brand A. In summary, when
the means are equal, the larger the
variance or standard deviation is, the
more variable the data are.
Remarks on Standard Deviation
◼ If there is a large amount of variation, then on
average, the data values will be far from the
mean. Hence, the SD will be large.

◼ If there is only a small amount of variation,


then on average, the data values will be closed
to the mean. Hence, the SD will be small.
EXAMPLE – 2 COMPARISON OF RAW SCORES
OF BOYS & GIRLS
Given the scores of 5 boys and 5 girls in
Mathematics, find the range, mean absolute
deviation, variance and the standard deviation.

Boys Girls
Patrick 70 Grace 82
Russel 95 Irish 80
James 60 Anna 81
Jerome 80 Sherry 81
Jerry 100 Kristine 79
Mean: Mean:
Solutions:

A. RANGE
Formula: Range = highest – lowest
Boys: range = 100 – 60 = ______
Girls: range = 83 – 7 = ______
Let’s solve for the sample and population
variance for Boys....
B. VARIANCE
Boys
Patrick 70 -11 121
Russel 95 14 196
James 60 -21 441
Jerome 80 -1 1
Jerry 100 19 361
Mean:
Let’s solve the Population and Sample Variance
for Girls….
Girls X
Grace 82 1 1
Irish 80 1 1
Anna 83 2 4
Sherry 81 0 0
Kristine 79 2 4
Mean:

Formula Solution:
Grouped Data
Measures of Variability – GROUPED
DATA
A. Sample Variance and Standard Deviation

Formula for Variance:


EXAMPLE – 1 RAW SCORES for CLASS D
Find the standard mean deviation, the
variance and the standard deviation.

Scores Class X
(frequency) (midpoint)
5.5-10.5 1 8
10.5-15.5 2 13
15.5-20.5 3 18
20.5-25.5 5 23
25.5-30.5 4 28
30.5-35.5 3 33
35.5-40.5 2 38
Compute the variance and standard
deviation.

Class X
Scores
(frequency) (midpoint) X2
5.5-10.5 1 8 8 64 64
10.5-15.5 2 13 26 169 338
15.5-20.5 3 18 54 324 972
20.5-25.5 5 23 115 529 2,645
25.5-30.5 4 28 112 784 3,136
30.5-35.5 3 33 99 1,089 3,267
35.5-40.5 2 38 76 1,444 2,888

490
TOTAL n= 20 490 13,310
Formula Solution:
VARIANCE:

STANDARD DEVIATION:
Let’s Practice!
II-Pythagoras
Scores Frequency (f)
x
46 - 50 1 48
41 – 45 0 43
36 – 40 4 38
31 – 35 10 33
26 – 30 11 28
21 – 25 10 23
16 – 20 8 18
11 – 15 5 13
6 – 10 1 8
STEP 5:

STEP 6:

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