DIGITAL FLUENCY

Module 1: Getting Started with Emerging Technologies

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,

Deep Learning,

2 Database Management for Data Science,

Big Data Analytics,

3 Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial

Internet of Things (IIoT)

4 Cloud computing and its service models

5 Cyber Security and Types of cyber attack

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1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING, DEEP LEARNING

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1 Mark
1) What is the full form of “AI”?
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
2) What is the full form of “ML”?
MACHINE LEARNING
3) What is the full form of “DL”?
DEEP LEARNING
4) Who is the father of Artificial Intelligence?
John McCarthy
5) A bot that can determine whether a bug is exploitable is called:
Automatic Exploit Generation (AEG)
6) In the Healthcare Industry, AI has disrupted:
Medical Imaging
7) The most basic type of an ANN is called: Feedforward Neural Network
8) In a Deep Learning System, each connection between Neurons is associated with a: Weight
9) The network evaluates how good its prediction was through : Loss function
10) Which type of Neural Network is used by Stock Market Indices?
Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network
11) Which Machine Learning Algorithms is a learning method that interacts with its environment
by producing actions and discovering errors or rewards?
Reinforcement Learning

2 Marks
1) What is “AI” or Artificial Intelligence?
• AI is techniques that help machines and computers mimic human behaviour.
• “Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science dedicated to solving
cognitive problems commonly associated with human intelligence, such as learning,
problem solving, and pattern recognition.”
2) What is Machine Learning?
Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a
branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify
patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.

3) What is Deep Learning?

“Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that's based on artificial neural networks that
permits a machine to train itself to perform a task”.
The learning process is deep because the structure of artificial neural networks consists of
multiple input, output, and hidden layers.

4) How many layers Deep learning algorithms are constructed?

Deep learning algorithms are constructed with 3 connected layers: inner layer, outer layer,
hidden layer.

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5) What are neural networks?

Neural Networks is the old name for Deep Learning. Neural networks are a means of doing
machine learning, in which a computer learns to perform some tasks by analysing training
examples.

6) What are the Machine Learning Methods?

• Supervised Learning
• Unsupervised Learning
• Semi-supervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning

7) What are various types of sensors used in the robotics?

Various types of sensors used in robots include light sensors, sound sensors, temperature
sensors, proximity sensors, acceleration and navigation sensors.

8) What are the types of AI?

• Weak AI or Narrow AI
• General AI
• Strong AI

9) Which programming language is used for AI?

Below are the top five programming languages that are widely used for the development of
Artificial Intelligence:
• Python
• Java
• Lisp
• R
• Prolog

10) What is the use of computer vision in AI?

Computer vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence that is used to train the computers so that
they can interpret and obtain information from the visual world such as images.
Hence, computer vision uses AI technology to solve complex problems such as image
processing, object detections, etc.

11) What is a Chatbot?

A chatbot is Artificial intelligence software or agent that can simulate a conversation with
humans or users using Natural language processing. The conversation can be achieved through
an application, website, or messaging apps. These chatbots are also called as the digital
assistants and can interact with humans in the form of text or through voice.

12) What are the different software platforms for AI development?

Google Cloud AI platform
Microsoft Azure AI platform
IBM Watson
TensorFlow

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5 Marks
1) What are the Technology Landscape of Artificial Intelligence?
Robotics: Today, most of the industrial world is using robots to automate repetitive tasks. We see
robots used to assemble cars, pack food items, paint vehicles and to even serve as your personal
assistants/servants in homes. Artificial Intelligence or AI gives robots a computer vision to navigate,
sense and calculate their reaction Accordingly.
Real Time Translation: Most of us use Google translate to get text translated from one language to
another.

Digital Assistants (Virtual Companions) like Alexa and Siri are being used in homes to converse and
perform simple tasks.
Autonomous systems are defined as systems that are able to accomplish a task, achieve a goal, or
interact with its surroundings with minimal to no human involvement. Autonomous vehicles,
autonomous robots, autonomous warehouse and factory systems and autonomous drones are
some examples of autonomous systems.
Gaming and Simulation is fast changing the ways in which we have been traditionally doing things.
Especially in the fields of training, marketing and entertainment, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual
Reality (VR) are two technologies that are forging a revolution. Driving lessons, flight training,
shopping without actually visiting a physical store, special effects in movies & shows, architectural
walkthroughs, prototyping and school classes are some of the areas of application of this technology.
2) What are AI Trends in various sectors?
AI is increasingly being used by businesses in a wide range of sectors. AI is helping businesses to
monitor data, analyse trends, strategize policies and help in decision making. So, apart from
automating tasks, AI is now being used to think and plan.
• Health care
• Finance
• Manufacturing
• Retail
• Entertainment
• Data security
• Automotive
3) Explain neural networks?
Neural Networks is the old name for Deep Learning.
Neural networks are a means of doing machine learning, in which a computer learns to perform
some tasks by analysing training examples.
Examples: An object recognition system, for instance, might be fed thousands of labelled images
of cars, houses, coffee cups, and so on, and it would find visual patterns in the images that
consistently correlate with particular labels.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are comprised of a node layers, containing an input layer, one or
more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each node, or artificial neuron, connects to another and
has an associated weight and threshold. If the output of any individual node is above the
specified threshold value, that node is activated, sending data to the next layer of the network.
Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next layer of the network.

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Neural networks rely on training data to learn and improve their accuracy over time. However,
once these learning algorithms are fine-tuned for accuracy, they are powerful tools in computer
science and artificial intelligence, allowing us to classify and cluster data at a high velocity. Tasks
in speech recognition or image recognition can take minutes versus hours when compared to the
manual identification by human experts. One of the most well-known neural networks is Google’s
search algorithm.

4) Machine Learning? Who uses Machine Learning.

Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a
branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns
and make decisions with minimal human intervention.
Who uses Machine Learning?
• Financial Services:
Banks and other businesses in the financial industry use machine learning technology for two key
purposes: to identify important insights in data, and prevent fraud.\
• Government Agencies:
Government agencies such as public safety and utilities have a particular need for machine learning
since they have multiple sources of data that can be mined for insights. Analyzing sensor data, for
example, identifies ways to increase efficiency and save money. Machine learning can also help detect
fraud and minimize identity theft.
• Healthcare:
Machine learning is a fast-growing trend in the health care industry, thanks to the advent of wearable
devices and sensors that can use data to assess a patient's health in real time. The technology can also
help medical experts analyze data to identify trends or red flags that may lead to improved diagnoses
and treatment.
• Retail: Websites recommending items you might like based on previous purchases are using machine
learning to analyze your buying history. Retailers rely on machine learning to capture data, analyze it
and use it to personalize a shopping experience, implement a marketing campaign, price optimization,
merchandise supply planning, and for customer insights.

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• Oil and Gas: Finding new energy sources. analysing minerals in the ground. Predicting refinery sensor
failure. Streamlining oil distribution to make it more efficient and cost-effective. The number of
machine learning use cases for this industry is vast – and still expanding.
• Transportation and Logistics: Analysing data to identify patterns and trends is key to the
transportation industry, which relies on making routes more efficient and predicting potential
problems to increase profitability. The data analysis and modelling aspects of machine learning are
important tools to delivery companies, public transportation and other transportation organizations.

10 Marks
1) How Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning differ from each other?

2) What are the Trends in AI in Healthcare?

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Healthcare is one industry that is being revolutionized with the latest technologies to meet
challenging demands of the time.
Here are the top 10 technology trends that will transform Healthcare in the future:
AI and Machine Learning Offer Better way to Spot Diseases
With the growing population, AI and ML are also growing to offer new and innovative ways to
identify disease, diagnose conditions, crowd-source and develop treatment plans, monitor health
epidemics, create efficiencies in medical research and clinical trials, and make operations more
efficient to handle increasing demand. Artificial intelligence along with machine learning can
help solve many clinical problems.
Robots in Healthcare can Conduct More Varied Tasks
The potential for robots in healthcare has reached beyond surgical uses. They will be able to help
doctors examine and treat patients in rural areas through telepresence, transporting medical
supplies, disinfecting hospital rooms, helping patients with rehabilitation or with prosthetics, and
automating labs and packaging medical devices.
Computer and Machine Vision Can Help Give Appropriate Care
There are various ways computers and machine vision are being used in medicine for diagnostics,
viewing scans and medical images, surgery, and more. It is helping doctors to know exactly how
much blood a woman loses while delivering in order to provide immediate care to reduce the
mortality of mothers from post-partum haemorrhaging. The technology provides accurate
intelligence eliminating the guessing game in the healthcare sector.
Wearable Tech has More to Offer than Just Counting Steps
Wearable fitness technology is not only limited to tell people how many steps they walk each
day. It possesses rather more opportunities for healthcare by monitoring heart rhythms, detecting
atrial fibrillation and send reports to doctor, monitoring blood pressure and many more. Wearable
devices will further help consumers proactively get health support if there are irregularities in
their trackers.
AI-Enabled Genomic can Determine Personalised Treatments
Artificial intelligence and machine learning help analyse a person’s genomic information to
determine personalized treatment plans and clinical care. In pharmacology, oncology, infectious
diseases, and more, genomic medicine is marking a great impact. Such information helps the
medical community better understand how diseases occur and better way to treat the condition or
possibly eradicate it.
3D Printing helps Doctors Replicate Patient-Specific Organs
Just like other industries, 3D printing technology enables prototyping, customization, research,
and manufacturing for healthcare. Surgeons can replicate patient-specific organs using the
advancements of 3D printing. It helps them prepare for procedures. Several medical devices and
surgical tools can also be 3D printed. The technology makes it economic and effective to develop
comfortable prosthetic limbs for patients and print tissues and organs for transplant.
Digital Twins Determine Possibility for Successful Outcomes
In healthcare, digital twin is a near real-time replica of life-long data record of an individual. It
can help doctors in determining the possibilities for a successful outcome of a procedure. It also
assists them in making better therapy decisions, and manage chronic diseases. Overall, the
technology can help improve patient experience through effective, patient-centric care.
5G can Support Organisation in Transmission of Files
As the healthcare centres are extending their reach in remote or under-served areas through
telemedicine, 5G technology will potentially increase the quality and speed of the network and
prove to be a necessity for positive outcomes. The technology can better support healthcare
organizations in transmission of large imaging files so specialists can review and advice on care.

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It also enhances doctor’s ability to deliver treatments through AR, VR and mixed reality while
enabling remote and reliable monitoring of patients.
AI Neural Network can Improve Healthcare Biometrics
Scientists are capable of analysing the atypical risk factors that were too complicated to quantify,
using AI neural networks. It helps develop the industry in various ways such as by enabling
retinal scans, examining and recording skin colour changes, and many more. Its proficiency in
finding patterns will enable the unlocking of new diagnostic methods and discover unknown risk
factors.

3) Explain different types of Machine Learning Methods?

Supervised Learning: Supervised learning is commonly used in applications where historical data
predicts likely future events. For example, it can anticipate when credit card transactions are likely to
be fraudulent or which insurance customer is likely to file a claim.
The most common fields of use for supervised learning are price prediction and trend
forecasting in sales, retail commerce, and stock trading. In both cases, an algorithm uses
incoming data to assess the possibility and calculate possible outcomes.
Unsupervised Learning: Unsupervised learning works well on transactional data. For example, it can
identify segments of customers with similar attributes who can then be treated similarly in marketing
campaigns. Or it can find the main attributes that separate customer segments from each other.
Digital marketing and ad tech are the fields where unsupervised learning is used to its
maximum effect. In addition to that, this algorithm is often applied to explore customer
information and adjust the service accordingly.
Semi-supervised Learning: Semi-supervised learning is useful when the cost is too high to allow for
a fully supervised process. Examples of this include identifying a person's face on a web cam.
Legal and Healthcare industries, among others, manage web content classification, image, and
speech analysis with the help of semi-supervised learning.
Reinforcement Learning: This is often used for robotics, gaming and navigation. With reinforcement
learning, the system discovers through trial and error which actions yield the greatest rewards.
Modern NPCs (non-playing characters) and other video games use this type of machine
learning model a lot. Reinforcement Learning provides flexibility to the AI reactions to the
player's action thus providing viable challenges. For example, the collision detection feature
uses this type of ML algorithm for the moving vehicles and people in the Grand Theft Auto
series.

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2. Database Management for Data Science, Big Data Analytics

1 Mark

1) What is data?
Data are individual facts, statistics, or items of information, often numeric, that are collected
through observation
2) What is Database?
A database is defined as a structured set of data held in a computer’s memory or on the cloud
that is
accessible in various ways
3) What is DBMS?
Database Management Systems (DBMS) refer to the technology solution used to optimize and
manage the storage and retrieval of data from databases.
4) What is Big Data?
Big Data is a collection of data that is huge in volume, yet growing exponentially with time. It
is a data with so large size and complexity that none of traditional data management tools can
store it or process it efficiently.
5) What is an Example of Big Data?
Social media .., like facebook,, Instagram..
6) What are the types of Big Data?
• Structured
• Unstructured
• Semi-structured
7) What is Big Data Analytics?
Big Data analytics is a process used to extract meaningful insights, such as hidden patterns,
unknown correlations, market trends, and customer preferences.
8) RDBMS store Data in the form of tables, with most commercial Relational Database
Management Systems using: SQL
9) Which is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) with a client-
server model? MySQL
10) What is data visualization?
Data visualization is the process of translating large data sets and metrics into charts, graphs
and other visuals.
11) A centralized repository that allows you to store all your structured, unstructured and semi-
structured data at any scale is called a: Data Lake
12) Which type of analytics describes or summarizes existing data to understand what is going on
or what has happened? Descriptive Analytics
13) What is MySQL?
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) with a client-server
model.
14) What is MongoDB?
MongoDB is an open-source database that uses a document-oriented data model and a non-
structured query language.
15) What is data science?

Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and
systems to extract knowledge and insights from noisy, structured and unstructured data, and apply
knowledge and actionable insights from data across a broad range of application domains

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5Marks

1) Explain different types of Big Data Analytics?

➢ Descriptive Analytics
This summarizes past data into a form that people can easily read. This helps in creating reports, like a
company’s revenue, profit, sales, and so on. Also, it helps in the tabulation of social media metrics.
Use Case: The Dow Chemical Company analyzed its past data to increase facility utilization across its
office and lab space.

➢ Diagnostic Analytics
This is done to understand what caused a problem in the first place. Techniques like drill-down, data
mining, and data recovery are all examples. Organizations use diagnostic analytics because they
provide an in-depth insight into a particular problem.
Use Case: An e-commerce company’s report shows that their sales have gone down, although
customers are adding products to their carts.

➢ Predictive Analytics
This type of analytics looks into the historical and present data to make predictions of the future.
Predictive analytics uses data mining, AI, and machine learning to analyze current data and make
predictions about the future. It works on predicting customer trends, market trends, and so on.
Use Case: PayPal determines what kind of precautions they have to take to protect their clients against
fraudulent transactions.

➢ Prescriptive Analytics
This type of analytics prescribes the solution to a particular problem. Perspective analytics works with
both descriptive and predictive analytics. Most of the time, it relies on AI and machine learning.
Use Case: Prescriptive analytics can be used to maximize an airline’s profit.

2) What are the difference between DBMS and RDBMS.

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3) Advantages of Database Management System (DBMS)

➢ Improved data sharing
➢ Improved data security
➢ Better data integration
➢ Minimized data inconsistency
➢ Improved data access
➢ Improved decision making
➢ Increased end-user productivity

4) How Does MySQL Work?

The image explains the basic structure of the client-server structure. One or more devices (clients)
connect to a server through a specific network. Every client can make a request from the graphical
user interface (GUI) on their screens, and the server will produce the desired output, as long as both
ends understand the instruction.
The main processes taking place in a MySQL environment are the same, which are:

• MySQL creates a database for storing and manipulating data, defining the relationship of each
table.
• Clients can make requests by typing specific SQL statements on MySQL.
• The server application will respond with the requested information and it will appear on the
clients’ side.

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3. Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

1Mark or 2Marks
1) Expand IOT.
Internet of things

2) What is Internet of things?

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

3) Write any one example of IoT.

Google Nest

4) Which is the first stage in every IoT architecture?

Sensors and actuators

5) IoT devices are naturally vulnerable to ________ threats

Security

6) What is industrial IoT?

Industrial IoT (IIoT) refers to the application of IoT technology in industrial settings, especially
with respect to instrumentation and control of sensors and devices that engage cloud
technologies.

7) __________attacks are real threats to IIoT.

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS)

8) What are the risks associated with industrial IoT?

Ransomware infections denying access to critical systems.

5Marks
1) What are the advantages of IoT
• Improved productivity of staff and reduced human labor
• Efficient operation management
• Better use of resources and assets
• Cost-effective operation
• Improved work safety
• Thorough marketing and business development
• Improved customer service and retention
• Better business opportunities
• More trustworthy image of the company

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2) Explain 4 stages of IOT Architecture.

The four stages of IoT Architecture are –
1. Sensors and actuators – Sensing layer for Data Gathering
2. Internet gateways and Data Acquisition Systems – Network layer for Data Transmission
3. Edge IT - Data Analytics, pre-processing
4. Data center and cloud – Apps & services

Following are the primary stages (layers) of IoT that provides the solution for IoT architecture.

Sensors/Actuators: Sensors or Actuators are the devices that are able to emit, accept and process data
over the network. These sensors or actuators may be connected either through wired or wireless. This
contains GPS, Electrochemical, Gyroscope, RFID, etc. Most of the sensors need connectivity through
sensors gateways. The connection of sensors or actuators can be through a Local Area Network (LAN) or
Personal Area Network.

Gateways and Data Acquisition: As the large numbers of data are produced by this sensors and actuators
need the high-speed Gateways and Networks to transfer the data. This network can be of type Local Area
Network (LAN such as WiFi, Ethernet, etc.), Wide Area Network (WAN such as GSM, 5G, etc.).

Edge IT: Edge in the IoT Architecture is the hardware and software gateways that analyze and pre-process
the data before transferring it to the cloud. If the data read from the sensors and gateways are not
changed from its previous reading value then it does not transfer over the cloud, this saves the data used.

Data center/ Cloud: The Data Centre or Cloud comes under the Management Services which process the
information through analytics, management of device and security controls. Beside this security controls
and device management the cloud transfers the data to the end user’s application such as Retail,
Healthcare, Emergency, Environment, and Energy, etc.

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3) What are the difference of IoT and IIoT.

Sl IoT IIoT
No
1 It focuses on general applications ranging It focuses on industrial applications such as
from wearables to robots & machines. manufacturing, power plants, oil & gas, etc.
2 Its implementation starts with small scale It uses critical equipment & devices connected
level so there is no need to worry about over a network which will cause a life-
life-threatening situations. threatening or other emergency situation on
failure therefore uses more sensitive and
precise sensors.
3 It deals with small scale networks. It deals with large scale networks
4 It offers easy off-site programming. It can be programmed remotely i.e., offers
remote on-site programming.
5 It handles very high volume of data. It handles data ranging from medium to high.
6 It requires identity and privacy. It requires robust security to protect the data
7 It needs moderate requirements. It needs stringent requirements.
8 It is having short product life cycle. It having very long-life cycle.
9 It is less reliable. It has high- reliability.

4) What are the Benefits of IIoT.

• Increase efficiency
The biggest benefit of IIoT is that it gives manufacturers the ability to automate, and
therefore optimize their operating efficiency. Robotics and automated machinery can work
more efficiently and accurately, boosting productivity and helping manufacturers streamline
their functions.

• Reduce Errors
Industrial IoT empowers manufacturers to digitize nearly every part of their business. By
reducing manual process and entries, manufacturers are able to reduce the biggest risk
associated with manual labor – human error.

• Predictive Maintenance
Nothing negatively impacts a manufacturing operation more than machine downtime.
When maintenance in the manufacturing world is reactive rather than proactive,
manufacturers are stuck trying to identify what the issue is, how it can be repaired, and what
it will cost.

• Improve Safety
All of the data and sensors required of a fully functioning IIoT manufacturing operation are
also helping to bolster workplace safety. “Smart manufacturing” is turning into “smart
security” when all of the IIoT sensors work together to monitor workplace and employee
safety.

• Reduce Costs
Knowledge is power, and the knowledge provided to manufacturers via IIoT solutions is
giving them the tools they need to reduce costs and generate more revenue. Data-driven
insights into operations, production, marketing, sales, and more can steer businesses in a
profitable direction.

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4. Cloud computing and its service models

2Marks

1) What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources include tools
and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.

2) What is IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)?

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the
internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of
purchasing and managing the physical servers.

3) What is PaaS (Platform as a Service)?

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the
applications.

4) What is Saas (Software as a Service)?

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a
cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web
browser.
5) Which is Cloud Platform by Amazon?
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
6) Who is the father of cloud computing?
In 1960s J.C.R. Licklider wanted to connect people and share data anytime from anywhere, hence he
invented Cloud Computing.

5Marks

1) What are the Advantages of Cloud Computing?

1. Back-up and restore data
Once the data is stored in cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.
2. Improved collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily share
information in the cloud via shared storage.
3. Excellent accessibility
Cloud allows us to quickly and easily store and access information anytime, anywhere in the whole
world, using an internet connection.
4. Low maintenance cost
Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.
5. Mobility
Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via any device.
6. Services in the pay-per-use model
Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access services on
the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.
7. Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud offers a huge amount of storing capacity for storing important data such as documents, images,
audio, video, etc. in one place.
8. Data security
Cloud offers many advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.

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2) Explain the types of Cloud.

There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's needs-

Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-usage
method.
In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).
Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App Engine,
Windows Azure Services Platform.

Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by organizations to build and
manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It can be deployed using Opensource tools
such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide
private cloud into the following two parts-

• On-premise private cloud

• Outsourced private cloud

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Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud can be accessed by
anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be accessed only by the organization's
users.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web
and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several organizations to share the
information between the organization and a specific community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one
or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

Example: Health Care community cloud

3) Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud

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4) Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.

The first cloud computing type is infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), which is used for Internet-based
access to storage and computing power. The most basic category of cloud computing types, IaaS lets
you rent IT infrastructure - servers and virtual machines, storage, networks and operating systems -
from a cloud provider on a pay-as-you-go basis.
The second cloud computing type is platform-as-a-service (PaaS) which gives developers the tools to
build and host web applications. PaaS is designed to give users access to the components they require
to quickly develop and operate web or mobile applications over the Internet, without worrying about
setting up or managing the underlying infrastructure of servers, storage, networks and databases.
The third cloud computing type is software-as-a-service (SaaS) which is used for web-based
applications. SaaS is a method for delivering software applications over the Internet where cloud
providers host and manage the software applications making it easier to have the same application on
all of your devices at once by accessing it in the cloud.

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5. Cyber Security and Types of cyber attack

2Marks

1) What is Cyber security?

Cyber security is the application of technologies, processes and controls to protect systems, networks,
programs, devices and data from cyber-attacks.
2)

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