Inf 713 Exam Notes
Inf 713 Exam Notes
Inf 713 Exam Notes
by Mohammad Dawood
INF 713
June 2023
Exam Notes
Goodluck!
INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
by Mohammad Dawood
Contents
Topic 1: Terminology and Technology Landscape ................................................................................... 1
Terminologies ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Conventional Management Practices ................................................................................................. 1
Principles of Disruptive Technology .................................................................................................... 1
Topic 2: Disruptive Technologies ............................................................................................................. 2
The 6 Ds of Tech Disruption ................................................................................................................ 2
1. Digitized....................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Deceptive .................................................................................................................................... 2
3. Disruptive .................................................................................................................................... 2
4. Demonetized ............................................................................................................................... 2
5. Dematerialized ............................................................................................................................ 2
6. Democratized .............................................................................................................................. 2
The impact of sustaining and disruptive technological change .......................................................... 3
Principles of good management ......................................................................................................... 3
Business Model Canvas ....................................................................................................................... 4
Topic 3: Theory of Disruptive Technologies ............................................................................................ 5
Nonconsumption ................................................................................................................................ 5
Keys for developing a disruptive business model ............................................................................... 5
DT Concepts ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Disruptive Innovations .................................................................................................................... 5
Sustaining Innovations .................................................................................................................... 5
Topic 4: Design Thinking and Digital Disruption ...................................................................................... 6
Design Thinking ................................................................................................................................... 6
Analytical Thinking Vs. Design Thinking .............................................................................................. 6
Analytical Thinking .......................................................................................................................... 6
Design Thinking ............................................................................................................................... 6
Design Thinking Methodology ............................................................................................................ 7
Empathise ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Define .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Point of View (POV) ......................................................................................................................... 8
Ideate .................................................................................................................................................. 8
Prototype ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Test ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
Creativity ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Topic 5: AI/Machine Learning and Digital Disruption ........................................................................... 10
INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
by Mohammad Dawood
Technology: the use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve
problems.
Disruptive technology: new technological developments that do not necessary disrupt but changes
the way in which things are done (which could lead to disruption).
Disruptive technologies within the context of business disruption / new value proposition as per
Bower & Christensen (1995):
Sustaining technologies: foster product performance. (First color copier (built on xerox design))
Disruptive technologies: bring to a market a very different value proposition than had been available
previously -innovations that result in worse product performance, at least in the near-term. (Xerox
copier (changed the way copies were made))
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INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
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Exponential technologies: those which are rapidly accelerating and shaping major industries and all
aspects of our lives (e.g., AI, Augmented reality, Robotics, Data Science, Digital Biology (Biotech),
Nanotech, Robocars)
Moore’s Law: Moore’s Law is the observation that the number of transistors per square inch on
integrated circuits has doubled every 18 months since they were invented in 1958 and the prediction
that this trend would continue into the foreseeable future.
1. Digitized 2. Deceptive
Once something has been digitized, immediately it In the beginning, the growth is a bit slow. For that
gets into an exponential growth like that of reason, its potential might become deceptive. After
computing. It spreads so fast just like the internet. that the growth speed increases. In a matter of
Many people immediately get to understand what time, digital technology growth will be notable
the product is all about. everywhere.
3. Disruptive 4. Demonetized
Here digital technologies are not only cost-efficient The advancement of digital technologies starts
but also effective. Digital things or services tend to removing money from the existing equation. More
outsmart their traditional counterparts. As a result, concentration goes to the enhancement of the
people will tend to go for digital technologies and software. The software becomes even less
forget the traditional ones. expensive than the hardware.
5. Dematerialized 6. Democratized
There is a notable reduction in physical products. Once something becomes fully digital, it can be
Most tasks which required separate products such accessed by millions of people. That is why
as GPS, Phone, Maps, Radio among many more can powerful tools accessibility is not limited to only
now be executed on your smartphone. the super-rich and strong governments around the
world. Many people can now access them.
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INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
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INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
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INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
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Nonconsumption
Nonconsumption: the inability of an entity (person or organization) to purchase and use (consume) a
product or service required to fulfill an important job to be done. (Inability to purchase a product or
service)
This could be due to:
• Skill (using a new computer)
• Wealth (affording a computer)
• Access (not within reach to procure)
• Time (waiting in a line or a deadline date)
Growth and prosperity can be found in the consumption economy (conventional wisdom)
DT Concepts
Disruptive Innovations Sustaining Innovations
• New Entrants • Incumbents often the market leader
• Simple, accessible, affordable, • Complicated product
convenient products • They make good products better
• High Growth • Majority of successful firms
• Large Customer Population o high market share,
• Non consumption / low-end part of the o high-cost structure
market o high margins
• Smaller Customer Population
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Design Thinking
Design Thinking: A discipline in which designers match consumer needs with knowledge and skills to
design and develop technologically feasible products and services.
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INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
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Empathise
Empathy is the foundation of a human-centred design process.
Define
Understand the people for whom you are designing. Good designs are built on a solid understanding
of these kinds of beliefs and values.
Engage to:
• Uncover needs that people have which they may or may not be aware of
• Guide innovation efforts
• Identify the right users to design for
• Discover the emotions that guide behaviours.
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Point of view should be a guiding statement that focuses on specific users, and insights and needs
that you uncovered during the empathize mode.
A good POV:
• Provides focus and frames the problem.
• Inspires team.
• Provides a reference for evaluating competing ideas.
• Empowers team members to make decisions in response to the high-level goals of the team.
• Fuels brainstorms by suggesting “how might we” statements.
• Captures the hearts and minds of people.
• saves from the impossible task of developing solution concepts that are all things to all
people.
• Guides innovation efforts
• should be revisited and reformulate as you learn by doing.
Ideate
Ideate: the mode of design process with the aim to generate radical design alternatives.
Ideate to transition from identifying problems into exploring solutions for users.
• Step beyond obvious solutions – increase innovation potential of the solution set.
• Harness collective perspectives and strengths
• Uncover unexpected areas of exploration.
• Create fluency (volume) and flexibility (variety) in innovation options.
• Avoid obvious solutions, and drive team beyond them.
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Prototype
Prototype: getting ideas and explorations into the physical world.
Takes a physical form (a wall of post-it notes, a role-playing activity, a space, an object, an interface,
or even a storyboard).
Prototypes are most successful when people (the design team, the user, and others) can experience
and interact with them.
Prototypes allow for failing quickly and cheaply (Creating quick and dirty prototypes allows for
testing ideas without investing too much time and money.)
• Use prototypes to learn - learning from interactions can help drive deeper empathy, as well
as shape
• successful solutions.
• Prototyping is a tool to deepen understanding of the design space and user, even at a pre-
solution phase of project.
• Build prototypes to think.
• Develop multiple solution options.
Test
Testing phase is used to
• Get feedback on solutions
• Refine solutions to make them better
• Continue to learn about users
Test mode: an iterative mode in which you place low-resolution artifacts in the appropriate context
of the user’s life.
Creativity
• Really understand the user and their needs (usually better than they do themselves).
• Creatively design new products and services – understand the performance metrics.
• Development by understanding users = Design Thinking Methodology
• Creatively design new products and services and establish a new business.
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Machine Learning: Subset of AI techniques use statistical methods to enable machines to improve
with experience.
Deep Learning: Subset of ML which makes the computation of multi-layer neural networks feasible.
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
In the machine learning regression is a set of problems where the output variable can take
continuous values. For example, predicting the airline price can be considered as a standard
regression task.
• Clustering is the task of grouping similar objects together. It helps to identify similar objects
automatically without manual intervention. We cannot build effective supervised machine
learning models (models that need to be trained with manually curated or labelled data)
without homogeneous data. Clustering helps us achieve this in a smarter way.
• Dimensionality is the number of predictor variables used to predict the independent
variable or target. often, in real-world datasets, the number of variables is too high. Too
many variables also bring the curse of overfitting to the models. In practice, among these
large numbers of variables, not all variables contribute equally towards the goal, and in many
cases, we can preserve variances with a lesser number of variables.
• Deep learning is a subset of machine learning which deals with neural networks. Based on
the architecture of neural networks.
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Supervised learning: The reason it is called supervised machine learning is because at least part of
this approach requires human oversight. Requires labelled input and output data during the training
phase of the machine learning model lifecycle. It is generally used to classify data or make
predictions.
Unsupervised learning: The training of models on raw and unlabelled training data. It is generally
used to understand relationships within datasets.
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ML Algorithms
Neural Networks
Neural Networks: Subset of machine learning and are at the heart of deep learning algorithms. It is a
computing system inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute human or animal brains.
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INF 713 Exam Notes June 2023
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Deep Learning
Deep Learning: A type of machine learning based on artificial neural networks in which multiple
layers of processing are used to extract progressively higher-level features from data.
Choosing a proper model for a particular use case is very important to obtain the proper result of a
machine learning task.
To compare the performance between various models, evaluation metrics or KPIs are defined for
business problems, and the best model is chosen for production after applying the statistical
performance checking.
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AI/ML Evaluation
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Platform Disruption
Platform vs pipelines:
Pipeline business – step by step value creation
Platform – complex value matrix, networked effects, and digital interactions
Supply vs Demand - control of assets vs control of interaction
Stakeholder Roles
Interaction Driven OR Mediation OR Broker model. LinkedIn has a Core Interaction the ‘connection of
business contacts’
Core Interaction is defined by: Participants = Professionals + Recruiters
Participants + Value Unit + Filter/Mediation Value Unit = Resume / Profile
Filter/Mediation = feed / linking related ‘profiles’
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Platform Revolution
Platforms need to manage the 4 C’s:
• Create
o Uber finance cars, Airbnb photo’s
• Curate
o Access control and quality control
• Customize
o Make it relevant.
• Consumption
o Feedback loops / ratings etc.
•
While most organizations understand the need to coordinate, the best ones develop a Mission
Control capability with the resources and authority to lead and manage across platforms in three
ways:
• Make strategic and allocation decisions: to secure resources.
• Set and enforce standards for speed and interoperability: The team establishes business
standards, such as how teams work together in an agile way. It also sets technology
standards, such as platform and application interfaces for seamless connectivity, the way
code is written and logged in service libraries to ensure easy access, and what IT tools should
be used for agile team management.
• Manage and coordinate programs that cut across platforms: optimization.
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Platform-Based Company
Platform-based company: A platform-based company will have 20 to 40 platforms, each big enough
to provide an important and discrete service but small enough to be manageable. To simplify
platform management, it helps to group them into three broad areas: customer journeys, business
capabilities, and core IT capabilities.
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Example:
In personal banking, the customer-journey platforms cover the customer experiences of searching,
opening an account, getting a mortgage, and so on.
The business-capability platforms deliver the banking solutions, such as payments and credit
analytics, and the support capabilities, such as employee-pension management, visual dashboarding,
and management information systems (MIS).
Finally, the core IT platforms provide the shared technology on which the journeys and business
capabilities run, such as the cloud platform, the data analytics environment, and the set of IT
connectivity solutions.
AI Platforms
Artificial Intelligence platforms are being leveraged progressively as a part of enterprise level
initiatives to digitize business processes.
A conversational AI platform integrates deep learning and machine level computation to automate
operations. These automated processes save a lot of time and effort while making work less
daunting.
List some of the top AI platforms for developers & data engineers that help maximize company
operations:
• Microsoft Azure: top choice of software developers to build AI-enabled business solutions.
They leverage the power of machine learning, speech recognition, object recognition,
language capabilities and knowledge mining.
• TensorFlow: draws heavily from deep learning techniques and allows enterprises to unlock
the power of machine learning capabilities in different programming environments.
• Google Cloud: This artificial intelligence platform makes it easy for data engineers and ML
developers to go from ideation to completion of their projects quickly and cost-effectively
with an easy-to-use interface. Its integrated toolchain enables enterprises to design and
deploy their machine learning apps.
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Ethics
Ethics: The study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; also, the standards of right conduct.
(Technology create new opportunities for right and wrong)
Normative Judgment: A comparative evaluation stating or implying that something is good or bad,
right, or wrong, or better or worse.
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Other International
• EU – The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
• US – The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
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