Radiam

CRapt L.Dual Hoatune 4

9Mattn
eshslishad
avwelli equakon 4herdy expimsulk athog'y
waue malune e ight.
iuovey X-Rays by Rbertgem
homew Ailped umdnstanduwa
and elion bJ.J.
Wiliam
aktmi alintune Ristoey Cattuoda nays g atnic
.

Gweks, tnuimed Jy
T..hamsern n&nnad
Aluciine.Millikam peapormeel his ploneewmg ail dhop
ehangena
erpeuimenb to muuu mdaaunemint
eleulew (eluciui ehaye a quancttud)
ud u
imadialid hy
ont tkat metals shm
tu i frund Ainilan to akode rays
w ight emittnd onticles
EECTRoN EMISsION
haue
{ue eluuios Aspenribl sa cnduchiik
matals
hld u n d ku mutal nata
These hee eledios a e
us
4y aktaasbue tous u is
miminuun anneumö negy agulea
A A Cetaiu
to am eleciow to bulW it t om the
to e guew miriinum n u r
durtau thu mulThs matal
eleulion fo a p e hem u
Aaqunèd n am
t t u mutal
is 'tallud the uwekumetuou
Auau measned ún eV
deuohd by aud
eluutin ott). aw

ue eleution vett io he aueleiaid

noggaued by
heen a
elelin shen ik has
heuu
potnhal diktmemu I v o t ,
evz 16 Xfo /1J.
t
ow
Oepentis
Wokunution depeuds
metal (2)atie i mautal aaw
PAahmumm hos ighast wenkfmmeliin ( 5.45ev)
amd caesium has hwest aktnlon 2-14 eV)
Tybes o Eleche emissnen
eleheu
u oimuum enenay Aeguued ky am

Cnn be ppluid by fotuslomig 'phyical kewrses

hernnionie ems ston Py Suutabty hsabmg

-

Auhiumub thmal ca e mpartid k e

emgy
malla.hem to Lme out o e mual
Rhee elutio eluubi huld
a an d emianan -

b.pn 1 , m be
th aIo® V/» 6. a metal, elikos
plled mt
mutable
(3) Phot-eletui emnen shnu light a
mata sua, elkans aL
equemu umumala a

emnitd ko t m a l amau. heu los (LGe)

genated elulkovo an aUad. phorth elulons
elulwe
( seiondasy emsno Shem fast movuug
sbike a mtaL kwkau, the &ammen tud mm5
ham
ke elubons dhe matab, thuub eotng
The emilud ellioa ae callud
out e mukal
Aeuondany duhos
muetal do not haue
NOTE l ee elukon a
Aoe eM
ths nnealkau
.

tmt ent
Aanjuis a e u g to
io t a l l d
This m u emermy Agud
wpamclien.

PHOTD EleRL EFFECT

hinemenew photo eleciie t h
ke oherued
os dstoumed sy leinnic Hex:
anexd n e delilos
that Rigu bottage spav plate wasi
emittw
emhamued
okum te
Roop oas

ullianolek kgotom anelamp

llumimatid by
i g t aung
6w a
mutal swkal
 (2)
ahmb tnMongh
dme eleulnons mtan ihe hwau
Aadiato to unneme
tuu mcidant
em
emnnr tem tons m the
atlnauliom ow the povilive
thu bmdae
duau a* a p e ew u
maliual one
Obsesuaons
Halluoachi aud lenand's
UV LIGHT
-62UARIz BULB

Aadiahns
wlkauidet
kmand obteued hat whww

h mlttu plai a
e n e aluoned s al w
uut f
tube enlonng tro euods,
CuaLuatid gos Aadiatievs wa
horw as the w
th uuit . s
Alopedl, aum Kow alo stvpped whew uv
Aada
mdicali at
obsssvaliou
These eluuliou ae eeclad
thu emitu plati C, u poitve
all ow
are
attnalid towads Hhe
venic auas
om ik Tuis Cauais
y u eleci ald
a l u peala A
irtnual inuint
Cunenk n e
undeutoek,
tu shndy alhen.
Hatuoaths illuunalad

that t e i n c
plate whu
osuued
e
Josk k charge aud beranne
y
ulliamset ligt, mhamua wheng
oAic unt
Poitinely changcd tonuludad
ilumumalisl y w Aigkt. eMLe he
negadwey chongrd þarbcles were mitthd em
-hat
unde the
aution o w lght
tue 2uuc blae
 My oberuad that ho eluuneng wese emtlod

at allL hen
a y u idaub igkt
os smalln ham a n t a i n minimum vauu callea

hnash rld h m , This minimum eauanu

he ndme mtw
depmds owe
q t u maaual ck he
blat
uc, cadnuum, magnahium upmd wlghtE
.0
C a e elelien onmum. kali mitals ike
sodim, lithim, potaiumn , Caesnm, ubidinw
ane amiine visible ltgnt
Ths phamomanon J shic malalu emub
eleuave han
thay ane lluminalol by kighb
suitale kaamam (real h a haostald
l e d uotoeluuti kct aud the elstos ane
amad as plhotselucsons

Ex eweal alidy hooeleu Ftec

indidewt Aadiukon
PHOTO SENSITIVE
PLATE EVACUATED
LASS TUBE
ELecRON

ww

POTENTAL DVDER
The above epeimantal 4ekup used o shdy
valaton photvcumt witn a) iulmilg ok
 Aadiao b) kaquony q idmt hadiain )ue
D
potnial dlteme behwem pRates A audc d) te
nau oTue matiial plati C.
used
ditfeneut eguemes
cam e
b
gt lorued fas
pultthe ppropuali tolou tilov
taltdg
n
muttis plaiC
n batu ight o

ma
Zhe iuiun iga 4 vmid by chaugu
b u igal kowe km ni e m i t t i
dis ama
minuky sh Rigat
ou
puotraunnstt
OEfeet at poiuve poaual
mamtaued
e colluton A u
heauonug tethe
h e
whb colluwla C. kaeptug
cidst hadiatou aud te aieluatuua potuhal
light u vaued dnd he
xed, te iniun,
photo eletsi unimt memuned
unn
he pluots cleeku t a u t uncaas Ameany
nlensik iucidunt light. The photo umt
eluiio
-XdudecHy roporttenal to e unbea e phoo
wit im

XThe mtimuy ancidanb Aagialon s e number

ehitd þev sund p nib a u a
e bstoeluekou withine)
particle nakine q light)

INTENS ITy OF UGHT

)EHet totutal Pw photoeleitui cuanwt
ke heguemy ok uueidunk Aadiatien xed,
auid l t i
te potanli A (ie) u goig to le
Aospet
The pheto eleelauu ussms wnoneaats wet mnnaae
i he pontie (auuuataia) pokzuaal Ha A
sme skage, tora tetaw porihue pokzdial o A
a l n e émiled elelien are calluulia Ja plah A and
he phuotoeleiue unst beems macimum nsatiuntig.
Eve ak ntneaau4 t u botiial eA uwtur, Ite
wo weneane w plnoto ellulsi uwnt. Tis moximum
vaue PEC is kalud satiuation cunuut.t
is that uaue uneut hat isanesponds to Lane shua
all he photo elebons emilted by plati C Aeaths A.
Nouo wiam a htonding (mgaliave ) o l a u a l u

appluia A,aud made mone aol meRe m4gaiue ut C

New he eleuhem ane Aepelled dud n he
qradualty
es engetiu eaulson are able s keauw coluctea"A
thotocuanub is koumd 5 desseane
amd sapidy
ke daos 5 2no, at a ntaiw Aharply danud, nitcal
value oh uu megatuie polmbal Vo on i plata A .
1e
incldent nadialio,
or paatilan hequeny
a
he
inimum magabue potubal (utarding) Vgweub

p&ate A hich the potouanmt kops n beuemas geD

pokantal,
called UT OFF e stoppng
s&utiont
PEC 2n0 oham tue steppvng poiuhal is
sitk
Aapel emm t e mast emengelie pheto elechent,
MAx KE, o
kE eV,
ton hiah wcttusetias
w emeut
sapeal+d
 was n d that e t Lalinalion uama o
elacnors
tpma to e aat mighe valnes.(u) mmone
ane b e g eiutea pën £euond, koportioual to wanr

But stoptpmg polenial Remams

ncdunt Aadiaton .

ne Aame, sofr a gien freanem o miden

adialen, he dtoppug potemtial INDEPENDENT
Amlinn The maimiw kE ue hotoeleuos
but
ow uw s e n e d emttea plate maiual,
depuds
u ndepeudunt a ntek& hcidaut Adiain

IT

STOPPI N6
POTENTTAL

-Vo
COLETOR PLATE
RETARD 1NG
POTENTAL POTENTIL

Aeqpany cideut hadialhen ow sppg

Eeck
e
potual
Keepma
Keepug the mlensik Jight sadiakon he amme,
he
the v aiato
uaiaon photo aen
a uitm toteutial sdhews
Cub oth potuhal. t ó tuntus sudid at vauions
Aeault shows t a t
auemuas The erpesimeulal

e mideut aadialions,
dahenb feauenis
drthewu valus skeppiug pokuhal ú obtauiad sut
hu saination auneut As obtaumad
.

value e
|hi samme
 pheto elaekors dapends
ow
The the omnitted
enegH
neidut Aadialan . or hughar
usill se t e ke a t e photoeleckoen
a n a , hugher
and Konue tu
wl he mea nogare
stepiug polinlial
PHOTD ELECTRC
CURRENT

7 RATION
CURRENT

Vos Vo2 Vo COLLELTOR PLATE POTENTIAL

RETARDING POTENTAL

ulir te uaumuy ciduub sadiahew and lhe

Consspevdng emne, elto will be t e tanduig potautual
sop
me we
Htme we a u hdE Atoppmg potuhal vas uisasy
Awin e auam h e udeut hadialie hr a gre
photoamsitiue metal Aro
e r e exis a aiaim minimum uub heamaM
whicv e soppu pobtal ü 2eo.
kon
(2)The naximum kE 4 u phstoelachonu vanus luinuarly
Ai u kaquernyo nidut hadiakon,but mdependat

3) a agusmu 2 nuidub nadiatien low tha

t -ut- heguenu , no photoeluilui emissnevn
powible enew m e utenty lange Tha rugueny u
Called hsshold aaguay denet pr drent mtlu).
& huamnuy erceeds e ut-ohgauy,
Ae photo elactue bmissrin sork methmtaméeusl
uruisout
om apbatent kme lag , eue menny
 METML
A
METAL
B

PREaVENCY OF INCIDENT RADIANTION()*

Phetoeluku enmssow (lauws)

eua matnal aud
( te e guew photo sotiue
falve thrushold haa), The PEc
ncidmb radiatiew
s he mtiunk idunt lgE
duicy ropntenal matmat andhegiany
(2)o a guen hooousive
sabnalion uaneni fuid to
widant sadiaien, sadiákein
moidewt
mopotonal 6 utenik q utnug
e mdapendant ot
ueharens stoppua potaulial kone
phoösansikwe malonal,
gwen
(3)
(3or a.. a

ut-
miniddnuw 'ut-d
t e 4 m u r q
tidnt

oxilsa threshold aagaanu

elouo wtic
fadialton Called te idensik
takw
pEemission peare, iwesgettve o
mo
a a
netamtanebus protes
(4) The PE miss
willout ay
ime lag

adune e elauical waue theoy

PS
wane fhery to explan
Sailwe clamial
Saine
emssne >0ee. to waue insa, itesy
wcidout hadiateu u moponttenalb s4uane
Qud Aeuce
d magnetiu relds
anmpindas e l c i u
noporional to eneng he uaawe
should emit phobelecken
hghar sleun
igkaa
naula shao hat
But epeimental
 stopt
atoppg
tems
otautal u indapendt heidt Jpt

ZAane i no moulow about minenum u t k

agueuy w waue pickune kut rperumeulk
.
alo
hat phoscunient eumcis belo
thmehld auenur
) Ac uwane b e , menrtu wane
A daibuled aleng a ksauehe a d heuu
a hiniti kne a raquuud y e olacbens to
cape e metil duau

Eusteink Kay o pholóehebi ekeet

Are to Eistan,
Phots eleetue emacue à h e uault o lcalien
omea photow q iidub zadn
uoparticles -

amol t e okn, aw elecnen Ahotosensiue Melal.

thu wildaud plhoten

u ud up w
(Ehe emnr

i b e a t n g elecbew kiom
th matal sunkae
wokunctienu Wo o te metal
ohic al b t
e megw h e pheleu s
Ci te maunng pant
sed im
mbartla unde euegy he jectad eleckon
Camalie
+ Wok-fanhen
h ek
k
P h o t o e l h t h o n

iluauls wi one eleclon_

ach photow
L mei
meta |
 mv
2
+W Lmv +
KE = mv= h- h h(-)
KE
whene (h, =
wk fameiann
kE h-vo) enstunu PE equaka
elashe
PE emisso s
am
Ae alo eplamed a t una

pholëm.and electien v e n i c
eoeliaonw Jehmeen a an
and Aenu
aiolues bam AY One lump
thne è o ime a
Seemimalien amuki Conatant and wakpumlhr
hvidut sachalio
sadirlton
between
delmuine e
Qmd stoppih pokntal Ketje au
tenstan
ukumtion amd plamuka

Sopph
polentl
slope =h Ace to Eiusteius phs
eleutuu 24ualub
Haaueny h - Wo
incidest
adlatton
-Wo
e Vo i the slotpug
po'tutal, kE. eV
eVo h -W. : hy - hv
- Wo
e
 o, Alope o the
o amcki tontomt =h = ex Mop
Aro, ue mlavopt w - le
Nekpwmeton ex magnihnde
y
pt.
AppRicaliou e holo ekernc misnen
w ansamgcmenb whicw Ceurens lignt
Phero cell
Snidenb emA mo eleciic endat
lighe PRINPLE PE emishen

anade collector ces (0) a tinemahogaphur

ENaCualid
( l n Cemtn deid
Calhode glass bulbs
erniley (3) Bwgli dlam
4ua alanm
5 ) phogaphiu Canuna

(6) auomati tenliol

abet Ajht aystund
a h am te teshod ()th shdy enmperalune
wquuy 4alls ow the calhodle Apeeta d a s
wtotoelautimo dhat ( otate mueras
ase toteidid lay amode matal
matal sheals
he cnuik gek nmplaid w epautiow ol
hme cussnk o . Aolar ballein
ThePE uneut ndicahs
BLDE BoX

the iluniky reiduuk BwE BO

Read he blae box !!!!()

 Qual nalane radiatior
aietalid uni ave
(r pasicde "movng Cn e
wrtt
a

amecialid
MATTER WAVEs-ttu wanes
ww woien ane enlld de Bogie wanes of
articles
matt wanes anmd thun wauelangt Callod
de Bragle oaueleut.
a n tclims mias - emegr nelatuonship,
E me

Convidewng hotom, a s a m eleutio magneti usaue

hequ , ik megu w e m as E-h»
D . U, m
Conaicduug a t ab a photw as a paricle e mas

E mc
h mc mc2

h h d e Brogtie wawelaugti
P
aem d Brarie 22uatien ,

S V 0 , ) -o -hmu wanes

ana amouialad ey uwttw mevig. paticla

Matter ichne elegamy mueapoatial the

Ubaue

Aeiseubngs wmertainhy unctpla. e h n aluoays

Aom mw.tauht (4) n tnu speeikicaton
posiien and som umcertaiury (4p) momendtum

elelnw has o dakuti memevetum

 i t Aas a detnke wauehugtu
by de Breglie ulalion, all aue pate.
wauehugt. extinds
A waue e dfunte n Ony
iue elaeiowu net otalisnd
ohich mians
4paue; hat n ó bosihien umcertaiuh
AL >0 - which u tennistent untt
nmile
t h umcentaiiuhy incipa
ennal,
matlevwaue i wave hackot
a
But
miti negcoru
ouer a a amd ia
c e aud
pae
exlinding Caulal
owaueleuguu
elaugue
akel
4reda aamd deme
mado
made
waueugh
AAAAAA-
he m e m a u t u
amd sy de Brgeli nelatn
Aaue a dpread o Mceüuuty
t e eledlen o l l alm
Hesuhog umcetaiinhn pinczpla
exparinug m a t t rwave
thu eun a
Acadina o Born,
BWE daleamune the obabilih
suane 4 ampihude )
BOx
denilg particle at hat poiub
per umib voiume .
b Aokabilihy
XPhobakihy" densa the barbicde
t probabilih
that pouut
Anall uslume Av'around
e und m
ue
a
lhe naiuvwue
b i he mliunl o
(A :uplthda) iese a reaE
lage u a ctain tegen,
kune k a
hon
pobabilih t tu paatide beng tound
hane h a ikmity b all
saue naline
EXPERIMENSTAL Wicalon
eleihsrwp Saiss on 9 l e n Epberinnout
 e
arissem a anme expenimeunb veriwd
nncple di{acin
elechons
-

aue ualm

beam e l b n staltred by ctals

s t up et m y labus a
rperiental -
Cherk READER !
ha
pertanead y vanymA
experinautoal wao
VAe
tk v. e ksa
fom 44V b
auueluatg polintal aApearad
tk
otiied at a abeug poak am auehatug
d a l l a d electhe fr
h
ebcusi augl e =5°
ultage 54V a t aw
derferrna
du b cnakuehne
he rak
he
satered dfenent layens K a
eleclaan
akonie lattice t h e Cayetal
h h
MV mkE meVo
h
-22 nm
V2meVo V

wntk
0.167 nm > a r e d
221nm =

LAcal vane
thleRzhcal vabue
54
gkt Photpn
ExTRA okie. pictne og
-

Aadiatun hsrl natteu,

O Ln mleailuon o nade
p a r t i c h s

E h
hadiatew behaves as
Called Photons hy and momeerumu
Each phetew has emuny E
amd apead c
Pm
 M pAoens q light qa porliular fregtauy fwanebugi
Aaue
haue Aame emvgy amd mmeutunk, wtateve be
he Aikueily adiatumu. Dw mumug ths itmnli
koe v eny Vainbeaae an munber of AMYons nestud
perguieudanea se Aouend
4) Pholon ase eleckicalh naubhal aud au not dashchd
by eletui s magnotl fold
aphoton- pärticle'allavn, te trtal emmn
uihe
Ttal mmoutiuumw n Lnaaued Houwev tn
PAotons may net be tonaeued, dua o
nalad
heten aksorhad nauophoton beug

k y ane malleag waves not emuaes.

dfenaute em usaues enigrhate fpouauehalkd

ehge foal tilas
de Beoglie waut e matug þarbicla.