PRACTICAL FILE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

[CODE- IT(ID)-5002]
SUBMITTED TO: Lect. Mandeep kumar SUBMITTED BY: Ranjeeet kumar
Roll No. 40551

B.TECH CSE 5th SEMESTER

Computer Science and Engineering Department

PRACTICAL NO. 1
AIM: Introduction to Database and DBMS INTRODUCTION OF DATABASE: Database is the collection of interrelate data means it is composed of a collection of files that are linked in such a way that information from one of the files may be combined with the information from other files so that a user may receive the exact information needed Consider the names, telephone numbers and address of people you know. This is a collection of related data and hence database. A database represents some aspect of real world called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in database. A database is designed, built with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users. A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A database consists of four elements as given, i) ii) iii) iv) i) Data Data are binary computer representations of stored logical entities. Software is divided into two general categories-data and programs. A program is a collection of instruction for manipulating data. Data Relationships Constraints Schema

 Data exist is various forms- as numbers tents on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory or as facts stored in a persons mind.

ii) Relationships

Relationships explain the correspondence between various data elements. iii) Constraints

Are predicates that define correct database states. iv) Scheme

Schema describes the organization of data and relationships within the database.

Schema defines various views of the database for the use of various system components of the database management system and for the applications security.

 A schema separates physical aspects of data storage form the logical aspects of data representation.

Types of schema

a) Internal schema: defines how and where the data are organized in physical data storage.

b) Conceptual schema: defines the stored data structures in terms of the database model used.

c) External schema: defines a view (or) views of the database for particular uses.

In database management systems data files are the files that store the database information whereas offer files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store administrative information known as metadata.

Data base are organized by fields, records and files. i) ii) Fields: is a single piece of information. Record: is one complete set of fields.

iii)

File: is a collection of records.

Advantage of Data in database 1) Redundancy can be reduced: In non-database systems, each application (or) department has its own private file resulting in considerable amount of redundancy (or) the stored data. Thus storage space is

wasted. By having centralized database most of this can be avoided 2) Inconsistency can be avoided: When the same data is duplicated and changes are made at one site, which is not propagated to the other sites, it gives rise to inconsistency.

If the redundancy is removed chances of having inconsistent data is removed.

3) Integrity can be maintained Integrity means that the data in the database is accurate. Centralized control of the date helps in permitting to define integrity constraints to the data in the database.

Characteristics of Data in a Database The data in a database should have the following features: 1. Shared Data in a database are shamed among different users and applications. 2. Validity / Integrity / Correctness Data should be correct with Respect to the real worlds entity that they represent. 3. Security Data should be protected from unauthorized access. 4. Consistency- whenever more than are database represents related real world valves, the valves should be consistent with respect to the relationship. 5. Non redundancy No two data items in a database should represent the same real world entity. CONCEPT OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS): Before you understand the concept of Database Management System (DBMS), it is necessary that you understand few basic terms related to DBMS. Let us begin with data. Anything can be data, e.g., a number, name of a person or place, address, etc. When a data is meaningful, it is called Information and a Database is an organized collection of related information. You can use database for : Computer Applications retrieving desired information taking meaningful decision reorganizing information processing information Database Management System (DBMS) is a generalized software package used to build and manage the database, i.e., add, modify (edit), update, delete and sort (arrange in a particular order) information in the

database. DBMS also helps to retrieve the desired information in the required format from the database.

Components of a DBMS

Data Catalog Management Application

Transaction Management

Concurrency Control

Recovery Management

Security Management

Language Interface

Database

Data Access Storage Management

I) Transaction Management

A transaction is a sequence of database operations that represents a logical unit of work and that accesses a database and transforms it from one state to another. A transition can update a record, delete (or) modify a set of records etc. ii) Concurrency control Concurrency control is the database management activity of coordinating the actions of database manipulating process that separate concurrently that access shared data and can potentially interfere with one another. iii) Recovery Management The recovery management system in a database ensures that the aborted or failed transactions create non adverse effect on the database or the other transitions. iv) Security Management Security refers to the protection of data against unauthorized access. Security mechanism of a DBMS make sure that only authorized users are given access to the data in the database v) Language Interface The DBMS provides support languages used for the definition and manipulation of data in the database. The data structures are created using the data definition language commands. The data manipulation is done using the data manipulation commands.

vi) Storage Management The DBMS provides a mechanism for management of permanent storage of the data. The internal schema defines how the data should be stored by the storage management mechanism and this storage manager interface with the operating system to access the physical storage.

vii) Data Catalog Management Data catalog or Data Dictionary is a system database that contains descriptions of the data in the database (metadata). If contains information about data, relationships, constraints and the entire schema that organize these features in to a unified database. Storage Management Databases typically require a large amount of storage space. Corporate data bases are usually measured in terms of gigabytes or, for the largest databases, terabytes of data. Since the main memory of computers cannot store this much information, the information is stored on disks. Data are moved between disk storage and main memory as needed.

PRACTICAL NO. 2 AIM: Introduction to visual fox pro

INTRODUCTION: Visual FoxPro is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), which allows you to work with several logically related tables of data simultaneously. A Table in a database contains a number of Rows and Columns. One row in the table is equivalent to one record and one column is equivalent to one field. OBJECTIVES After going through this lesson, you would be able to l start Visual Foxpro menus l use shortcut keys l use Visual Foxpro menus. l explain the concept of DBMS Visual FoxPro is a leading database Management System. It is a member of Microsoft Visual Studio. Visual FoxPro is one of the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It is windows based Graphical User Interface (GUI) RDBMS. The database is a broader concept in Visual FoxPro in which the information is stored in related tables. The table is equivalent to database of the earlier version of FoxPro. A database is a collection of various records comprising rows and columns. One row is one record and one column is one field. A record is collection of logically related fields and a field is one column information. In Visual FoxPro, there can be more than one table storing different stream of information. A table in a database contains a number of Rows and Columns. One row in the table is equivalent to one record and one column is equivalent to one field. STARTING VISUAL FOXPRO The minimum hardware/software configuration of the machine required for installing Visual FoxPro is that you should have a Pentium Series of Computer with 32 MB RAM and 10GB of Hard Disk Drive with Windows 95 or higher operating system. Here we have discussed 6.0

version of Visual Foxpro. In order to start with Visual FoxPro, you must ensure that Visual FoxPro system is already installed on your computer. To invoke Visual FoxPro, Double click the My Computer Icon on the Desktop Window. Then double click C: drive. Now, click on Program Folder and then Microsoft Visual Studio. Now double click the Microsoft Visual FoxPro icon as shown in Fig. 4.1

Fig. 4.1: Visual FoxPro icon within Program Folder of Windows USING THE VISUAL FOXPRO MENUS The Visual FoxPro Menu system can be classified into the following components as: Menu Bar Menu Pad (Item) Menus (Pull Down Menu) Menu Options Toolbar

Menu Bar:A Menu Bar is located at the top of the screen and displays all the available titles for menu as shown in the figure 4.2. The content of the menu bar changes when you move from one title to another title of the menu bar. Menu Pads (Items) The titles displayed on the menu bar are called Menu Pads (Items). You can use either the mouse or the keyboard to display the menu associated with each menu pad. Using the mouse, click on the title of the menu you wish to use. To access the menu bar from keyboard, press <ALT> or <F10> key and then type the underlined letter for the menu you wish to use. For example <ALT>+F for invoking File Menu. You can also use the Left and Right arrow keys to move from one menu pad to another menu pad, and press <RETURN> key. You will also find that some of the menu pads appear dimmed and cannot be highlighted or selected. These menu pads are disabled. You cannot display the menu if the menu pad is disabled. Menus When you choose a menu pad from the menu bar by clicking the menu pad, Visual FoxPro displays a pull-down menu. A Menu is a list of related options displayed in the pull-down menu. When you choose an option from a menu, Visual FoxPro executes it. Choosing an option means activating a highlighted option by clicking with mouse or pressing the <Spacebar> key or <Return> key. Menu Options When you choose a menu pad from the menu bar, Visual FoxPro displays a pull-down menu. A pull-down menu contains options as shown in the fig. 4.2. The options on each menu are logically related to menu pad. To choose a desired menu option you want, use one of the following methods: Move to the menu pad and click. The pull-down menu appears. Click on the desired option you want. Press <Alt> key or <F10> key and then press the underlined letter (hot key) in the menu pad name. Type the underlined key for the menu option you want.

 Use the Left and Right Arrow keys to the menu pad you want to use and then press <Return> key. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to select the desired option and then press the <Return> key or <Spacebar> key. You will find that some of the menu options have an ellipsis () after the option. This indicates that the option will further open a dialog box. A dialog box appears to request the additional information. Toolbar The Toolbar appears below the menu bar and displays the icons as shown in Fig. 4.5. To access the toolbar using the mouse, click on the icon you want to use.

PRACTICAL NO. 3
AIM: Introduction to Oracle Introduction to Oracle: SQL consists of two modules, Introduction to Oracle: SQL Basics and Oracle: Advanced SQL. Introduction to Oracle: SQL Basics covers creating database structures and storing, retrieving, and manipulating data in a relational database. Oracle: Advanced SQL covers advanced SELECT statements, Oracle SQL and iSQL*Plus Reporting. For people who have worked with other relational databases and have knowledge of SQL, another course, called Introduction to Oracle for Experienced SQL Users is offered. This course covers the SQL statements that are not part of ANSI SQL but are specific to Oracle. Oracle: Program with PL/SQL consists of two modules, Oracle: PL/SQL Fundamentals and Oracle: Develop PL/SQL Program Units. Oracle: PL/SQL Fundamentals covers PL/SQL basics including the PL/SQL language structure, flow of execution and interface with SQL. Oracle: Develop PL/SQL Program Units covers creating stored procedures, functions, packages, and triggers as well as maintaining and debugging PL/SQL program code. Oracle: SQL for End Users is directed towards individuals with little programming background and covers basic SQL statements. This course is for end users who need to know some basic SQL programming. Oracle: Advanced PL/SQL is appropriate for individuals who have experience in PL/SQL programming and covers coding efficiency topics, object-oriented programming, working with external code, and the advanced features of the Oracle supplied packages.

Basic concept of ORACLE Oracle9i Features Oracle offers a comprehensive high-performance infrastructure for ebusiness. It is called Oracle9i.Oracle9i includes everything needed to develop, deploy, and manage Internet applications. Benefits include:

 Scalability from departments to enterprise e-business sites Robust, reliable, available, secure architecture One development model, easy deployment options Leverage an organizations current skillset throughout the Oracle platform (including SQL, PL/SQL, Java, and XML) One management interface for all applications Industry standard technologies, no proprietary lock-in There are two products, Oracle9i Application Server and Oracle9i Database, that provide a complete and simple infrastructure for Internet applications. Oracle9i Application Server The Oracle9i Application Server (Oracle9iAS) runs all your applications. The Oracle9i database stores all your data.Oracle9i Application Server is the only application server to include services for all the different server applications you will want to run. Oracle9iAS can run your: Portals or Web sites Java transactional applications Business intelligence applications It also provides integration between users, applications, and data throughout your organization. Oracle9i Database The roles of the two products are very straightforward. Oracle9i Database manages all your data. This is not just the object relational data that you expect an enterprise database to manage. It can also be unstructured data like: Spreadsheets Word documents PowerPoint presentations XML Multimedia data types like MP3, graphics, video, and more

The data does not even have to be in the database. Oracle9i Database has services through which you can store metadata about information stored in file systems. You can use the database server to manage and serve information wherever it is located. About the Oracle Server The Oracle9i server supports both the relational and object relation models. The Oracle server extends the data modeling capabilities to support an object relational database model that brings object-oriented programming, complex data types, complex business objects, and full compatibility with the relational world. It includes several features for improved performance and functionality of online transaction processing (OLTP) applications, such as better sharing of run-time data structures, larger buffer caches, and deferrable constraints. Data warehouse applications will benefit from enhancements such as parallel execution of insert, update, and delete operations; partitioning; and parallel-aware query optimization. Operating within the Network Computing Architecture (NCA) framework, Oracle9i supports client-server and Web-based applications that are distributed and multitiered. Oracle9i can scale tens of thousands of concurrent users, support up to 512 petabytes of data (a petabyte is 1,000 terabytes), and can handle any type of data, including text, spatial, image, sound, video, and time series as well as traditional structured data. Oracle Internet Platform Oracle offers a comprehensive high-performance Internet platform for ecommerce and data warehousing. This integrated platform includes everything needed to develop, deploy, and manage Internet applications. The Oracle Internet Platform is built on three core pieces: Browser-based clients to process presentation Application servers to execute business logic and serve presentation logic to browser-based clients Databases to execute database-intensive business logic and serve data

Oracle offers a wide variety of the most advanced graphical user interface (GUI) driven development tools to build business applications, as well as a large suite of software applications for many areas of business and industry. Stored procedures, functions, and packages can be written by using SQL, PL/SQL, or Java.

PRACTICAL NO. 4 AIM: Write down SQL general commands

Introductin: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard interactive and programming language for getting information from and updating a database. Although SQL is both an ANSI and an ISO standard, many database products support SQL with proprietary extensions to the standard language. Queries take the form of a command language that lets you select, insert, update, find out the location of data, and so forth. There is also a programming interface The main commands are: Create Insert Update Delete Create:This command is a part of DDL of SQL. The column names must be specified along the data types. Each table must have atleast one column. Table are divided into rows and columns. Each row represents one piece of data and each column can be thought of representing a component of that piece of data. Syntax: Create table command is Create table <tablename> ([<columm name> <datatype> [(size)], <column name> <datatype> [size]); Example: Sql> Create table emp (ecode number(6), Ename char(40), Dept char(12), Address cahr(12), Salary number(12)); Output: table is created

Insert: Once a table is create the most natural thing to do is load this table with the data to be manipulated later. This data can be inserted by using Insert command. When inserting a single row of data into the table, the insert operation: Creates a new row in the database file. Loads the values passed into the column field. Syntax: Insert into <table name> Values (<List of values>); Example: Sql>Insert into table emp Values(1001,Ram,Education,Kangra,30000); Output:

Ecode 1001

ENme Ram

Dept. Education

Address Kangra

Salary 30000

Update: Columns in table are update using the UPDATE command. Values of a single column or group of columns can be updated. Updating can be carried out for all the rows in a table or selected rows. Syntax: Update <Tablename> SET <colname>= <value>[colname = value,..] Where condition; Example: Sql>Update emp Set salary=salary+5000;

Output: Output after updating Ecode 1001 ENme Ram Dept. Education Address Kangra Salary 35000

DELETE: We can remove existing rows from a table by using the delete DELETE command. The entire row is deleted from the table and specific column cannot be deleted from the table. A set of rows can be deleted from the table by specifying the condition. Syntax: Delete from <tablename> Where <condition>;

Example: Sql>Delete from emp Where ecode=1001; Output: 1 row deleted

PRACTICAL NO. 5
AIM:Write down the commands using all data constraints INTRODUCTION: Constraints are only associated with tables and are either defined as part of the table creation process (using the CREATE TABLE statement) or are added to a table's definition after the table has been created (using the ALTER TABLE statement). You can use the ALTER TABLE statement to modify constraints. In most cases, existing constraints can be dropped at any time; this action does not affect the table's structure or the data stored in it. There are five types of constraints:

A NOT NULL constraint is a rule that prevents null values from being entered into one or more columns within a table. A unique constraint (also referred to as a unique key constraint) is a rule that forbids duplicate values in one or more columns within a table. Unique and primary keys are the supported unique constraints. For example, a unique constraint can be defined on the supplier identifier in the supplier table to ensure that the same supplier identifier is not given to two suppliers. A primary key constraint is a column or combination of columns that has the same properties as a unique constraint. You can use a primary key and foreign key constraints to define relationships between tables. A foreign key constraint (also referred to as a referential constraint or a referential integrity constraint) is a logical rule about values in one or more columns in one or more tables. For example, a set of tables shares information about a corporation's suppliers. Occasionally, a supplier's name changes. You can define a referential constraint stating that the ID of the supplier in a table must match a supplier ID in the supplier information. This

constraint prevents insert, update, or delete operations that would otherwise result in missing supplier information.

A (table) check constraint (simply called a check constraint) sets restrictions on data added to a specific table. For example, a table check constraint can ensure that the salary level for an employee is at least $20,000 whenever salary data is added or updated in a table containing personnel information.