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2
Seeley’s
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology Chapter 1
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
The Human Organism
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables
pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education

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Anatomy and Physiology Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: Understand how the body:
• investigates body structure
• responds to stimuli
• the term means to dissect
Physiology: • environmental changes
• investigates processes and functions • environmental cues
• Human Physiology:
• studies the human organism • diseases
Systemic Physiology: • injury
• studies body organ-systems
Cellular Physiology:
• studies body cells
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Types of Anatomy Structural and Functional Organization 1

Systemic: Six levels from chemical to organism:

• studies body organ-systems 1. Chemical:
Regional: • smallest level
• studies body regions (medical schools) • atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
Surface: 2. Cellular:
• studies external features, for example, bone • cells: basic units of life
projections
• compartments and organelles
Anatomical imaging:
• examples are mitochondria, nucleus
• using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) Figure 1.1
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Structural and Functional Organization 2 Structural and Functional Organization 3

3. Tissues: 4. Organs:
• group of cells with similar structure and function • two or more tissue types acting together to
plus extracellular substances they release perform function(s)
• four broad types: • Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder,
Epithelial kidney

Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1

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Structural and Functional Organization 4 Structural and Functional Organization 5

5. Organ-System: 6. Organism:
• group of organs contributing to some function • all organ systems working together
• for example, digestive system, reproductive system • includes associated microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1

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Structural and Functional Organization 6 Major Organs of the Body

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

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Organ Systems of the Body 1 Organ Systems of the Body 2

Figure 1.3 Figure 1.3

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Characteristics of Life 1 Characteristics of Life 2

Organization: Growth:
• functional interrelationships between parts • can increase in size
Metabolism: • size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
• sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an Development:
organism • changes in form and size
• ability to acquire and use energy in support of these • changes in cell structure and function from
changes generalized to specialized—differentiation
Responsiveness: Reproduction:
• ability to sense and respond to environmental changes • formation of new cells or new organisms
• includes both internal and external environments • generation of new individuals
• tissue repair
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Homeostasis 1 Homeostasis 2

Homeostasis: Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease

around a set point
• maintenance of constant internal environment despite
fluctuations in the external or internal environment Set point: normal, or average value of a variable
Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point
Variables:
• measures of body properties that may change in value
Examples of variables:
body temperature blood glucose levels
heart rate blood cell counts
blood pressure respiratory rate
Figure 1.4
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Homeostasis 3 Homeostasis 4

Set points for some variables can be temporarily Negative feedback is the main mechanism used
adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: homeostatic regulation.
• A negative feedback response involves:
Examples Common cause of change
detection: of deviation away from set point
body temperature fever and
correction: reversal of deviation toward set point
heart rate, blood pressure exercise
and normal range
respiratory rate

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Homeostasis 5 Homeostasis 6

The components of feedback:

1. Receptor:
• detects changes in variable

2. Control center:
• receives receptor signal
• establishes set point
• sends signal to effector

3. Effector:
• directly causes change in variable
Figure 1.5
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Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature Homeostasis 7

Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the

initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• system response causes progressive deviation away from
• set point, outside of normal range
• not directly used for homeostasis
• some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions
Example: childbirth
• generally associated with injury, disease
• negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis
Figure 1.6
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Homeostasis 8 Terminology and the Body Plan

Comparison of negative feedback and positive Anatomical position:
feedback • person standing erect with
face and palms forward
• all relational descriptions
based on the anatomical
position, regardless of
body orientation

Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8

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Directional Terms 1 Directional Terms 2

Superior: above Medial: close to midline

Inferior: below Lateral: away from midline
Proximal: close to point of
Anterior: front (also: ventral) attachment
Posterior: back (also: dorsal) Distal: far from point of
attachment
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and dorsal Superficial: structure close to
(back) correspond to anterior and the surface
posterior in humans Deep: structure toward the
interior of the body
Figure 1.8 Figure 1.8
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Directional Terms 3 Body Planes 1

Sagittal plane: separates the body

into right and left parts
Median plane: a sagittal plane
along the midline that divides body
into equal left and right halves
Transverse plane: a horizontal
plane that separates the body into
superior and inferior parts.
Frontal plane: a vertical plane that
separates the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
Figure 1.8 Figure 1.11
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Body Planes 2 Planes of Section Through an Organ

Figure 1.11 Figure 1.12

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Body Regions Body Parts and Regions 1

Upper limbs:
• upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs:
• thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central region:
• head, neck, trunk

Figure 1.9 Figure 1.9

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Body Parts and Regions 2 Subdivisions of the Abdomen

Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10

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Body Cavities 1 Body Cavities 2

Thoracic cavity: Abdominal cavity:

• space within chest wall • space between
and diaphragm diaphragm and pelvis
• contains heart, lungs, • contains stomach,
thymus gland, intestines, liver, spleen,
esophagus, trachea pancreas, kidneys
Mediastinum: Pelvic cavity:
• space between lungs • space within pelvis
• contains heart, thymus • contains urinary bladder,
gland, esophagus, reproductive organs,
trachea Figure 1.13 part of large intestine Figure 1.13
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Serous Membranes 1 Serous Membranes 2

Line trunk cavities, cover organs Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:
Structure:
• visceral serous membrane covers organs Membrane Cavity
• parietal serous membrane is the outer membrane
• cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Pericardium Pericardial cavity
around heart
Pleura Pleural cavity
around lungs
Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity
around abdominopelvic
cavity and its organs
Figure 1.14
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Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity Pleura and Pleural Cavity

Pericardium Pleura
• visceral pericardium • visceral pleura
covers heart covers lungs

• parietal pericardium • parietal pleura

thick, fibrous lines inner wall
of thorax
• pericardial cavity
• pleural cavity
reduces friction
• reduces friction
• adheres lungs
to thoracic wall
Figure 1.15a Figure 1.15b
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Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

Peritoneum
• visceral peritoneum
• covers, anchors
organs
• double layers called
mesenteries
• parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic
cavity
• peritoneal cavity
reduces friction Figure 1.15c
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