Nema sm23
Nema sm23
Nema sm23
Published by:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite i 847 Rosslyn, VA 22209
Q Copyright 1997 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation into other bnguages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.
~ ~
STQ-NEMA
SM 23-ENGL 1991
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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............................................. .................... ..................................... ........................................... ....................................... .................................... CiassiedbyExhaustcaiditiasis.............................. . N Tiabmc .................................. CoadensingTUrbinc ................................... classified by Number of Stages and C a 1Valves .................... om SingleValveSingieSEagC'Iirrbint ............................ Single Vaive MuuistegeM e ............................. i n Multi* sil@ stage m e ............................ i n Muitivaive Muitisiage'ixine ............................. C i a s s i d b y ~ N e e d s................................ controlled (Alumtic) Exeraction Turbine ....................... NoncwtrolletiExtractiosi nlrbhw ............................ Noacontrolled Induction 'linbine ............................ CmmUed InQiCtim(Mixdnesslire) M e ..................... InductimExtractionTirrbine .............................. SteamIIiabinecctUl~ts.................................. Turbinecasmg ....................................... SteamInletEndseCtion ................................. ExhaustEI?dstction ................................... Irlemedia&sactiw ................................... Steam Chest (GOV~IIKN vahe Body) ............................ SteamRing ......................................... N z l s ........................................... oze StatiomyReveEngBladcs ................................ StationaryRevczsingCham~ .............................. Diciphragm ......................................... s . wnlrbirbe ........................................ ImpuIseStage ...................................... ReactianStage ...................................... shaftseals ......................................... casingshaftseals ..................................... Intemagestlaftseals .................................. BearingHousing ...................................... Bearings ........................................... RacaiBcarings ..................................... ThnistBearings ..................................... AntitiCtianBearings ................................... RotorAssembly ....................................... wheels@iscs) ......................................... Biades(Buckets) ........................................ Shroud ............................................. Handvalve@) ......................................... RotectiveDevice ....................................... COnmhgDevi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ExtemalcontrolDevice .................................... WamingDeVice ........................................
SCOPE REFERENCEDSTANDARDS AND DEPlNlONS RefaencedSEancbrrds Definithm CONSTRUCTION 'I)pesofSteamT
F R wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OEo
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............................. Nonconp.olled InductiaiIlabines ............................. IiirbineRating ......................................... power ............................................ speed ............................................ R t d p e ....................................... ae s e d Maximum continwuss e d .............................. pe N d Power end Speed and Steam Caiditions ..................... Stcamconditiaas: ...................................... MinimwnSteam(hKiibS ............................... MaximumStcamconditions .............................. MinimumEnergystcamccmditions .......................... Inletsteampressure ................................... ExhaiistSteampressUre .................................
Extraction Steam Rressiire
Induction Steam Pressure ................................ Inlet Steam Tempemure ..................................
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ExhaustSteamT~ perame
............................. .......................... ThermodynamicIienns .................................... SteamRateS ......................................... TheOretidSteamRate ................................. ActualsteamRates ................................... GuaranteedSteamRate .................................
Iiirbineconnectiais......................................
Steamcohus AuxiliaryconnectionS LlbiClUb
DualSteamconditions
VauiationsinSteamconditions Flow Limits for an Automatic Exaaction M i h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HowrjmitpforanInductionTurbine Units of Measurement for Absolute and Gauge Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . .
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outputshaftExte~..................................
NonpFessurelSpeLubncation (Single stage lbbines) oil Lulnicztred sleeve Beanngs (HarizwEalTiirbines) G?ease or oillubricatadAntinictionBearings ..................... pressurelslpeoilLu~ InProduction Oilnrmpr ........................................ oilReservoir
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S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL L99L
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section2
piping and Instnunentation nwisons for the Esrvin>nment Eaclosufe Exposwe to Nanrral Elements Exposure to Abnonnal Ahnphedic conditioas GeneraiRequiremeats PltsSureandTempemmRanges
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............................... ................................ .......................................... ............................... ...................... ..................................... ............................. vibration .......................................... Singlestagerbim .................................. M d t i s t a g e r b ~ ................................... clitwspeeds.L................................... NameplateData ....................................... CONTROLS .......................................... GoveaningSystem ....................................... SpeedGOmar ....................................... Multivariable Govexnor ................................... CoatmlMeChanism ..................................... GOvmorconmlled WVe(S) ............................... Servomom System ..................................... E x t e m a l C d D e v i w .................................. Speedcbangetlype ................................... RemoteSetPointQpe .................................. Valve Actuating.................................. s e d h n e ....................................... pe c a gr Speed Govaning System classification ............................ SpeedRange ........................................ Mx u s@Rise .................................... ai m m speedvariation ....................................... DeadBand ........................................ stability ......................................... Speed Regulation. Steady State .............................. steamPressurecaritrd .................................... PressureRegUlatingSysea~................................ PressureRegUlatw ..................................... Control MechaniSn ..................................... nessUre Controlled Wves ................................. pressurechanger ...................................... SteadyStatePxess~mRe guuion .............................. PressureReguiatioaiC . ............................ stability ........................................... pressure control perfamilmce ............................... Compensated coatrol System ................................. Electronic Governing System ................................. Basic Features ........................................ Accessones ......................................... Control Primiries ..................................... Control of inuctimo Extracoon ............................ r Missing Signai Detection Featrae ............................ SensorRedundancy ...................................
OverSpeeaTnp
Genexal
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S h i j l p i D g R e ...................................... ~ Shipneat ............................................ W i t and Storage of Equipmeat .............................. INSTALLAIION In-tion ........................................... SupervisionOfIaseallation
......................................... ......................................... ......................................... Overspeed'LtipSystem ................................... OverspeedScnsingD ................................. n i p speed .......................................... nipvalve .......................................... Combined 'Ltip and IhrottltValve ............................. overspeednipsystemsetting ............................... FACIDRYTESTING ..................................... 'Iiirbine ............................................. HydroTd .......................................... NoLoadRUnmngTesc ................................... SOUNDPESSUREJEVELS ................................ Gtaeral ............................................. swnd3essweLev& ..................................... soSmd~LevelMtasuremcntprocedme ........................ Camction for BacLgrwnd Noise ............................... souadResolution ....................................... Instnuneats........................................... S d A e nd o n ....................................... PRapARATI0NFORS"TANDSTORAGE ....................
PRECTiON BasicFeaues UanUalTrip
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seCtrOn9
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The Piping noblem as Applied to ?brbines F3nwDue to S e r Pressure tan F3nwDue to Temperatwe FarcesDue to Dead Weight AuowaMe Fces and Moments on Sttam Turbines DrainPiping Iak-ofli Fuil-FiowReii &Device CoUptingAlignmcnt
....................................... ................................... ........................................... Fouudation ......................................... steam Inlet and Exhaust Piping ............................... Cieamngof~SteamPiping ............................. SteamPipingSystems ..................................... I n e t i o n .........................................
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41 42 42 42 44 44 44 51 51 51 51 51 51 51
In-tim
operatioa ............................................ Noncondensing 'hbine opetatiano aMultisragecondensia ' f . g'Ihrbine .......... 'I)pical SEertmg Seqaence fima Steam nirbine ........................
Maintlmance Intluduction
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S T D m N E U A SU 23-ENGL 1991
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S T D * N E M A SU 23-ENGL L99L
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Foreword
Ilhis standard has been developed by the Steam "urbi= Section of NEMA. In its preparation andrevision,considaationbas been given to the work of other organizations, such as the American National Standards institute, the American Peuoleum institute, the AmericanBoiler Manufacturas Association, and the Amencan SoCiety of Mechanical Engineers, striving toward the deveiopment . ofstandards,anddtishaebygiventoaii whosesiandardsmayhavebeenh~~inthepreparatian of this publication. '%e purpose of this standard f a singie stage and multistagemechanid drive steam turbines is to faciiitate the appiication of the.se turbines by engineers, users, aad conuactas, t promote o ecwomieS m driving rotalhg mechanical equipment, and to assist in the proper seiection and app~ofthedifferingmechantcal designs of turbines. NEMA Standards P u b l i a SM 23-1991revises and SupeISedes the NEMA StandardsPubliCation Steam Turbinesfor Me~hanical z)rive S e M e , SM 23-1985. User needs have been considertd throughout the development of this standard. Proposed o r r c m m e revisions should be submitted t : eo m dd o
Vice Resident,E g n e i g Depamnent niern NationalEiecaicalManufacturersAssociation 2101 L S l E a Nw, suite 300 Washnigton,DC 20037 (202)457-8400
S T D - N E M A SU 23-ENGL L99L
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ii
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL 2992
AmtriamNationolStandandsInstitute
1430Broadway NewYork,NY 1 0 8 01 S1.4-1983 s1.11-1%
ANSUASME B1 . - 9 9 6118 B16.5-1988 B.0118 12.-93 B31.1-1989
Spcjficprionfor Soundikwl Meters Spe@hations for Octave-Bad, Fractional Octaw-Band Anolog Md
DgM Fms
Can Iron Pipe Flanges mid Flanged Fttings,Class25,125,250a nW piPC F b g e s and Flrurged F&gs General Purpose Pipe ThrecuFr (Inch) PowcrPpng
J h t Ililrinnfactprors Association 25 North Broadway -,NY 151 09
EntrrippedEwrgy-'Ibe~whichcemainsintk
volume of steam bappad betweem the turbine and a trip valve u notmew Valve. r FhibleShriPt-Ashaftwhichisintendedfmapera0ioa
atspeedsgreaterthanthe firstlateral c r i h i speed. Hmting-Te oscillationof speed o other c011PD)led r pamnmx above and b l w the mean vaiue. An MsEable eo
coaditioll.
Hydno --A test fm leairs and mtegrity 0fthepn~smecontainingcompentsofthe turbinebypressip1pag with water. ntemaiWaterW~g-Aproceduremwhichsteam having a high percentage of moisture is hjecte into the tuhine forthepinpose of removhg water soiuble &posits from the tirrbine blades and aozzles.
SpeeiTied Conditions-Specified conditiolls are aU customex d e f d power, speed and steam conditions at which the turbine must operate. Steam liirbine-A prime mover which converts the thermal energy of steam directly into mechanical energy of d o n . SifShaft-A shaft which will not be operated during tf n o d circumstancesat speedsgreaterthan the nrst lrrl aea
criticalspeed.
Therm0coupl-A &vice for Sensing temperatures in which a pair of dissimilar conductors are pined at two pints so that an electromotive force is deveiaped by thermoeiectric effects when the junctions are at merent
temperature.
NEMAStandard 130-91.
ResiSEnace lkmperaure Detector (RTD)-A device fr d o g temperature in which the ewhicai resistance of tbe &vice changes with mperaure. Response Time-* time required to ncover to the d y suue operatingvalue afterasudden change in bad. Service Factor-he factor by which the maximum power capability of a device exceeds its rated m.
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SM 23-1991
Page 3
Section 2 CONSTRUCTION
2 TYPES OF STEAM TURBINES 1
2.1.1
2.1.1 .I NO"DPISING TURBINE A noncondengng turbine is a steam turbinedesigned to aperate with an exhaust steam pressureequal to ur greatex tbanatmospkricpressure. NEMA11-13-1969. 21.12 CONDENSING TURBINE Amturbine is a sream Wn designed to ie
operatewithanexhauststeampressurebelowamia6p~c
2.1 3.2 N O " T R 0 U D EXTRACTlN TURBYSE A nonconmiied exnaction turbine is a steam trrranC which has an opening(s) in the turbine casing for thc extraction of steam but which does not have means f a cantrollingthe presswe o the extracted steam. f
NEMA SIPndard 6-21-1979.
2.1.3.3 NO"TR0LLED N ITuRBWE A I1oI1contTdled mduction turbine is a steam Mbine whichhas an opening(s) in the airbinecasingfainductioa of steam but which does not have means for CQltlDUiilie the pressureof the inducted steam. NEMA S W d d 11-14-1W.
m D INWCTION
P=-=
(m
2 1 2 CWslfedbyNunberofStegesand Clwvahrea
STAGE TURBINE 2.1 2.1 SINGLE VALVE -LE A singie valve single stage turbine is a steam airbine w i h has one govmor conmiled valve and one stage. hc
NEMA-
6-21-1979.
P E S R )m E RSUE B W A controlled induction (mixed pressiire) turbine i a s steam turbine which is povided with sepirate inlccs far steam at two pressures and has an automatic device f a conb.olling the f o of steam to the turbine stages followlw ing the induction opening. NEMA stendprd 6-21-1979. 2.1.3.5 INDUCTION EXTRACT" T R I E U BN An induction exmtion Mbinc is one which combincs t e fatum of extraction (controlled ar nanconmikd) h with the featuresof induction. NEMA standerd 6-21-19B. 2.2 STEAM TURBINE COMPNENTS 2 2 1 nirblnecaslng A turine casing is the e n c l o m which sumomis tbc rotating element of the turbine and supports the s t a t i m steamparts.CasingsshallbeaxiallysplitJadiauysplifa a combination thereof. he turbine casing W be divideaintotwourmon sections as follows: NEMA Standard 6-21-19B. 2.2.1.1 S E M INLR ENDSECTION TA T e steam inletend section is that portion o the riffpinn h f which containsthe higher pressure steam. NEMAStandard 6-21-197W. 2.2.1.2 EXHAUST ENDSECTION The exhaust end section is that partion of the cssing which contains the exhaust connection and the steam at exhaust conditions.It sha also contain the l w pressnn o stage(s) of a multistage turbine. NEMA Standard 6-12-1979.
2.1 2.2 SINGLEVALVEMULTISTAGE BN TRIE U A single valve multistage turbine is a steam trirbine w i h has one govmorconaoued valve and two or more hc
stagts,
NEMASEendard 6-21-1979.
2.1 9.3 MULTIVALVE SINGLE STAGE TURBINE A mdtidve A i stage turbine, i a steam turbine ge s wbich has two or m a t governorcontmkdvaives and one
stage.
2.1 9.4 YULTIVALVE MuLTWTAOETURBPIE Amuitivaive muitistageturbine is asteamuxbine which has two ar more governar Caimlled valves and two OT -stages215 C ~ b y P F o c e s S N e e b s
2.1 3.1
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
m
TRIE U BN
D ( A W W A C ) EXTRACTION
A controlled (automatic) extraction turbine is a steam turbme w i h has an opening(s) in the turbme casing for hc the extraction of steam and which is provided with means far directly reguiacing the flow of steam t the turbine o
stages following the extraction opening for the purpose of
mmiiingextraction pressure.
NEMAStandaid 6-21-1979.
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL L99L
SM 23-1991 page4
2.2.8.1.1 Aptsure impulse ur Rateau stage coLIsi8t8 d smionmy expnshx~ nozze(s) and one row o rotatiag f bkides. 2.2.8.1.2 A velocity-compoanded impuise o Curtis r stageconsistsofstationaryexpansionnozzle(s)Imdtwoa more rows of rotating blades. 2.2.8.13 A v e l o c i t y ~ p u n i d e d i m p u i s e ~ ~ s i a g e umsists of Srationary expansion nozzie(s), am?IOW at
rotatiogbladesandoneormorereversingchambas.
TbepressmdropacrossaRateanstageisreiativelybw inwmpoaisontothepssmdmpacmsaCmtis~.
Authorized E n g W n g l t l h n a h6-21-1070.
229 shaftseals
2.28.1 CASING SHAFT SEALS Casingshaftsealsminimizetheleakageofsteamoutof uie casing dong tbe shaft. For condensing turbines, seals are arranged t jxemt o rhe entnuiceof airinto the casingdong the ShaR *yare aaraaged fur the admifipimi of steam a a canstant low t pressmcand low m eam . prl e
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
INTERSTAQE S A T S A S H F E L
Interstage shaft sas minimize the leakage of steam el h g the shaft between stages m amuitisfage m r b h
NEMAStandaid6-21-1979.
elementinhorimtalshaftbirbines.Iheyareofihtsl~~, tilting pord mnircin type. In verticat tmbrnes,these atfito bearings tnri;sllv positiOn the mtar assembly.
NEMAStandrurl6-21-1970.
2.2.11 9 T H R W BEARINGS
Thrust bearings rn m g s which trammitthe a i xd thrust of the rotatllig dement t the beaping bousmg and o maintain the axial position of the mux assenibly m the
STD-NEMA
SM Z3-ENGL
I99L
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SM 23-1991 Page 5
2.2.113 ANTFRICTION BURIN08 NMEA 11-13-1968. htiictim bearingsstmuid have a minimum rating l f ie of3 yearsa25 o0Ohoursw h e n a p e r a t e d ~ ~ a t 2219 ExtemalcontrdDwlce maxgnumtblUStdradislloadsaodat~speed. An extanal control devi is an element which is EAuthorized Engheeiing Inkrmillion 6-21-1979. sponsive to signais other than turbine spaad, ie., flow, The rating life is tbe number of houisatcunstant speed presswe, -,and soforth,dacis toconirol the tbat9perctntofagroupofidcnticalbearhgswiiiopcratc fbw o steam t the turbiDe. u shalt be pnemwid f o Y* befcxe the fitaevie-nce of fatigue devebps. mecbanidy, hydraulically.or electricany actuated fiom kthomed E n g i i n g Inbnnaakn 6-21-1979. the signal sollfcc to position the governor vaive@). (Ref2.2.12 RotorA88etnbly mm S ci 3.1.6.) e tm NEMAStandard 6-21-19'19. "be r ~ oassembly is the rotlltingelemnt of the turbine t
2.2.18 ConadllngDeVice Acoatrolliagdevice is OM which manidly icaliy initiates action of a system which caaerols a(MnB1 apaationofthetiirame.
2220 WamlngDeVlce A warning de* is one w i h by vse o auibk hc, ii l r means, or both, indicates that an abnomai apefatingumditionexiscs,
NEMAStandard6-21-1879.
bladesorbuclrmsaremachined.
NMEA
6-21-1979.
2.2.21 Sentlnel Wamlng Valve A sentiael Warning valve is a pressure warning device whichopenswhaithesteampressurerisestoapredetermined1eveLThedeVicesha dischge tothe atmosphere andshallbesolocatedasto be plainly visible& For condcaskig tl&K%% it shall be set a 5 psig 135 t kFa(gauge)]. For noocondensing me the minimm ns i seing shall beeither 10 percent o 10psi (OLpa) above r maximnm exhaust steam pftssuR, Whichever is greater.
NEMA standard 6-21-1979.
following applications: a i n e s which um volatile gase^ t d locatiais where the discbarge of steam to the am+
2.2.16 H a n d W 0 ( S ) A hand vaive@) is the valve which isalates steam flow to a group afnozzle(s) to pennit e&cient apetriton a t
- Mbineswhicbareanangedforauiomaticworunatm e start-up dd
sphaeisobjcctionable,hamdousorpmhibkdbyhw
redmtdpowerawithdualsteamconditionsHaudvalvalves can be either manuaily condied or arbomated and are used on singie valve turines oniy.
NEMA SiaKliUd6-21-1979.
2217 PmtecthreDeVice Apotective device is one which, alone 0185 p?* Qf a sy9iem,respondsinsomepredetemiinedmannerto,~sormalconditionsaoendllig theopewtion ofthe unitorsystem towhichit is connected.
NEMA Standard6-21-1979.
2.222 s o w w s ) A soleplate(s) is a machined fiat steel piate(s) o castr ing(~)for mounting o the equipment supports and far f biting and grouting to the foundatiar.
NEMAStandard 11-13-1689.
2 2 3 mapiate .2 Abaseplate is a fabricated of cast continuwsstructure havingmachuiedpads for mountingof the equipment and for bolting and grouting t the foundation. o
NEMASQndard 11-13-lQ69.
2.3 FEATURESANDACCESSORIES
9. Insulation for the high tempemm section of tht Wine to limit exposed siirfaoe temperatme to 16pF (74OC) or other tempemture specified by the
10. Steampresswegaugestoindi~inletsteam,~
.P -
ring, nrststage,dexhauststenimpressure. 11. Coupling between the turine and driven machine (normaiiy fumhhed by the m8nufacturea of the dnven equipment). 12. coiipling guard SuppOIted frwi tbe baseglate oc adjacent bealing housmg(s). Tbe couplmg guard shouldbecasilyremovableandbe~ientlyrigid to withsiand deflection and plevent rubbing as a resuuofnamalt!odilycaitsctbypersonnel.Wbco continuauslylubaicatedcouplragsare~the coupiing guard housing should be fitted so that oil leaks will b p t d e me . 13. GlandleakageevacUatingappIiratuswhendiegland casngdesignrequiresitsuse. 14. Tachometer of the vibaatuig mai, machanical, r a e~type;iodicatiagspeedsfroniabovethcip speed to M o w the minimum aperatiag speed. Thchometers shall be suitale for the specifmed eavi-
Ionment.
15. Supemhry instniments to m n t r such a vibraoio s tion, axial shaft movement,tempemtms, etc. 16. Shaftgroundingdevicetocarrytogromdanysatic charge which might be developed on the hirane romandwhichmayotherwisebuildtoLevelswhich ddamageturbhcbearings. 17. Rotor turning gear togeUier with driving maus, engagement and isengagementfeaiures, and lube oil pressure interlocks to permit s o turning of the lw
18. AlbusSm trip valve which provides a means far quick and positive shutof of admjssion stcam f a emegencY tnppuig. 19. Nonretuni valve(s) for blocking ihe revme flow of steamfkom~intotheturbmethrough~ orextractioaopenings. 20. Redmiantoverspeedtrip. 21. Exhaustreliefvalveornrptriredisctopre~over piessrning of the exhaust end section (see S ci e tm
8.7).
mtorsystemonstatt-upandsbutdown. ..
2 s ControlledEXttadknandmled
kd d n r l e r u k m bn s Conwlle exmaion, ccmtrolled indoction, and ummlled induction exmction turb8nes &ail include basic
SM 23-1991 page 7
features W i n items 1 thrwgh 6ofU.1, together Witti those lisied in 23.3.1 through 23.3.4.
2.33.1 Controlled extraction turbhm shall bave apre+ 8utt regdath8 SySteB for mtroiiing mt p s s m of the extracted ste9m by regulaiing the fbwo steam to the f turbine stages fallowing the extracth opening(s). Anonreturn valve hr the extraction aPallng(s), which is also actpated by the ovaspetd tip s s e . is nquind far ytm installationintheexoactimsteamline(s).
242 speed
2.4.2.1 RATED SPEED Ratcdspeedisthespeedcanesponduig toratedpowa. * It is measiaed at the output shaft of the turbw, is expressed in rievdutioas per minute, and is quai t M less o than m8ximm~ u o u speed. s NEMA standprd 6-21-1979.
2.3.3.2 controlled mduction turbines Shan imve apms me regdating sysrem for cantrolling tticpm5urcof the imjucth steam toregulate t h e b w ofsteam tothe turbine
2.4.2.2 MAxrruw CWn~uous SPEED Mx u conhinuous speed is the highest specifiad ai m m speed at whicb a turbine can be operatcd continwusly pwidedproperovaspeed~goverwr- a r e
iastalledand operatianal.
corabns
233.3 Dependmg on the source of induction steam, the usashould consider the need for a steam ssainer in this h e to protect the loweapressure stages of me turbine.
2.3.3.4
NM EA
621-1979.
U A S~Conditlons
2.4.4.1 W N ~ S W C~N~ITWW M T Mmm steam ~ t i ~ a thelowest i l t stcam nu ii r e ne pressure and tempemm and lowestexhaustprcssm t o which theturbineissubjectedincontinuwSopaatiOa. NEMA stadard 6-21-1979.
2.4.4.2 M A # ~ ~ ~ T E A ~ ~ ~ N ~ T K I N ~ Maximum steam CDnditiOIls am thehighest inlet steam pitssrrre and imperature and exhausspIesllm to Whicb the tiirbmeis subjectedincaltinuousopaation.
NM EA
621-1979.
Controlled extraction turbines and controlledinduction turbines shall have a multivariableconic01 system which provibes interconnectiOn die pressiut rCguiatingsystemaadthespeedgovemingsystem.
feaaacsiistedinitemsl througIi60f2~.1,togctfrtr~ith mwisecmnvatve(s)far theextractionopening(s). 'he quan2.4.4.3 MNINUN ENERQV STEAY CONDITIONS tity and lomion of nomearni valves are tobedetermhl MniInm~geamconditi.Mlsiuetbe~inltt bythetrirbincman~basedonentrappedaiergy steam presswe and t e m m and the highest CxImust ~redimdaacypolicy. pmsm at which the turbine is requucd to produ a NEMAStandard 130-1991. specinedpower~speed 2.3.5 N ~ l l e d k i $ u k n n i i b l I l @ S 2.4.4.4 hLET STEAM PRESSRE N ac n I e induction turbines sha inchidethe basic o i o mI d uiietsteampressiireis the pressureof the steam supplied feahaeslistBdinitnS1 tl1rough6of23.1,togetheswirb t o t k tUrbii.Jtis mwredat the $tcf3minlet conncctim a trip vaive@)for the induction opening(s). of the airbine and is e x m a s a gauge piessure.
NMEA
11-14-1985.
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
24 TURBINE RATING .
2A.i
Power
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979.
2.4A.5 EXHAUST STEAM PRESSURE Exhaust steam pressure is the pressure of the steam system to w i h the turbine exhausts. It is measured at the hc exhaust connection of the turbine and is expressed as a
2.4.4.6 ExtRAcT#))JSTEAM PRESSURE Extraction steam p s is the pressine of the steam mm extractedfrom the turbine. it is measuredat theextraction wnnecticm of the turbine, and is expressedas a gauge
2.4.4.13 DUAL Srrrun CNMl"S Dual steam conditiansare two ofmmcombin8tons of iniet steam pressme, inlet steam tempenitine, o exhaust r -pressure.
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
P===
NEMA-6-21-1979.
2.4.4.7 hwCnON STEAM PRESSURE Inductionsteam~isthepIessureofthesecoadary steam supplied to the Wn .it i measureatthe induci e s tionconnectian of thetrirbineandis expressedasagauge
p#rsiae.
NEMASEandaid6-21-1979.
2.4.4.14 VARIAl"S IN STEAM CCXJITlONS The Iatng, capability, steam flow, speed re , and pressme control shall be basedon operation at maximum stcam unutions as defined m 2.4.42. Steam Mbiaes shall be capable of operating under the followingvariatioasininletpressureandm~but p e ? f ~ s h a l l n o t n e c e s s a r ylbem accardance with * i
2.4.4.8 INLET STEAM TEMPERATURE conditions.continuousopetatiaiatotherthanmaximum Inlet steam tempeniture is the total teInof the steam conditioI1s sha require review by the turbiw mansteam supplied to the turbine. It is nreasiireda thesteam t ufacturer. inletcmnectionoftheturbineandisex~inde~ NEMAStandard6-21-1979. Fatireobeit~indegrces e . CW NEMAStandard6-21-1979. 2.4.4.14.1 VARUTKJNS FROU hhXUuUINLET STEAM
thestandaadsestab~foroperatmgatmaximumsteam
2.4.4.9 EXHAUST STEAM T M E A U E E PRTR luhapststeam temperameis the totai t e m m of the steam cxhartpted from the tinrbine. It is r n d at the cxhailst CoMectiOn o the tuxbine and is expresd m f degrees Fahrenheit or in degrees Celsius.
NEMAStanderd6-21-1979.
PRESSURE
The turbine shali be capable of operating without damageat less than the guaranteedsteam flow tothe Mbine with average Wet pressure of 105 percent of maximum idet steam pressure. (This pemisible variation recognizesthe~inpressurewith~insteamflOW
2.4.4.10 W A l STEAM T M E A U E R C" E PRTR Exaaction steam temperatureisthetotalteInperatureof the steam extracte from the turbine. It is measuredat the exixmirn connection of the tintiineandis eJtpressedin egreesFahrenheit o m degrees Celsius. r
NEMASEendaid6-21-1979.
encountered in operahion.) The inlet steam pxsure shall average not more than
maximum pressiire over any 12 month opedug period, Theinlttsteamprwsureshailnotexceed110perccmd maximumpressurein maintainingtheseaverages,e;xcept during a b d COilClitioI1S. During abmnmal c sdtm the steam paessare at the o i ii , tiirbineinletconnectionshallbepermitredtoexdmaxh u m pressure briefly by as much as 2pesent, buthe aggre@e drnation of such swings beyond 1M percent of maximumpssure shallnotexceed 12hwrsper 12mondi operatingpenod.
NM EA 6-21-19m.
244.11 1NDUCTK))II STEAM TENPERATURE Uiductioosteamtempenimreisthetotalm~of t h e ~ s t e a l n ~ W t o t Itislmasmtd h e ~ a the iiiductionconnectimof die turbine and is expressed t in de Fahrenheitorin Celsius.
NEMASEandaid-21-1979.
Theinietsteamtempeniturestaveragenotmorethan maximum tempexatme over any 12 month operatmg p e riod. In maintaining this average, the tempemm shall n t o exceedmaximum tempemureby nme than 1fl(8oc) exceptduringabnnmalcoaditions.Duringabaonnalcooditions, the tempcratiae shall not exceed maximum ternperature by m m dian m ( 1 4 O c ) fwojmathgperiods
S T D - N E M A SI 23-ENGL L77L
SM 23-1991 page9
-TE rbinesmunrateisthequaatityofrmctsteamnqairad by the tlirbioe per miit of power outpit, lneasmdattbt ouiputshaftofthe tmbme. I isd t y-e i pounds n ofsteamperhorstpower-hour(orinkilogremsasteem pa kilowatt-hour).
2.51 -2.2 TURBINE GEAR STEAM WlE
Whenagearisprovidedytheturbineman~,tht
turbine gear steam rate is the quantity o inlet weam f required by the turbine gear set per unit of power outpiit, measured at the output shaft of the! gear. It is &y
SM 23-1991
Page 10
eqxessed mpoundsof steam pet harsepower-hour (or in kil~0fsteampexkilowa#-hour.
NEMAStendard-21-1979.
2.5.1.3 GUARANTEED STEAM RATE' Theguarauteed steam rate is thesteam rate which will not be exceeded When the turbine isoperaredat w)rmal power, speed. and steam condkions.
NEMAStenderd6-21-1979.
26.3
ArorlllaryConneUtons
AuxiliarycotlIlectiomthataredireadedshallconf~to e
fat
2.6 TURM"CO"ECTK)NS u 1 o u t p u t s h a f f ~
casingandsteamchest,casingsealingglandsandbeariqg h~~,cooling~,valve~l~~,and~fforih
11-14-1086.
26.1.1 Omput shaft cxtensionS shall be Spatable for a cyimdrical coupling bore and provided with a keyway(& tapaed ooupling bom with a keyway(s), tapered for a hydraulic ft, or ntted with an hie!@coupling hub.
N E M A W 11-14-1985.
NipressueTypekibrcation(Singie
ste(leWW)
2.6.1 2 When a tapered shaft extension with keyway(s) is specied,the taper, wupiing hub, andmupiingnut sha be in accardancewirb Figure 2-1. NEMA taper diameteSS areavailablefarshaflextenshsfrwi2 inches m 5 inches.
NEMA11-14-1985.
ence fit
NME A 11-14-1985.
OIL LUBRlCATESLEEVE BWNS (tiomzomL~~meB) a LU~~WOIIbe prended by oil l h ~SimShould ilar means. b Beating housings should be large enough to peanit . solidsor water m d e to the bottarn and should haw a dtain connection at the lowest point, ol fiil i fittings, and an oil level indicam. g C. . F ~ i l i h f o r c d i nshouldbeprovided~hcnne^essary to assure the proper oil temperahrre. nie cooling water should be supplied a a temperame t not exceeding 9 % 3 O ) 0(2c. GREASE OIL LLJBUCAE A N i F H C " OR
BEAWNGS
26.1.4 When a hydraulic fit coupling is s e i i d the pcfe, mountiug method should be reviewed with the turbine lnallllfimmr.
NEMAStandard 11-14-1985.
2.7.1.2
2.6.1.5 Recommended use o one and two keys and f keyways is as shown in Tbble 2-1.
Authid Enginwring Intomiobon 11-14-1986. *
SteamComecUons 'Iiirbmeflangedsteam Connections shallbe facedand drilled for bolting to flanges w i h arem accordancewith hc ANSUASME B16.1 o B16.5. r CastiNnlflaagecOM~nsshallbeflatfaced The thicknessof cast iron exhaust flanged connections under 1 0 m c h e s ( 2 s o m m ) i n d ~ b e n o t l e s s m Class 25 o ANSUASME B 16.1. f Singie vaive single stage hariuwall Ysplitcasinganbines shall have steam cannectionsm the bwexhaifdthe trnbiae. connections for making up topipenot0ver2 inches in diametex (So m m nominal diamtter) shall have
22 &
Gmse-lubricated autifriction bearings should be regreaseable ~ Ikid. Grease fittings should exdie I tendtotheoutsideoftheniachiaetopermitregreasingduringopemion. Means should be provided far venting grease lutNicated bearings to pment the buildup of pnssure within the housing. Facitiesforcoolingshouldbeprovidedwbennecessary to assure the proper lubricant tempemme. The cooling water shouid be suppiied at a temperature not exceeding 909: (32Oc).
27.2
2.7.2.1 ~ O D U C T I N It is recognized that there is awidevariation in turbine Szesandapplicaths which makes it impracticai t have o one recommended lubrication systcm ckign. However,
STD.NEMA
SM 23-1991
Page 11
total cooling loadandshouidbearrangedandventedf maintaining eitha cooler with the Wire in ojmation.
27292
OILPWPS
2725 ...
OIL FILTER(S)
Single or twin oil tilters may be used. Afiltafs) shoptd 2 2 2 1 A main ol pump driva from the turbine shaft 7.. i be capable of nmving panicles iarger than 25 micmns. ar a seperately driven pump to provi& oil for lubrication When the film is clean, the pmsurc drop sbould not aadgovemingshouldbepm4de.d. exceed5 Pgi (35 kPa)atdesign t a n m a a d flow. Tiviu flters should be piped i paraiicl witha c n n ofkw 272.2.2 Anauxiliaryoilpumpforuseduringthc starttransfervalve t permit the transfa of oil fiom 011c filta o u p s h p t - Q w n p e M d s h w l d b e ~ w h e n r e q ~ t o t h e o c h a w i t b u' tg~ oil flow. Each nUa the by bic design whan qecihd. niiS pump should be should be sized fm the total oil flow end sbaild bc Upowaedbyadiffemismceofeaagythanthemainoil ranged aad vented for lminmining uthu filtawirh tbe pimp.AprrssurtsensingdeviceshouMbeprovidedfcx tiirbineinoperation.Acommontrsasfavalvemaybt~ aptomatically sfming the ruailiary oil pump when the oil fortheoilflteIsaQdcoolas.ml~cartridgeshouldbe pmsmeintbcmainsystemdmpsbebwapredetermined camsion nesisauu. Filter cases should be suitable for vl am opaationatapressurenotlesstbanthcreiidvahn~ For a Mbinedriven auxiliary oil pump, the turbine oftbepmitivedispiacementoilpumpsoratthemaximum 8bOdd d m to all of the @pli* pvisim of diese shut off discharge pressiire of cenhifugal oil pump.
sltmd&L
2726 RPNAND INSTRWEWTAT" ... 27261 Pressure sensitive devices sboahl be prwidad .... forea&prtssurclevel(forwrampie,oii h&tokarings, discharge 6rom oil pumps, befase and afta flta(s) and c ~ n h oil). Means should be pwidad fm BII ai-liee ~l
main~asappropriaie.
Authorired Engineering Inforniafion l - C O s lllB.
a
c .
d
t .
f .
2.7204 oLcoolar(s) The oii coola should be capable of maimhhg the empuame oftbc oil supplied to the bcaringsatamaximimi d 120F (49oc), with a maximum woling water tmrpaaaarcmx excealhg 90F (32OC). It should have a f w l i n g f C ~ o f O .onlthe wataside fopcoaliag towel ~ water an afouling faaor asncommendcdby the manu-
27262 if bearing mctal thenwconples ot #Il)s arc .... not pvic, tben thamometers should be povidad for oilwtlet fromcachbesring housing.Tbemiametasmay be provi&dbefore and after oil d e r @ ) . Thermowells should b e p v i d d in the piping f a t h e m ofthCrm e t e r repiacemaitwhile oniine.Tbenmweiasshouki begaSfilledOrcrnrosion-resistantbimetalliCtypc.
AuthorioedEngineeringI n
11-14-1985.
27263 An oil sight flow indicatm wbui spccifia .... shouldbe provided m the oil return from each caring
housing where thedesign permis
Authofbd Engineering Infotmatm 11-14-1985.
nicMafarothtrcoolingwatesources.'Ibemo~sbould be suitable fora working pressmeof notkss than 75 psig [517 kPa (gauge)] m the w w side. Singkartwin~kmmaybeused.Eechcoolershould be capable of operatioa a a pressure quai to o peat ter t r tima the ni f valve setting of positive displacement ol le i pumps o ofth maxllnum shutoff dischargepressiae of r ca~trifugali pumps. M coolets should be piped in ol paraciwith acontintmusflow transfervalve t pert., ,ithe o traas6er of ol from one cooler to the ocher without interi rupting the oil flow. Each cooler should be sized for the
27264 A pressiire regulam o relief vaive should be .... r providedto maintain the oil pressure level(s).
A u t h o n z e d E n g t n e a r i n*g I ~ 11-14-10Bti.
2.8.1
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL 3991
SM 23-1991 Paga 12
be mi@ted by the use o one or moxe of the measmes f bescribed i 2.82 and 2 8 . n .3
Authobd Engineefing Infonnetkn 11-14-1985.
2 ExporiuretoNaifal~ m in general, d exposed surfaces should be potected againstrusting by apaotectivecoatiagor paint after instalhion of the unit. Enposed workiqg parts which affect aperation d the u i such as govexnor, govexnor inkage, nt fuiuum pomts, Valve stems,and imilw elements should b e ~ a g a i a s t ~ g i s t u i g the useof comwionresisby
tantmatenalS. Equipment having nonpressure lubricated bearings
y x bearinghai9ngs. EqpipntnthaMig~l&iCaboihydrauEicgovaning systans,or both, shouldbepruwtedasWowx
Exposu~toAb~mialAtmospheric oondltkns if possible, the turbine should be located away froin damaging f m and vapars, or abrasive, magnetic ai ua metallic dust. If ti i not pnictical, the atmospheric hs s candirioas should be called t the aaention of the manuo factufft. Suitable materialsor protective coatings may be
23 ..
requiredtoansetthecomisiveeffectsofthefumes.When necessary, purge air connections on bearing housings, glaad cases,and govemm should be provided.
Auth#ired EnQnWringInfonnaoion 11-14-1s.
2.82.1 The lULnisystem 09 goveanar system, 09 both, should be protected againstthe entrance of water or foreign materials by proper seaiing devices. The points to beprotectedinchideallcofinectuwis - orapeningstotbeoil EaleVoir, goveznor. g r m t r bearing housings, and B o o , o
PmssuteanTemperaaireRanges Sieam turbines shouidbe designed and proportionedfar operationatmaximumsteamconditions.Genedpressnre and tempexatme ranges utsown in Figure 2-2. The ranges are general, accmding to tempeam&xsure cambinationsat w i h pomt material or design changes, hc OrbOth,~~berequired.
2.9.1
Authorlled EngineeringInformation6-21-1978.
Vlbratlon T e vibmion of the turbine rotar (double ampitude) h within thespecifedoperatingspeedrangeas measuredon thesprfacedtheshaftadjacenttotheradialbeaaingsshall be m accadancewith the foilowing:
2.9.2
2.9.2.1 SINOLE STAGE TURBINES The maximum permissible w i o n sha be not peatex than 2.0 mils for speeds 4ooo rpm and lower, or 1.5 mils for speeds 4001 qnn and higher.
NEMAStandard 11-10-1985.
heating. o 3. An enclosure or bood with venting t cover the govemlg system may be provided, and heating shouklbesuppliedtoprevent icing. The amountand type of enclosure and heating wiii be governed by localconditions. 4. Protection against fieeziag for instnuaenBand dPi@& 5. m e manufacturer shouid identay those lines i n
2.9.2.2 MULTISTAGE TRBINES T e maximum permissi'ble vibratian shall be ih ndaace with F g r 2-2. The absolute values for vibrath iue levels above 3ooo rpm can be derived from the following formule 1 M Shaft mechanid and electrid runout sbaii be determined by slow rolling the rotor in its bearings while measming the Nwut with a proximity pmbe. if it can be
~resuat-protectionoypa.asa.
demaisoatedthatmtcbanid&electncalnmoutis~ent, this sha be added to the abwale vibration level up toamaximum 25 peacent of thedioweddoubleampiitude v i o 2 mils, whichever is greater. r 5
NEMAStendard 6-21-1978.
AuthobdEngineeMgInfomiehon 11-14-1985.
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL 1771
SM 23-1991 Page 13 not have the specified margins betweem the apaating
speadsand~speeds.nthiscasetheturbinedesigna should Catculanerotor response to unbalance. The prime caisiderationisseasitivitytom~ Authorired Enghming Inlonnation 6-21-1985.
Manufacainr'snameandbcatioa SaialnumW
Ratedborsepower
Ratedspeed Maximuminletste9mpressure
Maximmillletsteamtunpenitiite
fied).
StlfJu
be given on the
8. Maximumexhauststeampressure 9. M a M m u m e x ~ ~ p r t s s u r e ( i f ~ blc) 10. Tripspeed 11. Maximum continuous speed (ifdifmnt fim rated
rg6ed). 12 F lataalcritical speed m i 13. purchaser's equipmeat item number (when speciNEMA standard 6-21-1979.
STD-NEMA SM 23-ENGL
1993
ft +'
CIE
S T D - N E M A S U 23-ENGL
1991
6470247 0524318 2 7 9
SM 23-1991 Page 15
RPM. THOUSANDS
SM 23-1991 Page 16
40 50
65 75 90 100 115 125 140 150 165 180 190
rn
230
w)
9
10
S T D I N E M A SU 2 3 - E N G L 199L
b 4 7 0 2 4 7 0524320 927
SM 23-1991 Page 17
steam 00 cnmthe turbine. nie pilotvaivecoatroistbc flow of highpnssme fluid t the power cylink. This f o d o lw highpressmfluidcausesthepistonmthepowcrcyinda t move in rcspaise to the signai h m thegovanar o
conQo1mechasiism.
NEMA612-1986.
deaibedbebw:
3.1.6.1 SPEED CHANGER TYPE -mchangatypeisdirtcts,iaDothe governing system which in hun positions the g o m a r coatrolled vaivt(s). The govenoat shall be !Aaxcd to
providethe9pecinedadjustaiespecrange.
3.1.6.2 ReuOlESET Popsr TYPE ?be remote set poiat type is mcorparated dinxtly mio
thegovanmgsystemwhichinmposi~tbegovam ancudfd valvc(S). Tbc gwawr shall be 8ekctcd to provide the specincd adjustableranges f ai watroing
patameta9
3.14 3 VALVE ACTlJAlW TYPE Tbe valveacluating typeissepame h n l ttlegovan. 'e extaaal signai acts t positiaa e i t k tbe gmaacr o coamiied valve@) or a separate liac mounted valve In thiscase.tbe govemxacts oniy asa speehiting @e
emergeacy)goveniar.
NMEA
11-14-1985.
3.1.7 speed changer Thespeed changa is a device fwcbging the setting 0fthegoverningsy~withinthe~ifiedspeedrange while the turbineis in aperation.
NEhkStrvidard 6-12-1885.
32 .
CLASSIFICATION SpeedgoYeaningsystemSs h a l l b e c ~ a s s h o w n m
Tbt 3-1. al
NEMA standatd 6-12-1985.
STD.NEMA
SM 23-1991 Page 18
S N 23-ENGL
3993
b470247 0524324 8 6 3
m
--
1 0
6
B C
0.75 0.50
13*
7* 7*
4
0.50
~ ~~~~
02 .5
O Z
~~
7*
* niese Maximum speed Rise Percent values can be achievedunderthef~wi43conditians: a Governor system is adjustedfop maximum sensitivity. b. Rotational inertia of the equipment is relatively iargeforthepowerrating. c. Steam mditionsproduce a relatively low theoreticalsteamrate. Agovernor systemin seMce w i h meets ali the foliowhc
2xratedspeed
(See Figure 3-2 for graphic npresenratiai of speed variation charactaisticsof a Class D governor.)
3.23 DEADBAND Deadband is the ttimagnia>dtofthechange in steady oa state speed within w i h thereis no &ring measiirable hc change in the position of the governor conmilexivaive@). It is a measure of the speed gweming system insensitivity and is expressed in percent of xated speed 9.232 S MU r i n Stability is theability of the speedgoveming system to position the goveniar conmlied valve@) so that a sustained osciliath of sped or o enezgy input to theturbine f
isnotproducedbythespeedgovemingsystemchniag
ingwnd.itionsshallbecapableofiimiingspeedtoprevent
overspeed trip when load is suddedy reduced f o rate rm to zero: a nie driven machine is s y n c b u s perator. b. Thegovernorsystemisoperatinginamodeinwhich it ~ p o n t demand for electrical power. s o c niesteamturbinehasaninletpressureofatleast . 150 psig i1035 kPa (gauge)]. d Tbsteamturbineexmuastoaccm&~. .
-Range Speed range, expressed as a percentage of rated speed, is the specined range of opeming speedsbeiow or above rated , N , both, for w i h the governor shall be $ Aor hc d j d e when the tucbh is Operatmg nnder the control
operation under sustaid load demand or following a change to a new sustainedload demand.
324 Speed Regulation, steady State Speed regdation, expnxsexl as a percentage of rated speed,is the change in gli5t8ined speed when thepowa output of the turbine is gradually changed fmn rated power oulput to zen, power outpit mider the following steady state conditions: 1. when the steam mditiom (inlet inlet temand exhaust pressrire) 8Ic set a rated t
valuesandheidconstant 2. When the speed changer is adjusted to give rated speed with rated power OUlpUL 3. When any exteanai conmldeviisrenderedinoperative and blocked in the open positfon so as to offexnoresaictionstothefreefiowof steam tothe goveanar controlled valve(s).
of~~goveanor.
NEMAStanclard6-12-1985.
3 2 8bximunSpeedRlse .2 The m8ximm speed rise expressedasa percentage of ratedspeed,isthemaximummomentaryincxeaseinspeed which is obtaine when the turbine is dcveiopmg rated p w r output atnited speed and the bad i suddenly and oe s unnpletelyreducedtozeao. Maximum speed rise (%) =
S T D - N E M A SI 23-ENGL
L99L
b470247 0524322 7 T T
SM 23-1991 Page 19
107%
100.0%
i I
w O
a w
t
LOU)
'
100%
I I I
259
b470247 0524323 6 3 6
LOAD
1oOY
335 ..
PmssunChanger
Thepressurechangerisadevicebymeansofwichthe setting of the pressure regdating system maybe changed for the piirpose of aajusting the p m s m o the exhaust f steam o ofthe extraction or mduction steam w i e the r hi turbme is m @on.
NEMA standard 6-12-1985.
3. SteaiyStatePressureRegulation .6 3 F r controlid extraction or conmiled induction type a turbines,the steady stare ~ r e g u l a t i O n i s t h e C h a n g e in sustained extraction or induction pressure when, with identicalsettingsofall parrs of thespeedgoverningsysttm and of the presswe reguiating system(s), the exmxtmn a iaductian flow is gradually changed from rated flow I o zero flow. Fornoncondensmgturbioesprovidedwithexhauscpres sureregdatas,the steady s r a t e p r e s s u r e r e ~ the i s change i sustained exhaustpmsurewhen. with identical n seings of ail parts of the speed govemiag system and through tbe action ofthe p r t s m r r e m , the powa
outputofthesteamtucbineispduayreduced6romrate power output to zero power outpit.
NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
STD-NEMA
SM 23-ENGL
1991
b 4 7 0 2 4 7 0524324 5 7 2 M
SM 23-1991 Page 21
3.3.7 Stablltty Stabiity is the capabiiity of the pessure regulating NEMASEandaid6-21-1979. system(s) to position the pressurt controlled vaIve(s) so that sustained oscillationsof the coaadled pressrno(s) ar 3 ELECK= GOVERNING SVSTEM . 5 theeaxzgy~puttothesteamturbincarenotproducedby the pressrire regulating S Y drnmg m m undfx 3.5.1 BaslcFeatures m An electronicgovanhg system shaincludethe foilowmstaimfiow demands or fauowing achange to another value of sustained flow dtmand. ingbasiccompooeprs: 1 ~ For Ihe pirpose of this standad ~ ~ i l . l a t i Sensorswhichmeasureanoperat8igparamctaof the turbineai system, andpoduce ~bY~pressureregulatiagsysteniOfelectricsipah. pressurtar of encrgy inpt are definedas the dinaence b c t w c c n t h o s e e ~ w i t h t h e p r e s 9 u r e r e ~ s y s t e m 2 Agovamx which compares ( s ) fnw dic seagor(s) witb the seiectcd set point(s) and padeces a in semicc and thme existing with thepressrinregularing Qgnal(s)fobthevalveactuator(s)tomaintainsystem system blocked o inaperstve. r
NEW-6-12-1985.
34 COMPENSATED CONTROLSYSTEM . Acompcrisatedcontral system is one w i h is provid hc with intaconneciions between its conml mechanisms so that the action dthe speed governar or of the pressure qdator(s) also directly actuates the Othet control mechanism.
Parametebs3. An actuam@)whicb positions the valve(s) directly or though a a m l nucbamm i n I e s p s e t o h * gov=SiEm. one or mon of followingparameters shallbecxxumlld bythegovemingsystem: a speed . b. Eachinduction/exaaction~ c. othersforspecificapplicatiom.
NEMASE8ndard 11-14-1985.
338 Pressum~rolperformanee A Class D goveniOringsystem (see 3.2) shall exhibit the following characteristics when u t i h in a cm oconml s s e : ytm
w . 1 changeinsuseainedspeedshallbe196maximum for any sustamed change i flowwithin limits of 5%and n 95%of maximum inductionorexmuionfbw guaranteed forthatload.
NME A 11-14-1985.
3.3.8.2 Steady state plessare regdation shall be 0.5 psi (5 3 kpa) maximmor496 of ratedexbaust, extrauion.n indmion plesule wtpressed m psig oc kPa ( b ou ) a s l e; whichever is larger.
N E W S U d d 11-14-1985.
3.3.8.3 sustained 0Scillat.i~ canttolled pressure, of wiien aprating a C O I I S E B ~ ~ demaad op foiiowing a t flow change to another canstant flow, Shan notcxcetdoa psi (1.7 kPa) ar 2% of thecon~fledpnsnireexptssedn psi i ob kPa (absolute); whichever is larger.
NMEA
11-14-1985.
valveopening. Any prm. may be primary which the governing a. m a as constant during IK)iTmBI operation. SyAny panunetex could be secondary which i i g n d as s lcQgasitisbelow the preset value.
334.4 s ~ o s c i l l a t i ~ o f e i a e r g y i n p u ~ w h e n o p 3.599 CONTROLOF INDUCTION OR E X T R A m &gatconstant f o demand or foilowing achange to lw The governor may be designed to control the low presanorher~tfiow,shaUnote~4% ofratedpcwer. surevahrt(s) daninductim urextlxtion m e in coni n junctian wih the high pressure nive(~). t i case,the in h s 338.5 The range of adjustment for ptsmre change(s) governar wnmls the flow t maintain the steam pressure o sha pennit adjustment of exhaust, extraction, or iaducat each controlled extraction or induction opening while tion pressure betweem f5 p i g (35 kPa) M f10% of the simuuaneously controlling speed when necessary for the coamlled pressure expressed i psi or kFa (absolute); n appiication. whichever is iarger. NEMA11-14-18!j.
S T D m N E M A SM 23-ENGL L991
Agoveniar with this capability incorporatesfeatUtes to adjustaii the ccmtroiied valves i mponse to a change in n any controlled parameters.
NEMAStandard 1-1-1991.
352 MISSHG SIGNAL DRECllONFEAtLIRE ..3 nie missing signai &tecrion feature monitors all input signahandaetaminesifthey are in the cmect range. Any signai that is out o range shwld cause immediate action f by the electmiic govexnor to enSure safe operation of the tmbine,and should cause an alami indication.
3 5 . SENSORREDUNDANCY .24
8.5.2.5 OVU1SPEEDTmP nie overspeed trip feature in the governor can be provided in addition t the primary trip. o
theirassociafedWiringshouldbepro~fmnheat,weat and induced signais Local codes and area classifshould be cn oWhenmi~basedturbinecontrolsystemsIrre provided which interface with plant distributed control systems, there may be some overlap of control loops and confusionregardinginpuWoutputs.in these cases the pni chaser and the vendor should mutually agree upon scapt and responsibility spiiL Extemal selpointscan come knn the piant DCS but the turbine control loop should be supplied by the Wine manufacturer. A typid eiec&onic governor schematic is shown m Figure 34.
NEMAStandard 1-30-1991.
3.6 AUTOMATIC START CONTROLS Automatic start controls are avaiiabie for turbine and driven machine. nie Wn manufacturer should t mie e suited for recommendedequipment and pnicediires
Auaionred~neeringInfonnabon * 6-12-1mS.
INPUTS
SM 23-1991
Page 23
Section 4 PROTECTION
4 1 BASICFEATURES Thefollowmgfeaturesandaccessoriesarenecessaryfar the proper functioning of equipment and safety of opera41.6 Comblned mp and mmle mive Thecambineatrip,and throttle valve is separate from the govelnor controlled valve@) and is closed (tripped) m response t the action of the overspeed sensing &vicc, o other safety &vices or manuai trip device. ?his vaive pennits manual ttirottling of steam to the turbine. NEMA standard 6-21-1978. 4.197
tion:
11.1
Ananugill@
Each turbine shall be pvided with amanual tripping device to ciose h i p valve o trip and throttic valve. r
NEMASEandard612-1985.
overspeed
m h g
4.12 ~ M p s y s t e m Theoverspeedtrip system shall besparkpioofandshall include the overspeed sensing &vice, linkage. and a (rip valveora combined trip and bottle valve sepatate from the spce governor conmiled valve@).
NEMA11-14-1985.
The tnp speedseauigsshowninTable4-1 be above shall the speedreacbeddue t the maximum speedrkcharaco Eeristic of the govetning system to avoid tripping the turbine on sudden loss of load.
NEMA Standd 6-12-1985.
A13 overspeedsensingDevlce The ovaspeed smsing device mc1Udes those elements which are directly responsive to speed and which initiate action to close the trip valve at apmkammd -speed NEMA standard 621-1979. 41A
when design or application of driven equipment requires trip speeds other than thoseshown in Thble4-1, the trip speed should be specified.
Authohcl Engineering Infomiation6-21-1979.
mp e s ed Tbt trip speed is the speed at which the overspeed ansing device i set s
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
A B
41.5 TpVahre "be trip vaive i separate f o the governor conmiied s rm vaivc(s) and isclosed (tripped) in responset the action of o UaiIripdeVice.
NEMA6-21-1079.
C D
115 10 1 10 1 10 1
theoverspbedscnsingdcvice,othasaf~&~orman-
6.1.1
1 .
m of 15 3. pressirre(s) shall be maintained for a millUteS.TbeteStShallbeamsidaed~ when no extemai leaLsfrom be item under test are
observed,
NEMA SEandard 6-21-1879.
5.12
S T D * N E M A SM 23-ENGL 199L
SM 23-1991 Page 27
63 125
250
98 94
91 89
106
98 97
92
500
l0 o0
2Ooo
MoO-llu10 OVeralldBA
4OOo 8Ooo
...
89 89 89 89 93
90 90 90 90 95
For arrbmemoimtedon asteeibasepiate.abdonea&iitioaaidecibeltotabul8tcdval~. Actmi swnd pre9sure levels may not equa maximum t a b w v l f r all fequewy bands. o v d dBAis* a o m therefore*less than the sum o individual values. f
Authorized Engiuieenng Infwmation&21-1979.
6.3
SOUND PRESSURE LEVU MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Sound presswe levels shall be measiindin accordrmce with American N a t i d Standard S . . Section 70 as it 51 ., i!Japplicable,Eammamd asfallows: * Acoilstical penamanCe i based on a sound prtssure s level which is &pendent on acoustical c b & x i s t k s o f the space m which the unit operam. AU m d soumi
levels are assumed t be in k ! d s p k d netfleldar o semi-revaberant field which has r00m m t iarge empgh so as to not significantiy efezt m pressum levebathcmeasiiriagpoint. A six decibel drop o f in SOWICI pressure levei per disf tance douling in each octave band of inmesr, as the microphoaeismoved~eachmeasurementlocationm aii direaionSamundthe machine.regardlessof distanCC, i d c t s approximate free fieid conditjolls.Corrections niae must be made fenvironment wbea the drop Onis less than su decibels.
SM 23-1991 page 28
All 3Ound--readings shallbercaorded as sound pressme p in decibels at refereace pressure of two l s times 10' Newton per square meter.
Ausoraid~readingsshallbemadewitbanoctave
baad meter set f r slow respanserecordingvisualaverage o of maclings. F l d g m i s e l* equal to arhigkdian plus oc e minus 2dBAovetall shall be murded. 'Lbe~shallbeprottctednomexternaldistmbing mfluences (vibnitian,aircunents,alldelec~o f magnetic fields) which may affectreadings. Miaophoae locations shall be approximately,but not less than, aae meter from any sound sotme being mead a n d a t a heigbt 1.5 meters above the fioor. Care shall be talrcn to avoid a poBitiai at the nodal point of standing wave. (hie set ofreadingsskould b d that is requaedif e
tbemicrophoneissopositioaed.~seotenceis~-
find the noise output of one particular sou~ce a noisy in envimment. However, noise measurements cannot be addedmsubsracted directly. Rather,measuremauscaube canbined wirb a coirection number.The CQzeCtioll numbers obtained from * i 6-1 and 6-2 areappoximate. However, the graphic results are East and sufficiently accurareformosteagineaiagapplications. The currection numbex is based on the dif6erence m amplitude of two sormds whether the sounds ale beiqg
CORRECTION FOR BACKGRWND NlSE . 4 rvm!memats oftiirbiae sound plesSun levels should be WHWWI far ambient baclrgtouadm d press~re levels. Levels at each iocatim should exceed background levels by a least tea decibels in each octave b n If the t ad
dinereaceetweenmeasuredsoundevelandbacirground
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 soundkvelislessthanthree&cibelsingivenoctave-nd, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOTAL SOUND vatid e q sound level in that bad cannotbe deterAND BACKGROUND NOISE (dB) mineb.when thc mi -s , t w a ~ ~ rection factor should be subtmcw fnwn the measured Figure bl sound levek CORRECTION FOR BACKGROUND NOISE Decibeloorrection~=
and 86 decibel sound levels diffa in amplitude by six Thus,totai sound level is 87 deciLels. when~noiseissubtractedbromtiretotal ' cori9ideratonshould~begiiventoef6ectsof~ somid lcvek the Lxmwtmnnumerissubtractedals0.k example, a 90decibel backgod noise and a 97 dezibel mo n somes, such as piping anddrivenequipment, sn d total sound level difer m amplitude by seven decibels, a weaml~or~efmnvaivesandpiping. Howdifthat yieldsacmectum numberoflfr0nif;igUr ever, swndlevels from these somcesmay be 80 clase to 6-2'Thnsthem~level without theba&gmmd noiseis leveis from the turbine that a meaninghil meatmment %decibels. will be difncnlt or impossible unless s&ep taken t are o Authomed E n g i i w Informatian 6-21-1979. isdatedietnrbine. Itmaybepossibletoaccomplishchis by inanlnting all Piping, using acoustic barners as appw 6.6 INSTRUMENTS pllate, and cowring some sound sources with lead blauSound pressure levels should be measundby meam o f kets. a sound level meter which m e s the requkments o et f Aumorired E n g M n g Infamalion6-21-1979. American Naticmal Standard S1.4. Afull-octave&andsoundanalyzex,rneetingtherequire65 SWNRESOLUTION . men& of Ameriwn Nationai Standard 51.11, should be Ikromeasuremeatsoftenmustbeaddedtodeerminethe USed~conjimctionWiththesoumdlevel~teatOmeaSme cunbined mise level of s e v d sources or wibtracted to
2
3 3
4-5
6 - 2 loandover O 1
SoUd
SM 23-1991 Page 29
Insfmments, including microphones, should receive an acoustic check an overaU calibration before and after every swnd pressure level test.
Authorired Engineering Information621-1979.
6.7 SOUND AmNUATION It is recommended that acoustic81 tetetfor turbines ramn and similar machinery be applied after instailation of the equipment and ensuing piant operation. Facm which &ea sound levels are many and varied and may not be associated as closely with the machinery itself as with steam velocities i piping and other sound sources. n After instailation and operaton has commenced, an ovexall piant sound levei can be establishedand corrective m a u e Ealren to isolate the major sound producing poresrs tions of the process.
Authorized Engineering information6-21-1979.
8 9 1 0
Flgure 6 2
SMIND RESLUI"
SM 23-1991 Page 31
The purchaser should advise the mandacturer of thc unladmg facilities available and w e h r skids will be hte
newsaryformllinglargeassemblesintopoStion.
Authonred Engineering Infarmath 11-14-1985.
A ttit timeof shipment,aiieqoscdnonmachinedsurt faces shall be protected widl OpLe coiitof shop paintaad
coatingorcovaiagorboth Aiiexpastdmachincdsurk c s a n d oiiIiaparvoH.iateriorsshall be protected with a nist pvenmtive. All ojmlngs shall be jllugged oc cov-
7.3 RECEIPT AND S MA E OF EQUIPMENT T IG U o receipt,the purchaser should check ail equipment pn for darnagt which may have o c c d in transit. Any
aad. llleinteIiorofthertbineshallbesaitablytFeaud
toprcvcntnist Ocean freight or extended storage shall require aditiooal protectionand packaging.
NEMASEandard 11-14-1885.
damageorshortagcsshouidbereportedimmediatelytothe
tninsportatioacompanyandacopyofthereporttothemanufactuta. AH material should be checked against the manufsctraers packiug liss and my discrepancies repoml immediately to themanufcturer. The equipment should a a times be storedin a clean, t noncorrosive atmosphere and protected against loss, weather,damage,and fareig0 materialssuch as dust, sand, a d so forth indoor starage where constant ternpawe . . t ismauitained a a levei which wiil p v m t condcz1sBtiQ1 is preferred. The purchaser should seek the manufacturers advice if storage conditions are other than thc
above.
pointddelivery.
Thcmanufacairashouduseshippmgmethodsandship p a r t s i n t h e s e q ~ r e q ~ f ~ y i n s t a l l- aar w l mn
Specialattention and cureshouldbe given to thesmage ofpartshavmgexposedmachinedsurfaces. B e h --up, the oil orpnxemtive usedin the beari & d f y d l ~ s b i p m e r i t s b y m a r k i n g i n d i v i d u a ~ ~ ~ -ing housingshouldbeflushedoutandrepiacedwirhc~ lubricatmg oil of the recommended type. Grease lubriblies c r ~ p n to shipment. m cated bearings may require lubrication prior t start-up. o Themanufacaurersshouldspccifythe~pfcpBo retiOnandproteCtivecoatingSthatsbouldbeprwidedto Prior t start up, forced lubrication systems should be checkedforproperoperation. protact the equipment if die i s nisdehyed.
Aulhonzed EngineerKig Infomiation 11-14-1885.
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Sectlon 8 INSTALLATION
INTRO DU^ TbetmbineshauMbeiilptnllulmaccardencewithrwF ommendationsandinsmictionsispuedbydrcmanufac*
t n
ai
tion procedure should be in accordance with recammndatiaisandiartnictim~bythemanufacturcrutham drawings arbyoibeameans. Sucb piocb dares are arranged and planned to obtain the most Lwiskmy iImauion and commissionmg of the eqwp
ment.
6-21-1079.
83 INsTALmnoN propermazallatiaa i s a e c t s p a r y f m ~ i r ; a y operation.* nsershOuldprovidean adequate fauidation t o maintain alignment and sbould installpiping to minimize txtanalf~andmomentsonmeMbiae. S f i k n t space andnecessary openings in the foundationsandkiuding !aluCtun shaildbe pwided for the insWahn of theequ'ipment Suitablcqmiqs should be puvicd in the building to admit the quipmew me purchaser should provide sufncient space raound the quipmalt for savicmg, including the ripace formwing the rotor and setting down he upper half of the turine
casing.
831 ..
FOUndatlOn
Foundations should be sufficiently heavy and rigid t o farm a permauentiy nonwarpmgsmictinie. The manufacturez should iunisbdimensionaldrawings to enabe the purchasez to design a suitable foundation o f
Extraction
250
53 76 53 76
53 137 53 76
ample~~andstrengthfortheequip~tspeci6ed. "he fwndation souldbe designed so that it WU absorb 8.3.3 Cleaning af Tutt~ne Steam pping t a large extent the vibrath o die unit installed on it. o f Asourceofcleansteam,free~foreignparticles,must nefouadabon shouldbeisolated~thebuildingstnic- be provided t the inlet of the turbine connecaons.The o * hire by means of spacers (felt, coak,and so fortii) so that Station piping and the boiler system should be cleaned i n outsi& vibrationwill notbetransmioed tothe foundation.
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL L991
SM 23-1991 Page 34
pieces o welding rod t work their way ttuuugh the f o pipelhesandsupeitieaterlllbes. calculationscanbe made to show how much flow and what drum pressure am necessary foranassumed temporary ppe size to a c b a mass velocity head during cleaning quai t t a attainedduring fuii loadoperatiai, o ht basedMthe followinn: steambbwingisbestachievedbyrepeatedbeatingand coalingwhichwin~altwiateeiqiensaiandcoanaction t 1. AS I nrst atten+, assume that tfie velocity a the intkpipingwhichwinhelpbasenpipe~.Itisforthis pipe exit to atmosphere during blowdown is sonic, and that the pressure, Ppjllstinsidlediepipattht ~thattheMowdownshouidbeatfullpns9ureand terrpwratiae for several minutes to allow the pipc to get as exit is u)psi. Tomake this assumpion, it is neccs~toope!xs&~~asyossible.niepIpingshould ssay that all ofthe flow ateas in &he System be equal beallowedtoco0lbef~stastuigthenextMowdown. to, 01larger than, the dischargeam. AminimumofthreebbWSShOUldbe~and~ 2 Estimate the steam conditions (piessiae, enthalpy) subsequentblowsshouldiiseapolishedstedwgetatdiecnd a the boiler o ta expected during steam blowt ul oftheMowdowniinetoactasanindicatiaiofckantmess down.Fnim tbecurve~inFigure8-2read~ma~~ ~shouldbepolishedonbodisi&stoobiaindoublie flow function,F3o. Calculate the massfl<lw, Qcl as usage.AnewEargetshoutdbeitsedfareachttSandcheEsrget follows compand toanew one untiitheyqpeartobethesame. See Q c = F30xAp where Aphthe a e of the pipe at discharge ra Figure8-1f~~~ggesedtargetinstal)atim. epurchasershouldprovidetemporarypiphgrequlled m.3. for the blowdown. It is alwaysadvisable to blow to atmos3. It isnecessaryto dculate the presslm drop through peeusdtettoiaaeweetaaprils hrotiehsainnnrabrsemretce the temporary and permanent piping to amive at a boiler pmsure. Refa to Figure -3. 'ibis curve wouldnotinjurepersonnelaraffectequipnentnitpblow piping m s be iarge enough to develop a mass velocity ut shauldbe used todetennine rhe pressure dropnear head in the permanent piping at ieast equal to thatdevdthe discharge endofthetempmrypiping, since the oped during full l a Operation. Blowdown lines should od velocity i near sonic and an ordinary dculaiimof s pressiiredrap due t friction does not^^. o be installed with adequate anchors toprevent pipe whip ping oc damage. "he trip throttle valve and stramer m s ut be removedandallvalves in the main healer should be
~withthepoceduressubsequentlywiggestedin d e r to assure the avaiiability of clean steam. steam Mowingisfequiredforall main steam,seal and .. adnussion piping before the steam turbii is put into aperation. steam Mowing greatly reduces potealtial damage to the turbim by weid beads and pipe slag.
wideopen. The following procedm should be used for sizing the
temporary Mow down line: Since the forcemaparticle is proportional tothe mass veiociry head of the fluid,it appears reasonable that the mass velocity head cieveiojxd during die Mowing cycle must be at leastequai to that developed during full &ad operation. 'ibis should rake care o most hose pieces. f However,a time Eactor is involved; no one can be sure how long it takes pipe scale to loosen up, ar such things as
~~
S T D * N E M A SM 23-ENGL
L99L
SM 23-1991
Page 35
outlet, psia
( P V =~pssure-specific volume product a t
%'
m x m load flow at boiler outlet, ai m ft3/in2 5. Ifthisxatio,R,i lessthan are andthe steam velocity s inthesupeheatertubesislessthantwice theabwable, divi& the pnssure assume inside pipe exit, Pp,by thisr t oand repeat the above process. Thus, ai therequired flow andgressuresfor equivalentcleaning forces can be deteamined. hereby estabMing the required sizes for the temporary blowpipes. N t that for a discharge pressure different than 30 oe psi, the flow function is
Figure 4 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTK)NNEAR M E END OF A PIPE DISCHARGING STEAM AT SONIC VELoclfv in applying Figure 8-3, assume as a rst hial thatL is dietotalequivalentIcngthofthetempararypiping,nicluding the equivalent length of elbows, tees, etc. in the temporary system. calculate the
The~ofthetemporarypipeisamostimportantfactor.
F m 8-3 and thus calculateP, the ptsamat thc distance FL thewmpmry pipe i Lfran the exist. N t that if-& oe s D more than 5, use a sharterL which wi makc? equa 5
andusecoxmpdmg P/Pp to CalculatePat the shorts L * . wtm+ is gnater tiun 5, the pressuredrop isa straight-
line frmction of L and can be caicuiaied by the conventional method. Then calculate, by conventional straight-line methods, the press~re drop due to friction in the piping from point Lfrom the exit t the boiler outlet, o thus arriving at the boiler outlet prrssiire, Pc. 4. Next, cacuiate the cleaning farce ratio a the boiler t outlet, using the calculated Pc and the expected enthalpy. This mio compares the mass-velocity head during cleaning with dut developed c&uing nomial fuii-loadoperation. nie cleaningfacc ratio is expressed by:
nie use d a iargerpipe wiU result in lesser flows and lesser pressure h e i s required for the same cleaning farce. The size effect is proportional to the ratio of diameters t the o fourth p w In no case, however, should the temporary o . pipe have a greater flow a e than the permanent piping. ra Pressurereadings during blowdown should be taken at the i l u)the stop valves andas ciose as possible t the na o Mowdown Pipedischarge. The lauer connectionshould be made ata convenientlocation,but not less than 20 diamet r fran the discharge end of the blowpipe in order t es o obtain a stable pressure Feading. These readings will help substantiate the calculated boiler pressure and pipe Szes selected for the blowdown operation. A f d i size Mock valve, safeiy iocated, shouldbe used to perform die blow. Adequate pham communication between the b i e mom and the operaror at the blow down olr valve m s be established This might also be backed up ut by a system of visual communication, such as indicating lights, since phone communication may become difficult due t the high n & level at the blowdown valve. An o o anangrnent should also be made t record the pressure o readings a the various siations simultaneously through t proper communications. When performingthe blav, the blow down vaive should fystbe cracked so as to get a graduai warming of all the steam lines. When the lines are adequately warmed up, open the blow down valve all the way as fast as possible. When the boiler pressure has dropped to approximately 150 pSi [lo35 kpa (gauge)], close the blow Qwn valve
~~ysothattheboilerpressuredoesnotdropbelow 100 psi [69kPa (gauge)].
where:
Qc Qmu
= calculatedflowdiiRngcltanllig,lb/hr
=maximumloIdflm,lb/hr
STD-NEMA
SM 23-EWGL
L77L
Steam seal piping or any other lines that might bring steam to theanbinemustbebiowndown. Weldspatierand other foreign matenal that may becontained wihin the steam seal piping can cio appreciable damage to both the steam seal packing and the turbine shaft. Thetefare, it is prudent t direCr as much attention t the cieaning of this o o piping as has been stated for main steam lines.
stops at the W i inlet and exhaustconnectioasuother apeningsal the machinet which externalpiping systems o
It is imporiant that uie blowing apeiatiOn be conducted after ail of the field weiding is completed Allliough Mt the turbine manufacturers responsibility,it is a good pacti t have a service supervisorwitness at least the finai o b o down. lw It is lf to the customers discK&on to determine the et most practical method of cleaning ktoiy prefabrid lines which may become conlmhaledin ihe field nKst
matnentsonthe~ineoonnections,iaciu~gtheweight ofthepipe,withinrecommene.dlimits,diepipingsystem desigashouldbe~hthatresoaintssinditMomafmovement match momentsat the connectionsto the t r i eand ubn toveqarge forcesat the turbine suppom. .. The faces in piping sys&m tauieroperatingcondutons can be giouped into three Classes: those due t stean o
l==-temperatiireanddeadweight. -fngineerkigi*
6-21-1979.
linesstiouldbecleanedandgivenseveralgoodbbwspror to final assembly. FOI short runs which cannotbebiown down,mechanical cleaning may be adequate. L n si it d m g from the turbine t the customers steam lines sbould o also be blown Out for the best interestsof the custame.
Authonted Erigheerhrg Infomiation ll-14-lg85.
8.4 SMMPIPINGSYSTEMS
8.4.1 Intmductbn Reactions of piping s s e s connecte to steam auytm bines, if of sufficient magnitude, will result m d i g n ment of the turbine sufcient to cause rough operationand sarious mechanical damage. Steam turbines have been very Carefdy designed t provide for thermal expaeon o and, a the same tllne, maintain close agnmeat betwecn t the tlubine rotating and stationary parts, and also the
8A3 FoiicesDueioOPressum niesealemOStcOmmanl~associatedWithbwprtssue andvacuum iineswhereexpansionjointsareof&nusedto provide flexibility. If an expansion pint is impmpedy used, it may c m a pipe reactjon greater dmn he one a which it issupposed toeliminate. An uriffsalctedexpmSion pint will cause an axial uuust equal to tbe effective ana ofthe bellows times the intend pfesslm The magnitudeofthese forces may be geater than the lmt forme iis exhaust flange. In &to have the iowest reaction when it is found that expansionjoints ale required,die standad of the Expansion Joint Manufacturws Association should
installauons andareofferedonlyasguide& Figure 8-4showsanexpansionjointm apressure lint. Theaxialthnist~theexparisionpinttendsto~
~ineanddrivenequipnent.mpvisimfortlubii rbennai expansions by necessitylimits theallowable values of forcesand manen&applied tothe Qrrbine stnicture by the piping c o ~ ~ c t tod e it. It is the purpose here to briefiy discuss piping arrangements and recammendfiangeloedinglimitationsimposed on steam turbines by piping. This infonnatbn is presented as an aid t the user and is not intended as aselfcaitaid o thesisonpping. The recornrnendahns t be discussed h u i d provide o aibwable d u e s of forces and momeats a the turbb t connectionsforsteam inet,exaaction,andexhaustpiping. It is not caisidered necessapy to supply values far auxiitarypiping such as steam eakoff, hhkating o and & coolingwater,buteven s ,thisadhrypiping sbaild also o be designed such that tubine expansioSi i not restramad. s
Authorized bgimririg Infwmation6-21-1979.
Lhe~ineandtheelbaw.Topreventthis,dieelbowshould haveanahchortokeepitfnnnmoving.t?turbineshaild atsoabsorbthisthrnstand,mdoingso,becanes8nasichor. m fce a the Mbme may be greater tbaa can be l allowed. In general,this mebiod shouldbediscouage& F g r 8 showsthe SamepipingarrangemmtasngiPe iue4 8-4 except for the atkiition of tie rods on the expansian pint. nie tie rodspvent the elongation of the joint and taketheaUalcreatedbythein~pressunofdie expansionpints i is n o t m i t t e d & b aabiaeflange. ot The te rods eliminate any axial flexibility,but t e t i i bw s still fexibie in shear; that is, the fianges may m parallelplanes.IbebCatiOnOfthiS~Of~h~~ shwldbesuch~movememofdiepipingpiss~~
sionjointmsheainsteadoftensionocaimpessia
Fii8-6isanarrang~~tfiequentlyiised,hawigtie
8.4.2 ThePipingProblemssAppliedioWnes one o die firstcxmidediaas in designing any piping f system isto keep the StreSJes i the pipe within the limits n of ANSI/ASME B31.1 and/or any localcodes that may be appiicabe. In genera, the jipisdicaion d s u c h authanties
rods as indicated for 1yn1condeilsing aperation.This IIClangement should prevent ally duustdue to mtemalpessure of Ihe expansion pint 6rom being transnrtted t o b *
exhaiistaangeandretairistheaxiztlflexibuitydditjaitIt may be used for either VBCUIIIII oc pnsure savicc (by
suitablearangementoftheIods).
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL 1791
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li
ANCHOR TURBINE
mgUr8 84
UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION JOINT (May Impose an unacceptable thrust for on the turbine.)
////////)EXPANSION JOINT -. .
-
Figure &5
piPeSiZen<rmallY~teedOncandetmn g-k exhaustpipingmayberelativelystin,dan~jomt StioUMbeiisedatsomepoint t take care oft h d expano sion.An umestrictedexpansionPrntplaced at the exhaust fiange of the turbine may exert an upward o lifting force r on dit turbine flange which in many cases is excessive.
Figure 8-7p v i h the necessary flexibility to take care of themial expansiai without impsing any UnIliifting force on the turbine. The expansion joint is in shear which is the preferred use. The reatively sma vertical expansion may compress one p i t and elongate the other whichcausesasmdireactionaalyandmaybe wellwithin the turbine fange limits
Authorized EngineeringInfomation 6-21-1979.
page 38
Figure 8 4 EXPANSIONJOINT wmi TiE RODS FOR NONCONDENSING OPERATION (Proviaes awlel fiexlblllty without Imposing thnist on the tu*ine.)
Figure 8-7 EXPANSION JOINT Wmi TIE RODS FOR CONDENSING OPERATIONWil" "UP" EXHAUST (Provles veitical flexibility without bnposlng thrust on the tu&lne.)
8AA Fo~cesDuetoTTemperature if a pipe is COMtected to some point as Am Figure 8-8, and hestheamfgurathshown by the soiid tine, it may assiimetheappmmak pOmtioashownbythedashline ' when heated to a higher temperature, pmviing no restraint is offeredbypoint B . If both poms AandB are rigid points which may not
wwc, the pipemay assumeashapesimuartothathwn by thedashbe mFigure 8-9 whai heated.
///////////
A
STD.NEMA SM 23-ENGL
L99L
Rigid supportsmay be usedto limit die movementofaihe to prevent excessive deflection a any point. A rigid supt
portisnotsatisfactoPywherethennalexpansionmaycause the pipe t move away from the support o On the two types of rigid mpports shown in figue 8-12, the rise of the turbine CoNKctiOn due to temperatrire may lift the base elbow from the support so the tiabine would have t suppat the weight of the pipe. nie expano sion of the vertical mn of pipe would relieve the pipe hanger o its ioad so the Mbine would again have t f o
suppattheweightofthepipe.
Figure 8-12
DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT
If an expansion joint with restraint ''ngtierodsisused, either a rigid pipe hanger o a bitse elbow wt a siidhg oc r ih rolling contact surface may be used as shown m fm i 8-13. When the thrustdue toan expansionjointis less than the exhaust flange limits and no resminhg tie rods are used, the pipe shwld have an anchor as shown in Figure 8-14. Since this condition rarely exists, it i better t use the s o pn?fdarrange.mentsasshownin figure 8-13 andeliminate as mpch pipe reaction aspossiilerather rhanjustsiay withinthelimits. spnnghangersorsupportsare best suited t carry the o dead weight when thereis thermai e x p s i o n to be considered. n i e movement of the pipe may change the spring tension or compression a sma amount, and the banger loadings snaii amount, but may n t remove the i fmm o d the banger. Pubiished manuals oc1 pipe design provide infonnatimon hangerspacingtogivepoper suppost Ia
'Ihe btrbine manufmurershonldbecoI1sulted toassure that the turbine car^ withstand forces and moments which wiU be imposed by Cdd-spning piping in the cald condih . Auihorired EngineeringInformation 6-21-1979.
additiontothis,itmaybefoundnecessarytoaddadditioaal
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL 1991
SM 23-1991
Page 41
Where:
Resuitant fme (pounds) a the CMt nection. mis includes pessure forces Whereunreseauied expansion joinis are ' used except on vertical down exhausts Full vacuum load isallowedon Vertical down exhaust flanges. It is not included as part of the piping load frwn Fgie 8-15: i r r
FR=
FR=-
MR= Resultant moment (foot-pads) a Lhe connecth t from Figure 8-15 MR=~ M ? + M ~ ~ + M ? De = Nominal pipe sizeof ihe conne~tion inches ~p in to eight inches in diameter. For sizes greater than this, use a vaiue of De = 3
VERTICAL
Fy
/ '
/ '
///
Figure &14 DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT WiTH UNRESTRAINED MPANSIONJOINT sqpnts o mweexisting supports ifresonant vibration r appearsinthepiping. Aspring support should not be used to appose the titrust ofanexpansianjointWhcnthepnssureisnmovedh the line, the sping support may e x m a force the same as the expansionjoint ally m ihe opposite direction.
wbigineemg'
Il
z+
l I
6-21-1979.
8.4.6
Figure 8-15 COMPONENTS OF FORCES AND MOMENTS ON TURBINE CONSTRUCTION. POSiTiVE MoMENTS ROTATE COUNTERCLOCKWISE WHEN VIEWED LOOKING INTO POSITIVE FORCES
8.4.6.2 The combined iiesdtants o the f e and mof ms ments of the inlet, extraction, and exhaust connections, resolved at the centerlines of the exhaust conndon should not exceed the dues per Limit 2.
'Ibefcesandmantntsachgonstcamairbinesduem
thesteam inlet,entraction,andexhaustconnectionsshould
(Limit 2)
Combined resultant ofinlet,extraction, and exhaust fcuces, in poiincis. Combined resuIcBnt ofinlet,extract&, and exhaust momeum, and moments resulting 6rom fon!es, in poond-feet Diameser (in inches) o a circular opening f equal tothe ttl aleas oftheinle&exlracoa
tion,aaexhaust~gsuptoamiue
~asde~byapplicabecodesaud~bad= ia.
Authorized Engineering Infomiatkn 11-14-1985.
8.4.6.5 See Sample problems 8 4 B and 8C for examplesof how thesef m and momat limitationsareqplied toturbineinstallati0 s . -0
of 9 inches in iameer. For values beyond this. use a value of Dcquai to:
85 DRAINPIPING
IndividualdrainpipmgshOuldbe~withsbiiton
valvesortraps.
Authorired a nee ring Lnf#maEkn 11-14-1985.
8. LEAK-OFFS L e a k 4 should be piped dhxtly to an Opern iidn ventedtotheatmosphexew i b o u t v a h r e s o r a ~ to a combsue recway system. The pipe sixmid be adequately sized to avoid pmsure bdup. AuthociredEngineeiinqInformatian 11-14-1965. .
8.7 FULLFLOWREUEF VALVE
Thetnrbinecasingaadmtanalpartsshdbcp.otected
a~texcesSivep.essinrebytheinstallaaon afu-fow ' of relief valve. The relief valve is connected into tht piping system between the aubiueexhaustconnectieo and the nrst shutd valve. niis relief valve should not be coafused with the sentbel warning valve whichwhcn sup pli& is maunteon the Mbine casing. The full-flow relief device should be provided by the user aspart of the piping mstallationwhich iswrtanal to the tulbme. In COILdtLIsm appiicaoioar,a f n f o dicf * g a-lw valve o nipun disc may be pm&d as plin of the r
c-thttiirbiat. The size o the r n - hdevice diaildbe such that it f willexhausttotheatm~the~mn<Ipansityof
(s a. bytheabinemanufrictunr)whidi wiupassthroughthe~~withmaxmnimiinitial
steamconditions.
For condensrn sabines, the full-flow * g device should give full relief a no more than 10 psi POkni t (3allge)l. Fot exlmtion Mbines ur bcaktuhiDe& the fall-flow relief device shopldapen at 10psi om) 10 Q ~t(whichcvcrisgrtaoa)abovetbemaxmiunwrtasction~armaxmiumexhaastpresnnie.Therew device shalt give full relief atm mae thsn 10 pacent abovethe"start-to-open" pcwsure. fthehigh-~-pessweorhighextractimorIiriminnirn ~tripisfirmishedthereucfdevicepiesarresshopld braised 5 ppi 135 &(gaugc)l a n d t h C b i @ - ~ j ~ ~ + s r ~ e should be set at the above trip sure.
S T D a N E f l A SM 23-ENGL L991
b470247 0524342 5 9 8
m
SM 23-1991
page 43
2 3 3
4
4 4 4 4 4 4
6 8 6 8 8 1 0
1 2
1 6 1 8
20
4 4 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6
24 30 3 6 1 2 1 6 1 8
20 2A
.904 54 2
585
1581 2062
3 0 36 1 2 1 6 1 8
20
i1 n
12 60 18 71
2025
m i
1351 45 9 1571 14 68 1804
2044
11 M
11% 15 27 1318 14 43 13 65 12 89
58 91
628 659
71 9 1031 89 3 16 08 11 18 19 19 17 27 13 47 11 58 10 60 16 74 m11
2259
27 21 1351 19 45 17 51 14 68
1804
24 30 3 6 48 1 2 1 6 1 8
20
2r)
722 817 95 1
1111
3608 4087
4573 5555
2802
3 0 3 6 48 1 8
20
24 .
U)
3 6
48
24 30 3 6 48
560 614 643 63 7 733 87 2 923 1117 61 6 689 747 89 3 932 1125 71 8 867
957
2307 29 73
1651 1722 16 88 2096 2331 2812 15 92 26 17 29 31 25 88
2222 12 11 12 29 18 26 14 35 16 47 15 64 14 85
2234 12 31 1377 1494 17 6 1865
2249
14 13
3072 3216 3363 3667 4135 4614 5586 3303 3444 3736 4193 4662 52 63 3904 4333 4783 571 6
2331 2812 15 92 26 17 29 31 25 88
~shauldbenoairpocketsinthegrout.Aftertbegront i dry, connect the piping, flly tighten the foundatim s bolts,and recheck me aiignment. Amixtureof cement and h e sand isnormay d a s grout, 'ihm are other mateaals availabie which bave proven tmcasd. Care mustbeexcrcisein tbe u e sd matajals whicb expami wie setting, as they may OVQ hl expaad and prescrit mare of a problem tban mventionai materials such as cement and sand,w i h have atendency hc to shtmk d&hdy. 8-16 a d 8-17 -t typicai i l s a a h s d a r e ~ t e d o n l as guide&) y Aulhailled Engineering 1 11-14-1oe5.
8.10.1 mushing oil shoold be compatiile with the finai airbiae oil.
as long as necessary to remove or to fiusb parriculatc matter back tothe ol reservoir. Aperiodic checkof theoil i filtas or temporary screens should m e as a guide to detenninewtienmeoil isclean.
Authorized Engineemg Inforniath 11-14-1985.
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL 1991
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Support Foot Mounting Pad Baseplate Anchor Bolt Anchor Nut Shims Foundation
S T D I N E M A SM 23-ENGL L99L
SM 23-1991 Page46,
1.
Support Foot
6. Shims
7. Foundation
m
SM 23-1991 Page 47
&&
I&=
ExhaustFange & = -11Olb Fy= -25olb &= +180lb I&=+XI0 lbft My= +ux) lbft &= +350lb-ft check to see i these farces and moma@are w i t h f
NEMAguidclinea 1 ~ R E S U L T A N T f ~ d m o m c aONINDI. ts VIDUAL FLANGES against Limit 1. paragrriph 8.4.6.1.
200+500=+700Ib-ft
M y s 150+300=+450bft
&e - l m + 350 = +230 lbft F&70)z+(-350)z+(110)2-= 373 lb F~~(700)z+(450)2+(230)2 lb-ft = 863 Nominai inlet Flange Area = = 1257 i? r 4 Nominai~Fl8ngcArea.: = 50.27 Si2 4 Tti Fiange Area = 1257 + 50.27 = 6284 in2 oa Dc= = 8.%in.(Nocozrectiori x ntedtdbwvalues 9 m.aad Smaller.)
m2
m2
= ~=~(40)2+(-100)2+(-70)z 128 lb
Magnitu~oftheactualforcesandmomentscaicuiate
in P r 2 of this problem are lower than the allowable at
327 ib
magnitudescalculatedabove.Therefaile.thecornponen~~ of rhe combined farce and moments on the turbine are WithinNEMAgUidelines. Resultsfrompipts 1,2,&3 o this problem show that f forces and moments imposed by the piping system are
WithinallNEMAgUidelines.
STD.NEMA
SM 23-1991 Page 48
S I 23-ENGL
L97L
Sample Problem88
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON STEAM TURBINES
A condensing turbine has a 6 inch side inlet and an 3 6 inch down exhaust. Analysis of the steam piping system pqxsed for the turbine has determined that the components dthe forces and moments imposed on the iniet and exhaustflanges(cxcludingfarceontheexhaust~~due IoprrssureforcesinttKumesaainedexpansionjointinthe * exhaust line.) will be 8s tabulated below. Inlet Fiange Fr= +901b Fy= -1zolb Fz= + m l b Mx= -350 lb-ft My= +200 lb-ft Mz= +150 Ib-ft
De =
(16+36)=17.33 inches
(3)(2!50)
+ O 500 (17.33)
ExhaustFlange Fx= O F y = -250lb FE= O Mx= O My= O &= O 4 Bellows area far the expansionjoint (obtained from NominalExhaust expansionjoint manufacturer) is 1030 square inches. Fiange Area =zQ&hJ21017.9 in2 = PRssipef m &vel@ by full vacuum in the expan4 sionpintis: Ttl Flange Area = 23.3 + 1017.9 = 1046.2 ia oa (1030 = 15,141 Ib (14.7 This is additional force in the -Ydirection. Check t see if thest forces and moments are within o NEMAguidelines. 1. ~ k ~ U L T ~ f ~ ~ d m ~ e n t s O N ~ ~ I Dc = 3 i = 18.166 in. VIDUAL FLANGES against Limit 1, Paragraph 3 8.4.4 1. 2Fc+Mc525oDc Limit2 (2) (456) +4301250(18.166) inlet Flange s 1342s4542 i me so the resultant forces and F=(W2(102(0)= ~~!)+-S)+20' 2 6 lb 6 moments are within NEMA gui&iines. M~=d(-350)~+(+C200)~+(150)~ lb-ft =430 3. Check the COMPONENTS of the cunbined foi.ces and moments ON THE lU..LVE against values & = 6 inches (No correction needed for flanges 8" and maila.) calculated per Paragraph 8.4.6.2.b. 3FR+mS500& Limit1 From calculations in part 2 i = 18.166 in. ,k (3)(266) + 430 5 (500)(6) 1228S3 i true so facesand momentson the s inlet flange are within NEMA guidelines. AUowable Forces and Momenis Fx= 50Dc= 908lb Mx= w)Dc=4541Ib-ft Fy=125Dc=2271lb My= 125Dc=2271lb-ft ExhaustFange Fz= 100Dc= 18171b &= 125&=2271bft FRexcluding pressweforce = Magnicudesoftheactuaifonwaad~cntscalailated d(0)2+(-250)2+(O)2 250 lb = in Part 2 of this problem are l w r than the dowable oe MR= d(0)2+(o,2+(O)2'=O ib magnitudes calculated above. 'brefore, the cunponcnt~
750 S8665istniesoforcesandmomentsoathecxhaustfiangearewithinNEMAguidelines. 2 Checkcombined RESJLTANTfacesandm~meat ON THE TURBINE against Limit 2 psragraph , 8.4.6.2.a Fx= W+O= 901b Fy = -150 - w ) = 4 0 Ib 0 Fz= 200+0=200lb M = -350 + O = -350 lb-ft x My= 2OO+O=ux)lb-ft Mz= 150+0=15OIb-ft F&O)2+(400)z+(2Ml)2 =456 Ib &d(-350)2+(200)2+(1S0)2= 430 b-fi . Nominai inlet Fiange Area = = 2 . in2 83
m2
in3
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL
1971
SM 23-1991 Page 49
of I canbined fotces and Inomem on the turbine are k
WilhinNEhwgindClimes 4. aiecktoralformthetiabineexhaustfange against h e limit pes jtaragrapb 8.4.6.3. paragraph 8.4.6.3 statts that fame on the exhaust flangc should not exceed 15-112 times the nominai
Cxhaustarea (1017.9n = i s m ~b i5
(i5-w)
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL L99L
Sample Problem8C ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR A TURBINE WITH FOUR EXTRACTION OPENINGS
Strofoprneei
(UI 1 1 -
ms<ruuc~-)
139 5.4 7.4 85
Ara of o e hp pa l
Inlet 1 4 EXamiQn#l 1 0
Equivalent Diameter = 1 3 0 Eiches 5.4 Equivalent Dhmem m s be corrected when value exut ceeds9inches . D= c = 5 . 1 inches 70
* 3
Extraction#2 8 50.26 Extraction#3 1 6 210 0.6 ExtracrionM 30 768 0.6 E;xhaust 148 1234 70.0 F d the diameter ofa circular opening equal to the total m
8ceB
S T D * N E M A SM 23-ENGL 1991
SM 23-1991 Page 51
9.4
iastnictionswithrespecttostartingup,shuaingdown,and routine operation shouid be provided by the mufacturet in the instruction manual fumisbed with the airbine.
Authtnized Engineeringk\fom\rmon 11-14-1985. .
sim Cracking. 3. Avoid slugs of w t r and unduly wet steam. ae 4. Avoid great or sudden fluctuationsin pressure and temperamre of steam supply. 5. Provideanadequatesuppiyofcleanwaterfreef?om acid or scale forming i p r t e for oil m e s air muiis l r, coolers and the gand ccmdensing system. 6. Provide lubricating oil of proper quality and characwtics, including iiil flushing change. nta 7. Maintain a log of aperating conditions, including steam i i pressures and t e m m stage presna sures, oii pressures, exhaust pres~ures,whition, and 50 fimdi. This is m it in predicting and scheduling inspection outages. 8. Check trip valves o trip and throttle valve for Operr ation. ----9. c h e c k o v e a s p e e d t r i p a t ~ intervals. 10. Check auxiliary oil pumps.
e
TYPICAL STARTING SEQUENCE FOR A S E M TURBINE TA 1. Open exhaust shut off valve. 2. Sfartcoolingwater. 3. Startlubri&onoilsyStem. 4. Startsteamsealsystem. 5. Opmcasedrains. 6. S& or m e t aip valve. 7. crack open isolating valve. 8. Aowcasingtoheatup. 9. Slowly upen isolating valve und govexnor Eakts control (observe manufacturers instructions re nard inn critical^. 10. h y &en isoladng ;alve. 11. Adjust governor speed. 12. closecasingdrains. 13. M n t r turbine operation untii stable operation is oio achieved
~
9.5 MAINTENANCE 9.5.1 Introduction inspection and &ce should follow manuf~auws ioseuCtions. Frequency of inspection and degree of thoroughnessmay vary a n d a have tobe detennhed by the mainmancepersonnel: The foilowing is a typical maintenance program:
Diy al
1. V i y inspect turbine for extemai damage and leaks. 2 Check oil level in resewoirand governor. 3. Check for unusual vibration and noise levels. 4. Check oil temperatureand p e s . rs& weekly 1. Check operation of auxiliary oil pump, if applicable. 2 Check operation of ail shut down devices. . 3. Check that shafts are fite of oil or grease. 4. E ms the tnp valve. x ie Monthly 1. Check overspeed governor. 2 Check foundation bolts for tighmess. 3. Checkoiandlter.
AMU~IY Shut down the turbine and perform the following: 1. Remove and clean steam strainer. 2. Check shaft seals f w a . a er
9.3
NONCONDENSINGTURBINE OPERA..N OF A MULTlsTAGECONDENSING TURBINE Noncondensing operation o a multistage condensing f turbine is not recommended unies approved by the manum e. High exhaust pressme and temperanne can f mr cause last stage blade flutter,Casing distortion and damage and misalignment w t driven machines. An mcrease m ih exhaust temperature and pressure may also afect pipiig farces. (Seepiping f o a calculationsgiven in Section 8.)
Authorized Engineering Information 11-14-1985.
proper operation.
SM 23-1991 Paga 52
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
. .
Auhized~neeringinfomiaiiar11-14-1985. .
S T D - N E M A SM 23-ENGL L77L
SM 23-1991
Page 53
Table 9-1 WATERTUBE BOILERS RECOMMENDED BOILER WATER UMil'S AND ASSOCIATED STMM PURITY AT STEADY WATE FULL
LOAD OPERATION DRUM TYPE BOILERS
0-300
3014% 451-600 601-79 751-900 901-1Ooo
1. A
dv
0-2068
2069-3103 3104-4137 4138-5171 5172-6206 6207-6895
h within dte mgc dkctbc TDS m *feed
#)(11OOO
150- 750 125- 625
40m
30-150 25-125
15 10 8 3 2 1
tothe m
wua. Higher value# .C forhigh rolids. bwrvahcs uc for b w d r m die f e d wllcr. I l vducof TDG ofboikrmisr. Hgkr v d u u arc forthe high solids, bumv d i u
conductivity-
Micn>mhoslcm at Z 0 C
Dnun nce dirough
03 .
0.2
20
20 3
e,
1.o 0.5 50 50 10
Na+K,ppb,Up to 800 psi [5516kPa (gauge)] 801 to 1450 psi 15517 t 9998 kPa(gauge)] o 1451 to 2400 psi [9999 to 16548 kPa(gauge)] Over 24O psi [over 16548 kPa(gauge)]
2 0
10 5 3
20 10 5
3
SM23-1991 pases
No. Required:
Driven Equip.
Model
GearYesJNo
sM23-1991
Page 56
mt u
Mamifactunr'sstandard
6470247 0524355 L 4 b
SM23-1991 Page 57
Factory Tests
NM O
other
dc d
Conml(s)
Motaro
Air Supply
Site Environment Ambient tempexatwe Elevation
volts volts
Brackish
Hz Hz
Mx m ai m
Mi m im n
outdooa
Remarks
No.
MA