UTS COVERAGE EXAM

FIVE ELEMENT THEORY

PHYSICAL SELF • which makes use of the elements of water, wood,
fire, earth, and metal as archetypes for everything
- Refers to the body. occurring in the natural world.
- Physical extremities and internal organs work • Each element is correlated to seasons, colors,
together for the body to perform many of its shapes, sounds, as well as facial features, body
functions such as breathing, walking, eating and types, the body's major organs, and behavioral
sleeping among others. tendencies.
- The body’s ability to perform functions gradually • FACE READER - observe how facial features and
changes through an individual's aging. markings correspond to a person's mental,
emotional, and physical makeup.
LIFE SPAN
HIPPOCRATES
• REFERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT FROM
CONCEPTION TO DEATH - developed a theory based on the prominence of
• ELIZABETH B. HURLOCK OUTLINES THE body fluid.
STAGES OF LIFE SPAN - an excuse of or deficiency in an any of the four
1. PRENATAL - FERTILIZATION TO BIRTH body fluids (or humors) in a person influences their
2. INFANCY - BIRTH TO 2 WEEKS OF LIFE personality, temperament and well-being.
3. BABYHOOD - 2 WEEKS OF LIFE TO 2ND • THE SANGUINE TYPE
YEAR - Prominence of red bile
4. EARLY CHILDHOOD - 2 TO 6 YEARS OLD - impulsive, cheerful
5. LATE CHILDHOOD - 6 TO 10 OR 12 YEARS • MELANCHOLIC
OLD - Prominence of black bile
6. PUBERTY - 10 OR 12 TO 14 YEARS OLD - Depressed and pessimistic
7. ADOLESCENCE - 14 TO 18 YEARS OLD • CHOLERIC
8. EARLY ADULTHOOD - 18 TO 40 YEARS OLD - Prominence of yellow bile
9. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD - 40 TO 60 YEARS
- easily angry, jumpy, and temperamental
OLD
• PHLEGMATIC
10. LATE ADULTHOOD OR SENESCENCE - 60
- Excess phlegm
TO DEATH
- Tend to be sluggish, dull, and slow
2 FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH
WILLIAM SHELDON
AND DEVELOPMENT
- Developed body-type theory (based on physical
HEREDITY - Is the biological process of the inheritance
characteristics) endomorphic, mesomorphic, and
of traits from parent to offspring.
ectomorphic.
ENVIRONMENT - Refers to the factors an individual is • ENDOMORPHIC
exposed to throughout life which includes learning and - soft and plump
experiences. - Easy going and sociable.
• MESOMORPHIC
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - Such as diet, nutrition - strong muscular body
and diseases play as important role in an individual’s - energetic, adventurous, assertive, and courageous
physical development. competitive and tend to be dominant.
• ECTOMORPHIC
GENES - As the basic carrier at heredity traits and are - tall and thin
classified as dominant (strong genes) and recessive (weak - restrained, quiet, introverted, and artistic.
genes)
JEAN HANER
THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF
- The wisdom of your face
THEORY OF PHYSIOGONMY • OVAL SHAPED
- are generally hospitable and tactful.
• Suggest that a person Physical Characteristics such • ROUND SHAPED FACE
as facial and expression and body structures could - Friendly, kindhearted, and selfless square face
be related to a person’s character or personality. witty, analytical, and great leaders
• According to Ancient Chinese (of Face Reading), • HEART-SHAPED FACE
the face is threedimensional reflection of “who we - patient and intuitive by nature
are and how life has affected us”. • LONG SHAPED FACE
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- perfectionist and tend to be aggressive. RENAISSANCE BEAUTY
• TRIANGLE SHAPED FACE - women with a full figure and rounded hips were
- creative, artistic, sensitive, and determined diamond considered beautiful.
faces
• DIAMOND FACE MEDIEVAL AGE
- detail-oriented, like to be in control. - considered chubby, fat, or plump women beautiful.
• FULL THICK EYEBROW PHILIPPINES and MALAYSIA
- confident, assertive, and goal oriented
• LARGE OR HIGHLY- DEFINED JAW - consider flat noses to be attractive.
- have strong values and firm beliefs.
❖ Generally, humans who have clean and unblemished
SQUIER AND MEW skin, thick shiny hair, well-proportioned bodies, and
symmetrical faces, are traditionally considered the
• long angular-shaped faces most beautiful.
❖ Demello 2014 Beauty has always been considered
• tend to be more responsive, assertive, and genuine
important throughout history because these features
than person with square shaped faces who tend to
indicate youth, health, good genes, and fertility.
be more restrained, conforming and shrewd.
BODY MODIFICATION
BODY IMAGE
- any method of making permanent changes to the
• How individuals perceive, think, and feel about
body.
their body and physical appearance.
TATTOOING
APPEARANCE
- which injects ink onto the skin to draw a design.
• Refers to everything about a person that others can PIERCING
observe such as height, weight, skin color, clothes, - people wear jewelry through different piercings in
and hairstyle. their body.

BODY IMAGE ❖ Traditionally, tattooing and piercing were

considered signs of one's strength, bravery, and
• Body image can affect both the adolescent’s social status.
physical and physiological well-being.
• Adolescents worry about different parts of their COSMETIC SURGERY
bodies.
• The way adolescents react to their physical - Includes surgical and non-surgical procedures to
appearance depends in part on sociocultural factors. restore, reconstruct, or alter body parts.
• Girls who have higher body dissatisfaction are
likely to experience depression, low self-esteem, Ways to improve your body image and inner self.
and eating disorders (Demello, 2014).
• Smile a lot.
EATING DISORDERS • Take good care of your health.
• Live a well-balanced life.
ANOREXIA • Dress well and be neat
- is an eating disorder in which the person refuses to • Spend some time alone to reflect.
eat for fear of gaining weight which can result in • Be creative and do something new all the time.
severe starvation and death. • Develop a wholesome attitude toward sex.
BULIMIA NERVOSA • Avoid temptations.
• Respect individuality.
- in which the person induces purging after binging • Make friends.
on large quantities of food.
• Face your fears.
BODY DYSMORPHIC • Be independent.
- extremely conscious of body image • Accept things as they are.
• Ask and listen.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY • Think positive.
• Pray.
EGYPTIAN BEAUTY • Count your blessings.
• Be thankful.
- beauty is perceived in women with slim, high waist,
narrow hips, and long black hair.
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SEXUAL SELF = The female hormones are not produced consistently like
men. They follow a cyclical pattern.
What is the Sexual Self? Reproductive System
- Discusses the biological factors of sexual behaviors - Is a system of organs designed for reproduction and
that includes the reproductive system and the sex sexual function.
characteristics of a person. This also includes
Sexual Health and the risk factors (STIs and Early FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Pregnancy). Eternal Female Parts
Development of Sex Characteristics and the Human CLITORIS
Reproductive System - made of erectile tissue with nerve endings that
swells when blood rushes there; responsible for
Sexual characteristics are physical traits of an organism
pleasure
which are indicative of or resultant from biological sexual LABIA
factors. These include Primary and Secondary - folds of skin around your vaginal opening.
Characteristics. Composed of two parts: LABIA MAJORA (outer
lips) and LABIA MINORA (inner lips).
Primary Sex Characteristics
VULVA VESTIBULES
• Are physical characteristics present at birth. These - contains the opening to the urethra and the vaginal
are the characteristics that distinguish male from opening.
female and vice versa. VAGINAL OPENING (Vagina)
- is an elastic, muscular tube connected to the cervix
• Develop as the embryo grows in the womb as a
proximally and extends to the external surface
result of chromosomes in the embryonic cell. through the vulva vestibule.
• 5 weeks of pregnancy, Gonads start to form. VAGINA
• Gonads release respective hormones to develop sex - Receptacle for the penis and serves as birth canal
organs to develop. UTERUS
- hollow organ where the fetusgrows
Secondary Sex Characteristics OVARIES
- Are characteristics that develop during the onset of - produce egg cells
puberty. FALLOPIAN TUBES
Females - where the egg cell travels toget to the uterus
CERVIX
• Enlargement of breasts - the neck or entrance to the womb
• Start of menstruation
• Widening of hips MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Enlargement of buttocks
External Male Parts
• Growth of pubic hair
ROOT
Males
- the base of your penis. It attaches to the wall of
• Testicular growth your abdomen.
• Sperm production BODY
• Growth of facial and body hair - has a shape like a tube or cylinder that makes up
• Deepening of the voice the shaft.
GLANS
HORMONES - is the cone-shaped tip of the penis.
Testosterone PENIS
- present in males stimulates the development of - is the organ through which males urinate and
primary and secondary characteristics deliver sperm through sexual intercourse.
Estrogen PROSTATE GLAND
- Present in females Promotes female reproductive - adds additional fluid to ejaculate,
capacity whichhelpsnourishsperm.
Progesterone SEMINAL VESICLE
- Present in females stimulates growth of the female - pouches that attach to the vas deferensnear thebase
reproductive organs prepares the uterus for of the bladder.
pregnancy. TESTES
- make testosterone and produce sperm.
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SCROTUM aroused by creating or fantasizing erotic images
- loose sack-like pouch that holds the testes. (Feldman, 2010).
VAS DEFERENCE COGNITIVE FACTORS
- transports mature sperm to the urethra
MEN
inpreparationfor ejaculation.
- Thinks of sex frequently
EPIDIDYMIS
WOMEN
- a set of coiled ducts that connects to the vas
- Places more frequent emphasis in emotional
deference where sperm cellsare stored.
closeness (Peplau, 2003)
CULTURAL FACTORS
Sexual Arousal and Erogenous Zones: What Turns
People On - Norms continue to shape sexual activity along with
socially acceptable behavior. Expression of sexual
EROGENOUS ZONES
desire are also influenced by scripts of stereotyped
- are areas in the body which are highly sensitive and
patterns of expectations on how people should
produce sexual responses when stimulated.
behave sexually.
Common Erogenous Zones
- Genitals THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
- Mouth
- Breasts WILLIAM MASTERS AND VIRGINIA JOHNSON
- Ears - “Masters of Sex ”
- Anus - They found that the biological responses of male
- Entire Surface of the Body and females to sexual stimulation are quite similar.
They use the term sexual-response cycle to describe
The basic form of sexual stimulation is the changes that occur in the body as men and
MASTURBATION. women become sexually aroused.
Masturbation FOUR PHASES OF SEXUAL-RSPSONSE CYCLE
- also known as self-stimulation that causes sexual
pleasure or orgasm. Excitement Phase
Other Sexual Activities - also known as the arousal phase or initial
- Kissing excitement phase.
- Cuddling • the beginning of sexual arousal and can last from
- Necking one minute to several hours.
- Pecking • the first stage of human sexual response cycle,
- Petting which occurs as a result of physical or mental erotic
- Touching the erogenous zones stimuli (kissing, making out, viewing erotic images
Male thta leads to sexual arousal.
- Ears Plateau Phase
- Small of the back (sacrum) - the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm.
- Neck • characterized by an increased circulation and heart
- Inner wrist rate in both sexes, increased sexual pleasure with
Female increased stimulation and further increased muscle
- Areola + Nipples tension.
- Naval + Lower Stomach Orgasm
- Inner Arm + Armpits - the conclusion of the pleasure phase of the sexual
response cycle and is experienced by both males
FACTORS AFFECTING SEXUAL AROUSAL/DESIRE and females.
• Orgasms are often associated with other
HORMONAL FACTORS involuntary actions, including vocalizations and
- In many species, sexual arousal is closely tied to muscular spasms in other areas of the body and a
variations in hormonal levels. In humans, hormones generally euphoric sensation.
play less of a role. In one sense, the brain is where Resolution Phase
sexual desire originates and where sexual behavior - occurs after orgasm and allows the muscle to relax,
is controlled (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith, Bem, & blood pressure drop and the body to slow down
NoelHoeksema,2009). from its excited stage.
COGNITIVE FACTORS • usually, a man is unable to orgasm again, and
- It plays an important role in sexual arousal in women can also experience a refractory period.
humans. Some individuals become severely
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ATTRACTION, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT Homosexuality
- Sexually attracted to members of the same sex.
Puberty
- Female - lesbians
- an important stage in sexual development. - Male - gays
• it is when many boys and girls first experience their Bisexuality
first sexual attraction. - One is attracted to both opposite and same sex.
• initial attraction is influenced by social norms, Pansexuality
physical attractiveness, and processes of - Attracted to people of all genders.
interpersonal exchange (DeLamater & Myers, Asexuality
2012). - Lack of sexual attraction to others.
• Social Exchange Theory proposes that attraction is ORIGINS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
the result of an exchange process. - Theories of the origins of sexual orientation look at
Romantic Love both the biological makeup of an individual and the
environmental influences on his or her orientation
- includes a complex combination of different (Rathus, 2017).
emotions such as fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and - Some explanations for homosexuality and
jealousy. bisexuality are biological in nature, suggesting that
• Psychologist Robert Sternberg suggests that there genetic factors such as hormones and certain neural
are three components of love: intimacy, passion, systems may also play a role in sexual orientation.
and commitment.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI)
THREE COMPONENTS OF LOVE AND EARLY PREGNANCY
Intimacy Component SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI)
- refers to the feelings of closeness, connectedness,
and bondness. - Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or sexually
Passion Component transmitted diseases (STDs) are contracted
- the drives that leads to romance, physical attraction, primarily through sexual contact (vaginal, oral, or
and sexual consummation. anal sex).
Commitment Component - Bacterial infections are treatable with antibiotics,
- refers to the decision to love and the commitment but those caused by viruses are more difficult to
to maintain that love. treat and are often incurable such as HIV/AIDS.

HELEN FISHER STIs Include...

- an American biological anthropologist and expert in • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

the science of human attraction, suggests the • AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
important ingredients of romantic love (Lust, • Gonorrhea
Attraction, Attachment). • Syphilis
• Chlamydia
Lust
• Genital Herpes
- is driven by the desire of sexual grafitication.
• Genital Warts
Attraction
- often associated by sexual attraction. HIV/AIDS
Attachment (Affectionate or Compassionate Love)
- when individuals desire to connect with another - are caused by direct contact with body fluids such
person intimately. as through blood transfusion, breast feeding, and
sexual intercourse. It attacks the immune system
• John Bowlby defines attachment as a strong
and the infected person eventually dies.
affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate
- Treatment: antiretroviral therapy (ART).
companion.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION GONORRHEA
- Refers to a person ’ s sexual Identity anchored on - is caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack the
what gender they are attracted to lining of the mucous membrane such as the mouth,
throat, vagina, and urethra.
COMMON SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS
- Treatment: penicillin or other antibiotics.
Heterosexuality
- Sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex.
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SYPHILIS METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION AND THE
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW
- Infects the genital areas and other parts of the body
including the brain and can cause paralysis or even - Over the years, sexual activities have become
death when left untreated. less restricted. Premarital sex has become more
- Treatment: benzathine penicillin injection or accepted. over the past few decades, there has
antibiotics. been a gradual trend toward initiating sex at an
earlier age (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith, Bem, &
CHLAMYDIA Noel-Hoeksema,2009)
- Is caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis. CONTRACEPTION
In men, chlamydia can cause swollen testicles and a
burning sensation during urination. It can result in - Refers to the methods used to prevent
sterility among women if left untreated because it pregnancy.
damages the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
- Treatment: penicillin or other antibiotics.
CHLAMYDIA • CONDOMS
• ORAL CONTACEPTIVES
- Vaginal Discharge and Inflammation in cervix. • IUD (INTRAUTERINE DEVICE)
- Swollen Testicle (Infected area) • BIRTH CONTROL INJECTION
GENITAL HERPES RH (REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH) LAW
- Cause itching and tingling sensations, abscesses, • Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
and blisters in the genital area. There is no cure. Act of 2012
- Treatment: Antiviral medicines - Guarantees universal access to contraception,
GENITAL HERPES fertility control, sex education, and maternal care.
- Provides for the “Prevention and Treatment of
GENITAL WARTS HIV/AIDs and other STIs and STDs
- Spread awareness among adolescent and youth on
- caused by the human papillomavirus and women
reproductive health through proper sex education.
with human papillomavirus are prone to cervical
cancer. Though the warts can be removed, they may
recur. Treatment: creams, cryotherapy, or laser, but
treatment won 't get rid of the virus.
- There is no treatment for the virus itself.
WHO IS AT RISK?
- Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of STIs
and STDs and should practice safe sex.
• it is important to remember that not having sex
can be the safest sex method to avoid all forms
of STIs and STDs.
TEENAGE PREGNANCY
- Teenage pregnancy is when a woman under 20
gets pregnant. It usually refers to teens between
the ages of 15-19. But it can include girls as
young as 10.
• It is a major concern in the Philippines. Early
pregnancy creates health risks among young
mothers and their babies as the reproductive
organs are not yet mature during adolescence
and complications may arise during pregnancy
and childbirth.
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MATERIAL SELF COMPULSIVE BUYING DISORDER (CBD)

ALBERT EINSTEIN • Characterized by an obsession with shopping and

“I believe that a simple and unassuming manner of life is best buying behaviors that can cause adverse
for everyone, best both for the body and the mind.” consequences such as debts.
• According to Belk (1998), developmental evidence
• A person’s ownership like his or her car, house, suggests that identification with material things
clothes, even family and friends make up his or her begins quite early in life but remains high throughout
material self. life as people seek for happiness.
• A person will always strive to acquire more • Psychologists identify other social and cultural
regardless of how much he/she owns materially factor that seem to be strongly implicated in the
because materials possessions are usually a etiology of materialism.
reflection of a person’s success or failure. • When a person is about to make purchase, he or she
should ask himself or herself a very important
WILLIAM JAMES question: “DO I REALLY NEED THIS?
- Self is everything that an individual considers to be CONSUMER CULTURE
hers or his.
- The self is composed of the material self which is the • According to Arnould (2010), it is a social system in
manifestation of one’s identity through his material which consumption is dominated by the
possessions. consumption of commercial products.
• Adolescents tend to worry about their bodies and • It denotes a social arrangement in which the relations
appearance of their body than boys between lived culture and social resources, and
• Clothes represent the self between meaningful ways of life and their symbolic
• People an individual has relationships with and material resources on which they depend on, are
• Pets could also symbolically define a person’s mediated through markets.
identity. • According to Arnould and Craig (2005), The
consumption of market-made commodities and
THE ROLE OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS ON THE desire-inducing marketing symbols is central to
SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY consumer culture.
MATERIAL POSSESSIONS • The availability and affordability of a wide variety
of products and services that cater to different needs,
- These are the people who remain valuable because preferences, and tastes.
their possessions are symbolic of one’s social status • The influence of advertising, marketing, branding,
and celebrity endorsements on consumer behavior
RUSSELL BELK
and decision making.
- Suggests that Material Possessions act as an • The role of consumption as a source of identity,
objective manifestation of the self, and can be a status, belonging, and happiness for consumers.
reflection of hard work and success, by his work • The impact of consumption on the environment,
“Are We What We Own” society, culture, and politics.
WHAT IS THE SELF IN MATERIAL POSSESSIONS? CONSUMERIST SOCIETY
- The SELF can also contribute to a feeling of well- - It is one in which people spend a great deal of time,
being. money, and energy to “consume” commercial
- INCLUDING: products, goods and services.
• Sense of Personal Growth
CONSUMERISM
• Purpose or meaning in Life.
• However, the lack or lose of material possessions - It is the consumption of material goods and services
can be disruptive to one’s mental health. in excess of one’s basic needs.
- It is closely tied to materialism. Both heavily
MATERIALISM
influence the way individuals view the self. It can be
- Refers to giving more importance to material viewed positively and negatively.
possessions than intangible values
CONCLUSION
- According to Medical News Today, people who are
- Material Self focuses on how the role of material
materialistic tend to be “me-centered.” They are
possessions in shaping an individual’s identity, self-
more likely to focus on what they do not have and esteem, and social interaction. It emphasizes the
are unable to be grateful for what they do have,
complex connection between consumer culture,
whether it is their family, a nice house, or a good job. individual values, and well-being in modern
Materialistic values tend to lead to depression,
society.
anxiety, and lower life satisfaction.
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SPIRITUAL SELF religious experience and deepen their connection to
their faith.

The spiritual life does not remove us from the world but CHRISTIANITY
leads us deeper into it. -HENRI J.M. NOUWEN
• Belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of
SPIRITUAL SELF God, and the Holy Spirit.
• The death, descent into hell, resurrect ion and
- Inner Essence ascension of Christ.
- Connects the person to the sacred, the supernatural, • The holiness of the Church and the communion of
and the universe. saints.
- Experience a feeling of oneness with a higher being • Christ 's second coming, the Day of Judgement and
and the universe. salvation of the faithful.
- Gives a deeper purpose or meaning of one’ s life.
ISLAM
THE SPIRITUAL SELF IS DEVELOPED THROUGH
- These are six principles that a Sunni Muslim must
• Imitation believe to be accepted as a Muslim.
• Interaction • Belief in one God (Allah).
• Observation • Belief in his Angels.
• Belief in his holy books.
WHY ARE THEIR ROLES IMPORTANT?
• Belief in his messengers.
• Parents are a child's first and most influential • Belief in the Day of Judgment and life after death.
teachers. • Belief in divine decree.
• They can shape and mold a child's character,
HOW DOES SPIRITUALITY AFFECT ONE’S SELF?
values, and worldview.
• School’s teach children the existence of religions,
• Better confidence
beliefs, and so on.
• Self-esteem
• The church creates a space for children to spend
• Self-control
time learning about good morals and standards. It
• Purpose in life
can help children to stay grounded, avoid falling
• Sense of peace
into bad habits and guide them throughout their
childhood.
“Search for the Meaning of Life"
Spirituality
- Viktor Frankl's "Man's Search for Meaning" and
- Spirituality refers to meaning and purpose in one's Logotherapy
life, a search for wholeness, and a relationship with
Dr. Emil Victor Frankl
a transcendent being (Hage, Hopson, Siegel,
Payton, & DeFanti, 2006). - born March 26, 1905, Vienna, Austria
- The root meaning of Spirituality is taken from the - died September 2, 1997, Vienna
Latin word spiritus, meaning breath or life force. - was an Austrian psychiatrist and psychotherapist
❖ In Christian ethics, Peschke ( 1994) describes that who developed the psychological approach known
the experience of the sacred is characterized by as logotherapy. This approach emphasizes the
reverence, faith, fear, trust, love, and admiration search for meaning as a fundamental human drive.
which are intimately connected to god. Frankl's work was heavily influenced by his
❖ Worship is regarded as an essential act to realize the experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration
ultimate meaning of transcendence and human life. camps during World War II.
RELIGION Frankl describes how prisoners in the concentration
camps passed through three major phases:
- Is a system of beliefs, rituals, and practices that are
followed by a group of people.
• Shock: Initially, prisoners experienced shock when
- can serve as a source of inspiration and provide a
confronted with the brutal realities of the camp.
framework for spiritual growth and development. A
t the same time, spirituality can enrich a person’s
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• Apathy: Over time, many prisoners developed How does Animism affect people?
apathy, a protective emotional shell that helped
them cope with the hardships and brutalities. - Animism cultivates among people a consciousness
of the environment that they are in, thus making
• Depersonalization: In the final phase, prisoners them more mindful of how they act according to
experienced depersonalization, a state where the different things they come in contact with.
everything seemed unreal, akin to a dream.
❖ Throughout the world, in all of the great spiritual
LOGOTHERAPY traditions, there is a teaching about “Divinity”
being within us. From Native American, Hindu and
- is the pursuit of human existence as well as on Buddhist traditions, to Christianity, all the way to
man's search for such a meaning. According to great mystics and scientists. From traditions that
logotherapy, the striving to find a meaning in one's subscribe to the idea of “God, ” to traditions that
life is the primary motivational force in man. In honour the earth or the Light within humanity. We
logotherapy, one can discover the meaning of life in all seem to agree that we are more than a Body.
three different ways: by doing a deed, by There is light/God/Divine consciousness within us.
experiencing a value, and by suffering. Your Spiritual Self is you in your most beautiful
and powerful form. It is the authentic self, the
1. Doing a Deed: Meaning can be discovered through unconditioned part, the you without patterns.
achievements and accomplishments. Setting and
achieving goals give life purpose.

2. Experiencing a Value: Frankl underlines the

significance of experiencing love for another
person. Love allows individuals to understand the
essence of another person's personality, and it holds
profound meaning in one's inner self.

3. Suffering: Frankl suggests that suffering, if

approached with the quest for meaning, can provide
a sense of purpose and contribute to personal
growth

The Practice of Animism

- Spirituality is also associated with animism

ANIMISM

- the belief that creatures, objects, and places possess

certain spirits.
- the belief that things and places are alive and
grounded by a supernatural order.
- animism cultivates among people a consciousness
of the environment that they are.

In the Philippines, indigenous peoples are known to

practice animism.

- Examples of Animism in the Philippines

• Bathala
• Anito Worship

- Spirituality and animism are associated because

they both involve a belief in the existence of
spiritual or supernatural forces within the natural
world.