Pressure Volume Temperature
Pressure Volume Temperature
Pressure Volume Temperature
Heriot-Watt
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
PVT
Pressure Volume Temperature
Adrian C Todd
PVT - Scope
Reservoir fluid analysis provides key data to
the petroleum engineer.
Quality of the testing is important to ensure
realistic values used in design.
Sample quality is the first quality issue.
PVT Analysis
Potential locations
for reservoir
sampling
Sampling Wet Gas and
Gas Condensate
Reservoirs
Location
1. Reservoir
2.Bottom-hole
3.Well Head
4. Separator
For. Against
1. Ideal 1. Impossible
2. 1-phase 2. Representative ? Technology, Cost, Handling.
3. Cost 3. 2-phase ? Representative ?,
4. Cost, 1-phase, 4.Gas/liquid volumes,, separator conditions,
buffer,sampling volume Representative ?,
Sampling Wet Gas and
Gas Condensate
Reservoirs-Flowing well.
V2 − V1
Thermal expansion, β =
V2 ( T2 − T1 )
V1 = volume at T1 , V2 = volume at T2
Flash Vaporisation (Relative Volume ) Test
Above bubble point compressibility of
oil at reservoir temperature can be
determined.
No free gas
V2 − V1
c=
V2 ( P1 − P2 )
V2 =volume at pressure P2
V1 =volume at pressure P1
Flash Vaporisation (Relative Volume ) Test
Main objectives:
Reservoir bubble point
pressure.
Together with
information from separator
tests, formation volume
factor above bubble point.
Differential Vaporisation
Below bubble point in reservoir gas liquid
separation in the reservoir is a constant
changing system.
A test has been design to attempt to simulate
this process.
In the differential vaporisation test liberated
gas is removed from the cell step wise.
At each step below bubble point, volumes
densities , gas expansion and compressibility
determined.
Bubble point starting point.
Differential Vaporisation
V res
Viscosity
Core Laboratories
Summary of results provided by an oil sample
PVT test.
Reference point
bubble point
Volumetric relationship of fluids in an oil
PVT test
Reference point
Stock Tank Conditions
Volumetric relationship of fluids in an oil PVT test
Interfacial Tension, IFT
Impact of IFT now considered an important
aspect
particularly for gas condensates
IFT has a significant impact on the behaviour
of residual condensate saturation and
associated relative permeability.
IFT is very low as critical point approached
Interfacial Tension Measurements
Most common method pendant drop
σ=
(
gd e2 ρ L − ρV ) (
gd e2 ρ L − ρV )
σ=
l l
Gas
Hg
Density cell
Stirrer
High pressure
sampling
Hg
Condensate
Gas Condensate-Special tests IFT and
Full Compositional data
Pendant drop
Gas
Hg
Density cell
High pressure Hg
sampling
Hg
Interface
Condensate
Rising film method
Vapour
1 cm
Vapour
1 cm
Liquid
Very thin meniscus
height
Understanding PVT Rep[orts
Purpose of the PVT report:
Although can be used for applications from
reservoir to surface facilities. Reservoir engineering
provides the main basis.
Provides much of black oil information.
Material balance equation basis for report.
PVT report provides main data for MB equation.
Both flash and differential separation assumed.
Specific to a particular fluid
Example PVT report.
Example PVT report.
Example PVT report.
Example
PVT
report.
Separator Test
Separator
Test
Separator Test
READ THE FOOTNOTES
Fluid Properties above bubble point
Relative Volume Test - Flash Vaporisation Test
Relative
Volume Test -
Flash
Vaporisation
Test
P
Pb
Vsat V
Bo above bubble point
1 1 1 1
ρo = =
ρo = =
vo vob v rel
v o v ob v rel
Above bubble point
1 ⎛ δv ⎞
Co = − ⎜ ⎟
v ⎝ δp ⎠T
1 ⎛ δv ⎞
Co = − ⎜ ⎟
v ⎝ δp ⎠T
1 ⎛ ∆v ⎞
Co = − ⎜ ⎟
vavg ⎝ ∆p ⎠T
Total Formation Volume Below Bubble
Point
Total formation
volume factor, Bt
Of little
significance, but Bo BT
sometimes used in
MB based
calculations
Total Formation Volume Below Bubble
Point If we multiply B x v . we get B over the
ob rel t
total pressure range above and below the
bubble point pressure.
Differential liberation tests
Differential liberation tests
Volume changes during differential liberation
854-763=91scf/bbl residual oil
We need to complete
GOR values below the
bubble point.
Differential in the
reservoir.
Flash in the wells and to
surface.
Differential liberation
Flash liberation
Calculation of Gas-Oil Ratio
Below the Bubble point The differential GOR is
converted in the following
manner:
( ∆R s )diff = liberated gas-oil ratio by differential liberation
ft 3
( ∆R s )diff =
Separator test
bbl residual oil Differential test
ft 3 bbl residual oil ft 3
× =
bbl residual oil bbl bubble point oil bbl bubble point oil
ft 3 bbl bubble point oil ft 3
× =
bbl bubble point oil bbl stock tank oil bbl stock tank oil
ft 3
= ( ∆R s )flash
bbl stock tank oil Bob
( R s )flash = ( R sb )flash − ( ∆R s )diff
R s = R si − ( ∆R s )flash
Vb / Vresid
Calculation of Formation Volume Factor
Below the Bubble point
Formation volume factors between bubble point and
surface also show a distinct difference between flash and
differential.
Calculation of Formation Volume Factor
Below the Bubble point
V Bob
Bo =
Vresid . Vb / Vresid
Viscosity Data
44%
High Pressure / High Temperature, HP/HT
Fluids
Recent years exploration activity has moved deeper.
High pressure and temperature accumulations found
Conventional PVT facilities do not enable testing
these fluids.
Ranges 250oC and 20,000 psi.
At these conditions role of water cannot be ignored.