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THE STUDY ON GREEN

LOGISTICS AWARENESS
AMONG SMEs IN KOTA
BHARU, KELANTAN
VINOTHINI A/P SURESH

NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN
NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM
NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI
DEGREE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONBUSINESS

WITH HONOURS
2023
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The Study on Green Logistic Awareness Among SMEs in Kota
Bahru, Kelantan
by
VINOTHINI A/P SURESH

NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN
NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM
NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS WITH
HONOURS
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA

KELANTAN
2023
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THESIS DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research and has
not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution.
I agree that my thesis is to be made immediately available as
OPEN ACCESS hardcopy or on-line open access (full text).
I agree that my thesis is to be made available as hardcopy or

on-line (full text) for a period approved by the Post Graduate
EMBARGOES Committee.
Dated from ______________ until _______________.
(Contain confidential information under the Official Secret

CONFIDENTIAL Act 1972) *
(Contains restricted information as specified by the

RESTRICTED organization where research was done) *
I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Kelantan reserves the right as follows:

1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan.
2. The library of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan has the right to make copies for the purpose of
research only.
3. The library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
VINOTHI
SIGNATURE SIGNATUR OF SUPERVISOR
NAME: VINOTHINI A/P SURESH
NAME: MOHAMMAD NIZAMUDDIN
SHAHIRA BIN ABDUL RAHIM
SIGNATURE
NAME: NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN
AIDA
SIGNATURE
NAME: NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM
NAJIHAH
SIGNATURE
NAME: NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI
DATE: 26 JANUARY 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I wanted to express my thanks to our God Almighty for being able to complete
this research study successfully. Next, as my supervisor as well my course coordinator, Encik
Mohammad Nizamuddin Bin Abdul Rahim. I would like to express my gratitude to a lecturer
who helped me a lot by sacrificing his time during this research project. Besides that, his
excellent guidance, and patience for providing me with valuable knowledge and sticking with
me from the beginning till the end of this research project. He is kind to answer all of the
questions that I have regarding the research and sure this research will never be completed
without his constant supervision. Not only that, but I am also immensely thankful for my fun
talks and my encouragement in my academic and research activities with my supervisor.
Next, I would like to say special thanks to my examiner, Puan Nik Malini Binti Nik
Mahdi for his support and my presentation of the day, as general perspectives in this area have
made this an exciting experience for me. In addition, I have been highly indebted to University
Malaysia Kelantan for providing excellent facilities and a website to scan for relevant sources
to complete our studies and I would like to thank the Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Industry
for providing the current format and information on this research.
Thirdly, I would want to express my gratitude for the support of our family members,
colleagues, and all my fellow party members from all parties. Without their emotional and
financial support, this study could be more difficult for me to complete. Finally, I would want
to thank the responders who were willing to give up their important time to complete our
questionnaire. Their integrity provided complete insight and opened the road for me to carry
out all areas of data processing and study results seamlessly.
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Table of content
ITEM PAGE
Cover Page
Title Page
Thesis Declaration
Acknowledgment i
Table of Contents ii-iii
List of Tables iv
List of Figures v
Abstract vi-vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1-3
1.2 Problem Statement 3-5
1.3 Research Questions 6
1.4 Research Objectives 6
1.5 Scope of the Study 7
1.6 Significance of the Study 7
1.7 Definition of Terms 7-9
1.8 Organization of the Proposal 9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Underpinning Theory 10-11
2.3 Green Logistics 11-12
2.4 Knowledge 12-13
2.5 Advertising 13
2.6 Government Regulation 13-14
2.7 Environment 14
2.8 Hypotheses Statement 15-17
2.9 Conceptual Framework 17
2.10 Summary 17
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Research Design 19
3.3 Data Collection Methods 19-20
3.4 Study Population 20
3.5 Sample Size 21-23
3.6 Sampling Technique 23
3.7 Research Instrument Development 23-24
3.8 Measurement of The Variables 24-25
3.9 Procedure for Plan Data Analysis 25-26
3.10 Conclusion 27
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
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4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Preliminary Analysis 28-31
4.3 Demographic profile of Respondents 31-32
4.4 Descriptive Analysis 33-36
4.5 Validity and Reliability Test 36-37
4.6 Normality Test 37-39
4.7 Hypothesis testing 40-41
4.7.1 Hypothesis 1 40-41
4.8 Summary/Conclusion 41
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction 42
5.2 Key Findings 42-44
5.3 Discussion 44-47
5.3.1Hypothesis 1
5.3.2Hypothesis 2
5.3.3 Hypothesis 3
5.4 Implications of the Study 47-48
5.5 Limitations of the Study 48-49
5.6 Recommendation / Suggestion for Future Research 49-52
5.7 Overall Conclusion of the Study 52
REFERENCES 53-55
APPENDIX A: Draft of questionnaire 56-62
APPENDIX B: Gantt Chart 63-64
APPENDIX C: Results of Turnitin 65-67
APPENDIX D: Rubrics 68-71
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List of tables
Tables Title Page

3.1 Tables for Determining 21
Sample
4.1 The Result of reliability 28
Cronbach’s Alpha
Coefficient for the
Independent Variables and
Dependent Variables
4.2 Demographic Profile of 31

Respondent
4.3 Descriptive Analysis of 32
Green Logistics Awareness
4.4 Descriptive Analysis for 35
Independent Variable
4.5 Reliability Analysis 36
4.6 The Results of Normality 37

Test
4.7 The Normality Test 38
4.8 Pearson’s Correlation 39
Coefficient Analysis
5.1 Research Question 1 & 41

Objective 1
Objective 2

Objective 3

Objective 4
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List of figures
Figure Title Page
2.1 Theory of Planned 11
Behaviour
2.2 Conceptual Framework 17
3.1 Formula for Determining 22
Sample Size
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ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine the awareness of green logistics among Small and Medium
Enterprises in Kota Bharu. There is great concern among traders about Malaysia's deteriorating
environmental cleanliness. The objective of this study is to identify and analyse the level of
awareness of traders in the use of green logistics. This study uses quantitative research, as many
as 300 questionnaires have been distributed to participants. Data collection was done by
contacting the participants through an online survey through social media and SPSS software
was used to analyse the data collected from the respondents. The results of the study show a
positive relationship between knowledge, advertising, government, and the environment that
contribute to the awareness of the concept of green logistics among Small and Medium
Enterprises in Kota Bharu. Implications and recommendations are also given to future
researchers who will conduct studies like this soon.
Keywords: Awareness, green logistics, knowledge, advertising, government, environment
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ABSTRAK
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesedaran terhadap logistik hijau kalangan Perusahaan
Kecil Sederhana di Kota Bharu. Terdapat kebimbangan besar dalam kalangan para peniaga
mengenai kebersihan alam sekitar Malaysia yang semakin merosot. Objektif kajian ini adalah
untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis tahap kesedaran para peniaga dalam penggunaan
logistik hijau. Kajian ini menggunakan kajian kuantitatif, sebanyak 300 borang soal selidik
telah diedarkan kepada peserta. Pengumpulan data telah dilakukan dengan menghubungi
peserta melalui tinjauan dalam talian melalui media sosial dan perisian SPSS telah digunakan
untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpul daripada responden. Hasil kajian menunjukkan
hubungan yang positif antara pengetahuan, pengiklanan, kerajaan, dan persekitaran yang
menyumbang terhadap kesedaran terhadap konsep logistik hijau dalam kalangan Perusahaan
Kecil Sederhana di Kota Bharu. Implikasi dan cadangan juga diberikan kepada pengkaji akan
datang yang akan menjalankan kajian seperti ini dalam masa terdekat.
Kata kunci: Kesedaran, logistik hijau, pengetahuan, pengiklanan, kerajaan, alam sekitar
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The term "green logistics" is defined as a set of supply chain management practices and
strategies that reduce the ecological and energy footprint of goods distribution, which focuses
on material handling, waste management, packaging, and transport. This ecological system
carries various meanings. It is a logistics subsystem because it is oriented to the logistics
process mainly to the process of collection, storage, and transportation. Solutions can be
created with ecological activities that do not burden the environment and social waste (Stolka
and Kubicka, 2018).
There is an increasing awareness of the environmental commitment of corporations because
these commitments enhance competitive advantage. Customers in developed economies
initially valued environmentally sustainable products more. Nowadays, most of the information
is available on the internet. Consequently, consumers in developing economies are increasingly
becoming aware of the environmental performance of corporations (Qayyum, Jamil, and Sehar,
2022). A business or organizational commitment is considered green marketing. Green
marketing is considered in a commitment or business means the development of goods and
services that are safe and environmentally friendly. More efficient use of energy and pollution
prevention can be done by using recyclable and biodegradable packaging. entrepreneurs have
been in the business world for a long time or young entrepreneurs, they need to focus on
business or green entrepreneurship which is much better. Many firms are interested in green
marketing. This green marketing is safer, and most business companies use this importance as
their marketing strategy and compete more healthily among other business companies. (Eugine
Tafadzwa Maziriri, 2020).
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In the 1970s of the 20th centuries, when the relationship between economic development, the
development of social relations, the environment, and natural resources were observed and
characterised, the first distinct "green" notion emerged. This desire is primarily expressed in
the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
which was adopted on June 16, 1972. (1972 United Nations Conference). As a result, efforts
have been made to define what is meant by sustainable development in a political, ecological,
economic, and social context. According to this definition, sustainable development is the
ability to satisfy the development needs of the current generation without impairing the ability
of future generations to do the same.
As a result, it has been determined that the state's primary function is to protect the
environment. A collection of sustainable rules and procedures aimed at minimising the
environmental damage brought on by the operations of this industry are referred to as eco-
logistics or green logistics. This idea of logistics has an impact on how systems, equipment,
and structures are set up for the movement, distribution, and storage of commodities. The
definition itself demonstrates that the present generation's economic advancement and
civilization should not be made at the expense of the environment's devastation and the
depletion of non-renewable resources for the benefit of future generations, who have a right to
their own advancement.
This study is to reveal the knowledge and awareness of green logistics among SMEs. This
study aims to put valuable inputs for the literature for the SMEs in Kota Bharu. Specifically,
this study addresses three objectives: (1) To evaluate the relationship between knowledge and
awareness of green logistics among SMEs influence of knowledge on the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs. (2) To determine the relationship between influence of advertising on
the awareness of green logistics among SMEs. (3) To evaluate the relationship between
influence of government regulation on the awareness of green logistics among SMEs. (4) To
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determine the relationship between the influence of the environment on the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Team Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
receiving the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize prove that the modern economic world takes the
phenomenon of global warming seriously. This is a very clear indication that environmental
awareness is increasing, which serves as a motivation to increase attempts to identify effective,
yet affordable ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the first place. Due to its sole focus
on the economic sector, today's corporate world is no longer enlightening. Other aspects of
sustainable development are raised more often when green is given unique characteristics.
Cities suffer from the same problem.
The company's supply chain activities have resulted in greenhouse gas emissions, improper
waste management, the production of non-biodegradable products, inappropriate storage of
hazardous and explosive materials, and excessive resource use, which have all contributed to
environmental pollution, global warming, and climate change, as well as the termination of
human life. Businesses use green and social practices in their supply chains to lessen the
environmental impact of their operations, maintain community safety, increase efficiency, gain
a competitive edge, satisfy stakeholder demand, and open new market opportunities. (Mensah,
Ahenkorah, Afum, Dacosta & Tian, 2020)
In Malaysia, one of the key elements stressed by most businesses to ensure they maintain their
competitiveness is supply chain management. Concerns about sustainability are just one of
many concerns that need to be resolved in respect to supply chain management. The concept
of sustainability is still crucial in the age of industry 4.0 since it can guarantee both the proper
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implementation of supply chain management and the mitigation of adverse environmental
effects generally. (Amni Husna Mohd Nashir, Syaimak Abdul Shukor, Aida Sheikhi 2020)
The first problem is pollution. Technological progress and the implementation of innovative
solutions have been taken as the best step in reducing pollution. The pollution involved is water
pollution. It is the main source in the daily life of living beings. So, it is necessary to take action
to protect water resources. (Stolka & Kubicka, 2018. According to some previous researchers
such as Kusi‐Sarpong, Bansah, and Jermsittiparsert reverse logistics activities are one of the
ways for their firms to continue to progress in their firm performance as well as firms that
practice environmental management also improve brand sustainability performance. Based on
Kusi-Sarpong, green information systems and technology can modify green supply chain
management practices. (Antwi, Agyapong & Owusu, 20220. Sewage and sewage sludge are
old waste. The sewage treatment process is one of the uses of environmental technology that
is used for the good of the environment and living beings.
Numerous companies in South Africa have embraced the idea of "becoming green" and
integrated green marketing into their operations. Yee (2016) notes that because of issues with
environmental sustainability, green marketing is relevant to both small and medium-sized
businesses. Additionally, green marketing has emerged as a crucial strategy for organizations
looking to thrive in the marketplace and maintain their competitive advantage (Chahal,
Dangwal, & Raina, 2014).
Other than that, to encourage the use of green logistics, the responsible parties especially the
government and business organizations need to implement the use of recycled goods such as
recycled bags. These recycled bags can be used for shopping, and they can also be used many
times. In fact, it is also easily available in stores and supermarkets. With global environmental
issues on the rise, companies and policymakers are facing increasing pressure to reduce the
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negative ecological impact of logistics activities and make them more environmentally
sustainable. Without additional environmental measures, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from
transport activities will increase by 60% by 2050, and emissions from global transport alone
will increase by 160% (Robaina and Neves, 2021)
The majority of manufacturing SMEs in Johannesburg have forgotten to form large and
significant organizations despite the South African government's efforts to support the
development of the SME sector. Lekhanya (2010) looked into how small businesses used
marketing systems, and the findings showed that owners and managers of rural SMEs lacked
advertising knowledge and expertise and used showcasing techniques sparingly. There are
many shortcomings in accessible writing when it comes to green marketing techniques,
competitive advantage, and SME business success. Surprisingly, the majority of international
investigations into SMEs have focused on crisis management and strategic orientation, with
research done in, among other places, Peru, Mexico, and the United States of America (Parnell,
2015).
Next, environmental problems. Environmental problems can be solved with the existence of
dynamic urban development. These problems often occur due to the logistics process of supply,
production, and distribution. Through logistics activities, green activities are carried out to
minimize the negative effects of economic activities. (Agata Mesjasz-Lech, 2016) In Malaysia,
consumers adopt the concept of green packaging products.
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1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
The research questions proposed are aligned with the main objective of the study on the
awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The research questions are
as follows:
1) What is the relationship between knowledge and the awareness of green logistics
among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?
2) What is the relationship between advertising and the awareness of green logistics
3) What is the relationship between government regulation and the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?
4) What is the relationship between environment and the awareness of green logistics
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
This research was done to evaluate the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota
Bahru, Kelantan. In this study we will:
1) To evaluate the relationship between knowledge and awareness of green logistics
among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
2) To determine the relationship between advertising and the awareness of green logistics
among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
3) To study the relationship between government regulation and the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
4) To investigate the relationship between the environment and the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The area of this research only will focus on the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in
Kota Bharu Kelantan. Moreover, the respondents only focus on 300 workers of SMEs company
in Kota Bharu Kelantan. The questionnaire will distribute to the employees that work in SMEs
in Kota Bharu Kelantan. The reason the researchers choose workers in SMEs is that worker
that works here will have basic knowledge about the overall processes and system in SME
companies and can answer the questionnaire without any bias.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The role of logistics in contemporary transportation networks is crucial. While forward
distribution, or the transport, warehousing, packaging, and inventory management from the
producer to the consumer, is what traditional logistics aims to coordinate. Environmental
concerns created a brand-new industry called "green logistics," which opened up markets for
recycling and waste disposal. A significant new market has emerged around the integration of
logistics into waste management and recycling, including the disposal of poisonous and
hazardous products. Reverse distribution is a continuous embedded process in which the
company (maker or distributor) is in charge of both the take-back and delivery of new products.
This would entail taking into account environmental factors over a product's whole life cycle.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The terms included in this research study are awareness, green logistics, Small and Medium
Enterprises, and Kota Bahru, Kelantan.
1.7.1 AWARENESS
Awareness is an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your
own activity. This context is used to ensure that individual contributions are relevant to the
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group activity as a whole and evaluate individual actions with respect to group goals and
progress. In this study, awareness is considered as an individual's ability to directly know, feel,
sense or be aware of events or happenings in their immediate environment. Therefore, it is
argued that although people may have awareness in green logistics, however, if he lacks
awareness about pollution, he is less interested in practicing green living as a concept of green
logistics. Therefore, it is reported that awareness of green logistics is important among
entrepreneurs to accept it.
1.7.2 GREEN LOGISTICS
Green logistics is using new technology and equipment to reduce damage during the working
environment. Green logistics can concentrate on packaging, transportation, material handling,
and waste management. The TPB can more precisely forecast a person's behaviour by taking
into account expected obstacles and prior experiences by introducing the notion "perceived
behavioural control." Consumer behaviour regarding green logistics awareness has been
proven to be positively influenced by perceived behavioural control. And in Ajzen's TPB
model, it is the only variable that has an immediate impact on behaviour. Additionally, it might
be a significant variable in studies on the connection between the environment and advertising.
1.7.3 SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs)
Small and medium enterprises are businesses that handle or produce some workers under
certain standards. Intentions and actions taken during behaviour are also governed by cultural
norms (Cialdini et al., 1990). Previous research has covered how subjective norms affect SMEs'
decisions regarding financial access (Al Balushi et al., 2018). Cholil (2015), Yanto et al.
(2016), Din and Nuh (2019), and Turyahikayo (2019) all looked at the connection between
subjective norms and an entrepreneur's inclination to seek financing (2015). Small and medium
enterprises are different in each country due to culture, religion, and other issues. Small and
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medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are independent, non-self-employed companies with less
than a certain number of employees.
1.7.4 KOTA BAHRU, KELANTAN
Kota Bharu (KB) is the capital of Malaysia's state of Kelantan. The city was founded in 1844
during the reign of Sultan Muhammad II and is the oldest city on Peninsular Malaysia's east
coast. The city is close to the mouth of the Kelantan River. Kota Bharu became the
administrative and commercial center of Kelantan.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE PROPOSAL
This chapter provided an overview of this study. It described the background of the study,
problem statement, research questions, research objectives, the scope of the study the
significance of the study, the definition of terms, and the organization of the proposal. It was
highlighting the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan.
Additionally, the next chapter will discuss top to bottom on every one of the variables and the
proposed conceptual framework.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The supply chain and logistics are closely intertwined. The relationship has to do with
processing raw resources and producing semi-finished goods. Consumer service is one of the
most important components in the supply chain and it also is one of the keys to getting more
profit. The system of green supply chains depends heavily on green logistics, which is a key
element of the framework for logistics and environmental superiority. The Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM) component is measured based on green logistics. The literature offers
several definitions for GSCM and numerous justifications for Sustainable supply chain
management (SSCM). These varied descriptions include a wide range of supply chain network
classifications and restrictions. There is a growing body of literature on many aspects of green
logistics.
Competitors need to provide a product that is distinctive or unusual in a competitive business
market to draw customers. One of the important components in promoting products for every
company is packaging from a marketing standpoint. It has the power to sway a customer's
choice at the point of purchase. It also functions as a channel of communication between a
product's image and the history of the organization.
2.2 UNDERPINNING THEORY
According to Theory of Planned Behavioural, a person's attitude towards behaviour, coupled
with common subjective norms, and with the perception of behavioural control factors, all work
to influence the individual's intention to perform a certain behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). Using the
TPB in the context of IT use, intention to use IT is assumed to influence individuals' subsequent
IT use, while fully mediating the influence of subjective attitudes and norms on subsequent IT
use. In addition, perceived behavioural control also directly affects the intention to use IT, as
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well as ultimate IT use. In this theory, three factors are involved, namely attitude, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioural control. All these factors must be closely related to
behaviours.
Figure 2.1
To build a theory of planned behaviour for green logistics awareness among SMEs studies,
some external factors have been added which are independent variables (Knowledge,
environment, government, and advertising). More specifically for the purpose of this study, the
analysis of external factors will be studied for their effect on the awareness that affects green
logistics activities among Small and Medium Enterprises.
2.3 PREVIOUS STUDY
2.3.1 GREEN LOGISTICS
Green logistics refers to supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce freight
distribution’s environmental and energy footprint. It focuses on material handling, waste
management, packaging, and transport (Rodrigue, 2020). Simply put, green logistics refers to
any business practice that aims to make operations more sustainable. It is also known as eco-
logistics, and it builds on the foundation established by traditional logistics. The emphasis in
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traditional logistics is on operations, with no regard for the environment. The goal of green
logistics is to improve both business operations and organizational sustainability.
Green Supply Chain Management is the implementation of green properties into existing
Supply Chain Management, which fully integrates environmental considerations into a
traditional way of Supply Chain Management. Another point of view in Green Supply Chain
Management is that the industry has been gradually shifting towards eco-friendly supply chains
by incorporating green technologies into their manufacturing, product design, and distribution
processes (Choong, 2015).
There was no specific or clear definition to describe Green Supply Chain Management because
each researcher defined the concept in a different way, making it difficult to explain with a
single definition (Islam, 2017).
Awareness of green logistics is derived from awareness and green logistics. The term of
awareness is the state or capacity to observe, feel, or be cognizant of events, objects, or sensory
patterns. In this term, awareness of green logistics is the knowledge, perception or concern
about supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce the environmental and
energy footprint of freight distribution.
2.3.2 KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge is a valuable strategic asset. It is a collection of skills, experiences, capabilities,
and insight that an organization creates and relies on collectively. It has an impact on all
activities within and outside of the organization. Knowledge is also a systematic approach to
capturing and utilizing an organization's collective expertise in order to create value. Effective
knowledge enables the creation, transfer, and application of knowledge at various levels in a
coherent and productive manner. The knowledge base can be defined as the organization's
understanding of what customers want to be combined with the employee's skills. Using this
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knowledge correctly can help organizations run more efficiently, reduce organizational risks,
and maximize opportunities. This is referred to as the knowledge advantage.
Knowledge consists of consideration of aspects in selection, organization, and comparison of
the idea’s value (Rajendran, 2019). Knowledge can also be defined as the stage of an idea's
evaluation from several levels by an organization's judgment; in short, knowledge can be used
as a tool to make a positive or negative judgment about any idea. Organizational perception is
an example of knowledge, and it is an important tool for assisting organizations in determining
or deciding on implementation activities (Rajendran, 2019).
2.3.3 ADVERTISING
According to the Advertising Association of the UK, advertising is a strategy for reaching out
to customers of a good or service. Paid communications with the aim of informing or
influencing their recipients are known as advertisements. Some people are unaware of
advertising even though it is continuously around. Advertising today spreads its message
through every channel that is available. Television, print (newspapers, magazines, journals,
etc.), radio, press, internet, posters, clothes, events, colours, sounds, visuals, and even people
are examples of such media (endorsements). There is also green advertising, which many
businesses have used. Green advertising is an advertisement that promotes a company's
products or services, ideas, or capabilities in reducing environmental damage and pollution
(Santoso, 2016).
2.3.4 GOVERNMENT REGULATION
Regulation is broadly defined as the imposition of rules by the government, backed up by the
use of penalties, with the goal of changing the economic behaviour of individuals and firms in
the private sector. There are various regulatory instruments or targets available. Prices, output,
rate of return (in the form of profits, margins, or commissions), information disclosure,
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standards, and ownership ceilings are just a few examples. Regulations may also be enacted to
protect suppliers from the unstable output and low-price conditions, as well as to promote
employment and a more equitable distribution of income.
Malaysia's government has recognized climate change and international green efforts. In April
2009, the Malaysian government established a new ministry, the Ministry of Energy, Green
Technology, and Water (KeTTHA). KeTTHA's primary goal is to promote high-impact
research and development (R&D) of green technologies in Malaysia (Choong M. C., 2009).
2.3.5 ENVIRONMENT
The environment is the sum of all the external conditions that affect an organism's life,
development, and survival. The naturally occurring physical environment on which humanity
is completely dependent in all of its activities. Environmental functions refer to the various
uses to which these surroundings are put for economic purposes. Because of the increased
environmental activities of humans and industrial companies, Malaysia's environmental
problem has become more severe.
Individuals around the world are improving their quality of life because of the economics,
globalisation, and technological advancement are all advancing quickly. Despite the profound
consequences of such changes, the environmental damage is devastating, necessitating
industrial action to save the planet. Factories generate massive amounts of waste, recyclable
materials pollute land and water, and greenhouse gas emissions have a significant impact on
climate change. As a result, freight transportation is one of the largest contributors to carbon
dioxide (CO2) (Chen, 2020).
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2.4 HYPOTHESES STATEMENT
The hypothesized relationships between the research constructs are discussed further below.
2.4.1 KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge is a valuable asset in any organization. The organization's community must be
aware of the current trend, surroundings, and environment. Top management must have
extensive knowledge in order to provide resources and encourage employees to learn new
innovations and technology. Another barrier was a lack of knowledge in green logistics; top
management has a strong relationship with the adoption because certain companies,
particularly SMEs, always lack internal expertise. Top management with green knowledge was
able to evaluate the benefits of new innovative technologies (Chen, 2020).
There are organizations that has been neglected the eco-friendly option in comparison with
economic and environmental dimensions (Vallance, 2011). However, many consumers are
aware of climate change and industry operations that harm the environment, putting pressure
on the government and industry. Pressures are increasing from a variety of sources, pushing all
actors and sectors of the economy to prioritize environmental concerns.
H1: There is a relationship between knowledge and the awareness of green logistics among
SMEs.
2.4.2 ADVERTISING
Advertising is a form of communication that aims to inform or influence people. People are
promoting green logistics or eco-friendly products and services through social media,
newspapers, magazines, radio, and even people. This can make organizations aware that they
need to pay more attention to the environment. This can also raise consumer awareness and
demand for environmentally friendly products and services.
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H2: There is a relationship between advertising and the awareness of green logistics among
SMEs.
2.4.3 GOVERNMENT REGULATION
The government is one of the communities that has become aware of the recent climate change.
Even though government intervention is difficult due to the unpredictable outcome,
government intervention and regulation are reaching out to environmental issues more directly.
Government can exert influence, even to the point of pressuring an organization to care more
about the environment. As the EU moves toward a 'fair and efficient pricing policy, there is
growing interest in charging for external costs (Rodrigue, 2020).
Malaysia's Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources is collaborating with the Ministries of
Transport and International Trade and Industry to research and develop the use of electric
vehicles on Malaysian roads (Choong M. C., 2009).
H3: There is a relationship between government regulation and the awareness of green logistics
among SMEs.
2.4.4 ENVIRONMENT
Individuals all over the world are improving their quality of life as a result of rapid economic
development, globalization, and technological progress. Regardless of the profound
consequences of such changes, the environmental damage is catastrophic, necessitating
industry initiatives to save the planet. Growing public awareness of environmental issues and
their negative economic consequences, which began in the 1950s with the impact of trucking
on urban communities. Truck size, emissions, and noise became public concerns, resulting in
the first legislation addressing pollutant and noise emissions, as well as road access conditions.
In a more recent context, well-publicized issues such as sustainability, energy, waste disposal,
and climate change have aided in the establishment of green logistics as a formal field of
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investigation and mitigation (Rodrigue, 2020). Businesses began to consider the environment
when optimizing supply chain delivery times, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions.
H4: There is a relationship between environment and the awareness of green logistics among
SMEs.
2.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A research approach has been presented to examine SMEs' awareness of green logistics
considering the literature review. In the figure below, the suggested conceptual framework is
displayed. Three factors, namely knowledge, advertising, governmental regulations, the
environment, and awareness of green logistics, make up the independent variable that has been
proposed.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Knowledge
Environment Awareness of Green

Logistics
Government
regulation
Advertising
Figure 2.2
2.6 SUMMARY
This chapter describes the dependent and independent variables of this study. The independent
variables are knowledge, advertising, government regulation, and finance, while the dependent
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variable is green logistics with small and medium enterprises. The analysis used to conduct this
research will be explained in the following chapters.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of this research is to explore the perception of key respondents toward green logistics
awareness among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. This chapter will discuss in detail the
methods and methodology used in this research.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers have used descriptive and correlation methods that are under non-experimental
research. A correlation study tries to examine connections or associations between variables
without introducing an intervention, while descriptive research would give an account of the
features of people, groups, or situations that may form the first stage of a more complicated
design. Because quantitative research is a strategy for testing objective theories by examining
the relationship between variables, the researchers would employ it. The instrument that would
use in these researchers was a questionnaire.
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
The quantitative data techniques were employed as the main data collection technique. These
procedures made use of closed-ended surveys, correlation, and regression strategies, mean,
mode, and median, as well as other statistical analysis techniques. The management and use of
quantitative methodologies took less time. For this research, the research data was obtained
and collected through a questionnaire and primary data were gathered via a questionnaire. The
questionnaire will be delivered among group members, with a verified cover letter signed by
the researchers’ supervisor. Our online survey was related to the study's goals and questions
for further investigation. We made the online survey form available to UMK Knowledge
Environment Government regulation logistics students via social media. The online survey
system automatically gathers each respondent's response and emails it to us.
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Primary data
Primary data was the data that we collected through a survey which will be done in Kota Bharu
by Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) as respondents. The main instrument to collect
primary data is a questionnaire.
Secondary data
Relates to data that has already been gathered by someone (an individual or an organization)
and is easily accessible to the researcher. (Business Research Methods All Rights Reserved ©
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2012 6– 40). Secondary data means the data that we
collected from other parties including past researchers’ studies. In this study, the secondary
data is collected by the researchers through analysis of journals, online articles, and websites
instead, the researchers put in the time and effort to compile and analyze the data from credible
sources. For this research, the research data was obtained and collected through a questionnaire.
The questionnaire will be delivered among group members, with a verified cover letter signed
by the researchers’ supervisor. Researchers collect data by questionnaire, and it will be their
primary data.
3.4 STUDY POPULATION
A population is related to any specific class of people or group of people or non-human beings
such as objects, educational institutions, time units, and geographical regions. A quantitative
survey method will be used, with questionnaires targeting around 384 respondents as the
study's target population. The population of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is 46,618
in Kelantan. It can be collected in the Economic Census 2016: Profile of Small and Medium
Enterprises (reference year 2015), Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
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3.5 SAMPLE SIZE
A sample size is a subset of the population. By studying the samples, the researcher was able
to show a general conclusion to the population of interest. A sample is a subset of a larger
population of people, objects, or items selected for measurement (De Winter, Gosling, &
Potter, 2016). To get the correct sample size, we utilize the table from Krejcie and Morgan
(1970).
According to (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970), 384 respondents would be chosen as respondents
based on a known population's sample size. There's also the final sample size, which is the
number of gatherings and units for which data is being prepared (Lavrakas, 2008). samples can
provide inaccurate results, while large samples require a significant investment of time and
energy (Lin, 2018). As the need for testing grows, an effective method is needed. The sample
size needed to represent a particular population. For this study, researchers focused on the
small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of Kota Bahru, Kelantan.
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Table 3.1: Table for Determining Sample
Note:
N is population size.
S is a sample size.
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Figure 3.1: Formula for Determining Sample Size
3.6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
In this study, a non-probability sampling technique was used. This Sampling technique
employs randomization to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of
being included in the selected sample. It is also known as random sampling. One of the non-
probability techniques used to conduct the survey is simple random sampling. Every element
has an equal chance of being chosen as the part sample in this technique. It is used when no
prior information about the target population is available. This method enables the researcher
to choose respondents based on their convenience and accessibility without any complications.
The quantitative method was used in this study to determine the level of awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. The survey was carried out using a structured
questionnaire.
3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
The most efficient method for gathering data during a research project is the questionnaire
instrument. A questionnaire is used by the researcher to get data from the respondents. In order
for respondents to physically complete the questionnaire, the researcher distributes it to them
throughout SMEs in Kota Bharu. In addition to physically handing out the questionnaire, the
researcher will also submit it to the respondent via Google Form, an online platform. Because
they are the most economical and effective method of gathering data, questionnaires are the
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tool of choice for researchers. Due to the spontaneous nature of the process of gathering data,
questionnaires that are pertinent to the study were created, and by employing them, immediate
responses may be obtained. A 5-point Likert scale is a tool used by researchers to obtain
relevant results. In Section A of the survey, the demographic profiles of the respondents who
work as SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan are included. Section B describes the independent
factors and the study's dependent variable.
Gender, race, marital status, and age are all factors to be considered in this section of the
questionnaire. By handing out the questionnaire to all the SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, as
well as via Google Form, data about green logistics awareness among SMEs in Kota Bharu,
Kelantan, will be analysed. There are a few respondents, and the data will be gathered and
analysed.
3.8 MEASUREMENT OF THE VARIABLES
For the purpose of completing this research, samples or data were collected. A structured
questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Meanwhile, secondary data were gathered from
website articles and relevant journals. The primary data source is obtained from questionnaires
distributed at random to selected respondents. The survey will be closed-ended. This type of
questionnaire will have multiple answer options and will allow respondents to choose a single
answer from the options provided. When conducting preliminary analysis, this type of
questionnaire is especially useful. Because a fixed answer set is provided, these are ideal for
calculating statistical data and various percentages. This questionnaire will use the Likert
question format. The Likert question format is used to determine the degree to which
respondents agree with a specific statement.
The questionnaire is divided into five sections, numbered A through E. In addition, the
questionnaire will include a nominal and ordinal measurement scale. In section A, the nominal
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scale is used to determine each respondent's demographic profile, whereas the ordinal scale is
used to evaluate each item in sections B to E. Section A contains demographic questions about
respondents’ personal information. Section B seeks related information about knowledge that
can influence green logistics awareness. Section C discusses advertising that can influence
public perception of green logistics. Section D is for obtaining reliable information about
government regulations that can influence green logistics awareness, and Section E is for
obtaining reliable information about environmental regulations that can influence green
logistics awareness. The collected data will be analysed using descriptive statistics.
Researchers used the SPSS software package to analyse data from questionnaires. This study
was conducted to determine the level of awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota
Bahru, Kelantan.
3.9 PROCEDURE FOR DATA ANALYSIS
3.9.1 Pilot test
The final phase of project planning is pilot testing. the pilot study makes the work a useful
reference, which may help persuade individuals to put their money into it. The test's results can
also assist important stakeholders in precisely estimating the project's resources.
The most important aspect of doing pilot tests is gathering participant input. There are several
methods to do this, but an online survey is often more productive, or we can call that as a
questionnaire. The questionnaire, there will contain independent variables (IV) and dependent
variables (DV). Our team manipulates an independent variable (IV) to see if it affects another
variable in a positive or negative way. The dependent variable is the other variable that is
measured and expected to be influenced by the dependent variable (DV). 30 surveys will be
given out as part of the study, and feedback will be gathered to help the questions be of higher
quality.
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3.9.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
The process of utilizing statistical methods to summarize or describe a set of data is known as
descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis, one of the main types of data analysis, is well-liked
for its capacity to produce understandable insights from uninterpreted data. This study found
that respondents were asked to provide information on their gender, age group, religion, race,
and marital status. This is for the purpose of enhancing knowledge about the history of SMEs
in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. As a result, descriptive analysis is employed to evaluate the results
of the demographic section and ascertain how each questionnaire question is responded to by
the respondent. The respondent must then accurately represent all demographic traits.
3.9.3 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
Validity is the degree to which a test or scale assesses the construct it is intended to measure,
whereas reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A good test or scale has high validity
as well as high reliability. However, a test or scale can have validity without also being reliable.
3.9.4 HYPOTHESIS TESTING ANALYSIS
Drawing conclusions about a population based on data collected from a sample of that
population is the goal of statistical inference. A method for understanding how reliably one can
extrapolate observed findings in a study sample to the larger population from which the sample
was drawn, hypothesis testing is the process used to assess the strength of the evidence from
the sample and provides a framework for making decisions related to the population. The
researcher develops a specific hypothesis, assesses data from the sample, and determines if the
specific hypothesis is supported by the data.
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3.10 SUMMARY
In conclusion, this chapter highlighted the quantitative analytical approach that will be
employed in this study, as well as the objective of analysing the impact of autonomous vehicles
in parcel sectors. The quantitative data-gathering technique, which includes the use of
questionnaires, is thoroughly addressed. This chapter also described in depth the research
framework, hypothesis, population, sample design, research design, research instrument
development, data collection instruments, and data analysis.
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CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The outcomes of the research analysis were discussed and reported in this chapter. In this study,
it was important to examine how the dependent variable and the independent factors related to
one another. This chapter also served to test the hypothesis and respond to the study objectives.
The findings of the data gathering, and a demographic profile then marked the beginning of
this chapter. The reliability study was carried out to make sure the samples were reliable for
the scale measurement analysis section, and descriptive analyses for the items and variables
were carried out. The research analysis's findings were covered in detail in this chapter. The
objective was to study how dependent and independent variables related.
In addition, this chapter was intended to test the hypothesis and respond to the research
objectives. The results of the data gathering, and the demographic profile were then presented
in this chapter. The descriptive analysis of the items and variables was carried out for the scale
measurement analysis section, and the reliability analysis was carried out to make sure the
samples were accurate. The analysis and findings that we have been used in this study are
preliminary analysis, demographic profile of respondents, descriptive analysis, validity and
reliability test, normality test and hypotheses testing.
4.2 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
In this study, there are two major stages of data analysis. Stage one aims to conduct preliminary
statistical analyses such as data screening and cleaning, assessing normality, and establishing
preliminary reliability, whereas Stage two aims to conduct more advanced statistics such as
Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression to derive innovation factors and build the Best
Innovation Model (BIM). Raw data must be prepared for analysis by checking for errors,
organising it, and entering it into a spreadsheet programme. Checking the reliability of
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measures, evaluating the effectiveness of any manipulations, examining the distributions of
individual variables, and identifying outliers are all examples of preliminary analyses on any
data set.
The survey measurement was pilot tested on the same type of people who would be used as
respondents in the main study to ensure that the instructions, questions, and scale items were
clear. Even though the measurement instrument was adapted from a previous study, it was
necessary to ensure that the respondents in this study could understand the questionnaire items
and respond appropriately. As a result, a pilot test was conducted to identify any questions or
items that might offend potential respondents and to identify anything that might go wrong
throughout the data collection process. The researchers chose 30 people to participate in the
pilot test study. The following is the outcome of the pilot test:
Variables Number of Items Cronbach’s Alpha Strength of

Coefficient Association
Dependant 5 0.904 Good
Variables
Green Logistics
Awareness
Independent 5 0.870 Good
Variables
Environment
Variables
Government
Regulation
Variables
Knowledge
Variables
Advertising
Table 4.1: The Result of reliability Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient for the Independent
Variables and Dependent Variables
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Table above showed the result of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient for the Independent Variables
and Dependent Variables in this study. Based on the table shows, all the variables were above
the value 0.6. Therefore, the questionnaire was valid and accepted.
There are five questions that have been measured, the first variables are dependent variables
used in measuring the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu. The result of
Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient in this section’s question was 0.904 which is good in terms of
strength of association. Therefore, the coefficients obtained for the questions in information
were reliable.
The second variables are independent variables which is the relationship between environment
and the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu. There were five questions.
The result of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient in this section’s question was 0.870 which is good
in terms of strength of association. So, the coefficients obtained for the questions in information
were reliable.
Another independent variable used in measuring the relationship between government
regulation and the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu. There were five
questions in this section. The result of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient in this section’s question
was 0.870 which is good in terms of strength of association. Thus, the coefficients obtained for
the questions in information were reliable.
Next, the independent variables used in measuring the relationship between knowledge and the
awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu. In this section also were included
five questions and the result of reliability Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient is 0.885. Thus, the
coefficients obtained for the questions in convenience were reliable and were suitable for
further analysis.
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The last independent variables used in measuring the relationship between advertising and the
awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu. In this section were also included
five questions and the result of reliability Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient is 0.885. Thus, the
internal consistency of this section’s questions is good and reliable.
4.3 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE of RESPONDENT
Frequency PERCENTAGE
Respondents Profile Classification N = 384 (%)
Gender Male 164 42.7

Female 220 57.3
Race Malay 91 23.7

Chinese 104 27.1
Indian 158 41.1
Other 31 8.1
Marital status Single 219 57.0

Married 113 29.4
Divorced 37 9.6
Widowed 15 4.0
Age 20-30 193 50.3

31-40 103 26.8
41-50 67 17.4
50 and above 21 5.5
SMEs Sectors Manufacturing 55 14.3
Construction 61 15.9
Food and beverage sector 161 42
Agriculture 67 17.4
Mining and quarrying 40 10.4
Table 4.2: Demographic Profile of Respondent
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The contextual profile of 384 respondents has been collected in this research. Table (4taktaw)
consists of gender, race, marital status, age, and SMEs sector. The majority percentage of
gender respondents was female with 57.3% (N=220), where 42.7% (N=164) respondents were
from male. There were more females according to gender than males because females were
more interested in becoming an entrepreneur. There were 4 races that be our target in this study
against all respondents. The highest race was Indian with 41.1% (N=158) and the lowest was
other races. The other races in question were races other than Malays and Chinese representing
8.1% (N=31) and were the lowest in percentage.
From the 384 respondents collected, 57% (N=219) stated they were single person in marital
status. Only 4% (N=15) respondents were widowed as their marital status. This was because
most of the respondents are teenagers between the ages of 20 and 30. The respondents aged 20
to 30 represent 50.3% (N=193) in the age distribution and it was also the highest percentage
compared to respondents aged 50 and above. Respondents aged 50 and above represent only
5.5% (N=1) which was the lowest percentage. This was because the target researchers are
among SMEs, and they are often young entrepreneurs.
Lastly, SMEs sector has the highest percentage in food and beverage with 42% (N=161) and
the lowest was in mining and quarrying with 10.4% (N=40). Most entrepreneurs in Kelantan
manage food companies. This state was known as the east coast state that rich in food that was
less spicy and tastes sweet. It also has wet food such as lekor crackers and dry chip crackers. It
will always be an attraction for tourists to buy dry foods at Pasar Siti Khadijah which has a
wide selection of items as well as different price offers.
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4.4 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
In this research, there were four variables consisting of one dependent variable (Green logistics
awareness) and four independent variables (Knowledge, Advertising, Government Regulation
and Environment). The researcher analyzed the mean for each variable.
4.4.1 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR DEPENDENT VARIABLE
No Green Logistics Awareness Mean SD N

Green logistics is very important in all SMEs
companies in Kota Bharu, Kelantan/ Logistik
B1 4.23 .850 384
hijau sangat penting dalam semua syarikat PKS
di Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Green logistics Kota Bharu, Kelantan gives a
positive impact towards the
B2 environment/Logistik hijau Kota Bharu, 4.17 .934 384
Kelantan memberi impak positif terhadap alam
sekitar.
SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan having a high
knowledge about the green logistics/ PKS di
B3 3.96 1.081 384
Kota Bharu, Kelantan mempunyai pengetahuan
yang tinggi tentang logistik hijau.
All SMEs are advertised about green logistics
in Kota Bharu, Kelantan/ Semua PKS
B4 4.17 .893 384
diiklankan tentang logistik hijau di Kota Bharu,
Kelantan.
One of the government regulations in Kota
Bharu, Kelantan is maintaining green
B5 logistics/ Salah satu peraturan kerajaan di Kota 4.43 .796 384
Bharu, Kelantan ialah mengekalkan logistik
hijau.
Table 4.3: Descriptive Analysis of Green Logistics Awareness
On the table above shows the value for each question contained in the questionnaires for
dependent variables, green logistics awareness. There are five questions for this green logistics
awareness and each question shows a different amount of Likert scale. The column means the
highest value is on the last question of the government regulations in Kota Bharu, Kelantan is
maintaining green logistics which 4.43. This demonstrates that most Small and Medium
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Enterprise (SMEs) are understand that government regulation has a significant impact on
awareness of green logistics. The lowest value for mean is on the third question as SMEs in
Kota Bharu, Kelantan having a high knowledge about the green logistics, 3.96. This is because
SMEs more listen to government instruction compared to their knowledge about green
logistics.
4.4.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Name Independent Variable Mean SD N
Our enterprise reduces and recycle the waste/

C1 Perniagaan kami mengurangkan dan mengitar 4.41 .809 384
semula bahan buangan
We attempted to minimize pollution of the air,
soil, water, and sound. / Kami berusaha untuk
C2 4.48 .778 384
mengurangkan pencemaran udara, tanah, air dan
bunyi.
Our employees will share ideas and give
suggestions to make something for successful
implementation of environmental practices/
C3 4.49 .751 384
Kakitangan kami akan saling berkongsi idea dan
memberi cadangan untuk membuat sesuatu bagi
kejayaan pelaksanaan alam sekitar
"Green logistics” is the environmentally friendly
method of moving resources and goods/ Logistik
C4 4.54 .725 384
hijau ialah kaedah mesra alam untuk
memindahkan sumber dan barangan.
We are returning the packaging from end user
back to the supplier/ Kami memulangkan
C5 4.46 .754 384
bungkusan daripada pengguna akhir kembali
kepada pembekal
The recycled plastic bag easier to use for Small
Medium Enterprise (SMEs) to give to customers/
C6 Beg plastik kitar semula itu lebih mudah 4.44 .756 384
digunakan untuk peniaga-peniaga kecil berikan
kepada para pelanggan
The regular use of recycled plastic bags is one of
C7 the ways to reduce environmental pollution/ 4.49 .733 384
Penggunaan beg plastik kitar semula secara
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berkala itu antara salah satu cara pengurangan
pencemaran alam sekitar
Eliminating the use of plastic will save the SMEs
C8 more/ Hapus terus penggunaan plastic akan lebih 4.52 .700 384
menjimatkan para peniaga.
It is easier for SMEs to comply with the
government's instructions by practicing the
concept of green logistics that prioritizes
C9 environmental cleanliness/ Para peniaga lebih 4.45 .739 384
mudah mematuhi arahan kerajaan dengan
mengamalkan konsep logistic hijau yang
mengutamakan kebersihan alam sekitar
Penalty will be imposed on traders who do not
prioritize the concept of green logistics/ Denda
C10 4.47 .750 384
akan dikenakan kepada peniaga-peniaga yang
tidak mengutamakan konsep logistic hijau.
I understand the knowledge and information
about green logistics/ Saya memahami
C11 4.45 .749 384
pengetahuan dan maklumat tentang logistik
hijau.
I know that green logistic practices can increase
company sales/ Saya tahu bahawa amalan
C12 4.50 .733 384
logistik hijau boleh meningkatkan jualan
syarikat
I believe that green logistics can reduce product
life cycle cost. /Saya percaya bahawa logistik
C13 4.46 .767 384
hijau boleh mengurangkan kos kitaran hayat
produk.
Our Company is aware of the benefits of the
implementation of green logistic practices/
C14 4.50 .737 384
Syarikat kami menyedari faedah pelaksanaan
amalan logistik hijau
Company provides resources for employees to
learn green logistics practices/ Syarikat
C15 4.50 .730 384
menyediakan sumber untuk pekerja mempelajari
amalan logistik hijau.
I have seen an advertisement regarding green
logistics in any social media platform/ Saya telah
C16 4.39 .794 384
melihat iklan mengenai "green logistics" di
mana-mana platform media sosial.
I aware that many companies have advertised
their eco-friendly products/ Saya sedar bahawa
C17 4.45 .745 384
banyak syarikat telah mengiklankan produk
mesra alam mereka.
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I have seen any celebrities or public figure that
promote and support green logistics or go green
campaign/ Saya pernah melihat mana-mana
C18 4.42 .760 384
selebriti atau tokoh masyarakat yang
mempromosikan dan menyokong "green
logistics" atau kempen "go green".
I aware or seen the eco labels and green stickers
in any products or services that you purchase/
C19 Saya menyedari atau melihat "eco labels" dan 4.42 .767 384
"green stickers" dalam mana-mana produk atau
perkhidmatan yang anda beli.
I have think there is enough information
regarding green logistics in marketing or
information platform/ Saya rasa saya ada
C20 4.48 .685 384
maklumat yang cukup berkenaan "green
logistics" dalam pemasaran atau mana-mana
platform maklumat.
Table 4.4: Descriptive Analysis for Independent Variable
On the table above shows the value for each question contained in the questionnaires for
independent variables. There are five questions for each independent variable and everyone of
question shows a different amount of Likert scale. Column means the highest values are on
environmental factors; "Green logistics" is an environmentally friendly method of moving
resources and goods, which is 4.54. This demonstrates that most Small and Medium Enterprise
(SMEs) are understand that environment has a significant impact on awareness of green
logistics. The lowest value for mean is on the advertising factor: SMEs have seen an
advertisement regarding green logistics in any social media platform ,4.39. This is because
SMEs are not too sensitive to advertisements displayed on social media even though most
SMEs are among teenagers who often use social media.
4.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TEST
There are various reliability coefficients. Cronbach's alpha is one of the most used, and it is
based on the average correlation of items within the test if the items are standardised. If the
items are not standardised, the average covariance coefficient is used, which ranges from 0 to
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1. As a result, in order to ensure that this reliability figure is strong and healthy. The items
under each construct were subjected to a reliability test. This allows the researcher to examine
the reliability of each item and decide which items to remove in order to improve the overall
reliability of the construct. Table 4.3 below demonstrates the results of overall reliability on
each construct.
Variables Number of Items Cronbach’s Alpha Strength of

Coefficient Association
Dependant 5 0.856 Good
Variables Green
Logistics Awareness
Variables
Environment
Independent 5 0.904 Excellent
Variables
Government
Regulation
Variables
Knowledge
Variables
Advertising
Table 4.5: Reliability Analysis
The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of a scale should be above 0.7. As table 4.5 demonstrates,
the construct “Government Regulation” has the highest Cronbach’s alpha measurement, which
is 0.904. The lowest Cronbach’s alpha is the “Green Logistics Awareness” construct, which is
0.856. As a result, because the minimum reliability of the constructs is greater than 0.7, it can
be assumed that all of the instrument's constructs produced an acceptable reliability level.
4.6 NORMALITY TEST
Using SPSS software, the researcher performed a normality test analysis. The researcher used
the Kolmogorov-Smirnova and the Shapiro-Wilk data normality test. Although it more suitable
for small sample size (50 samples), The Shapiro-Wilk test can handle sample sizes as large as
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2000. For this reason, the Shapiro-Wilk test will be used as our numerical method of
determining normalcy. The data is normal if the Shapiro-Wilk test sig. value is greater than
0.05. The data considerably depart from a normal distribution if it is less than 0.05.
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Mean1 .134 384 .000 .875 384 .000
Mean2 .203 384 .000 .745 384 .000
Mean3 .203 384 .000 .747 384 .000
Mean4 .205 384 .000 .752 384 .000
Mean5 .185 384 .000 .792 384 .000
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Table 4.6: The Results of Normality Test
The analysis results show that the normality table test has a significance value of 0.000 for all
dependent and independent variables. As a result, the researcher used a non-parametric version
of the kurtosis skewness and normality test. All dependent and independent variables were
subjected to this normality test. As a result, the researcher performs this test to ensure that the
data is normally distributed by calculating the skewness and kurtosis values for each item.
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Variable Skewness Kurtosis Result
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Dependant Variables -1.195 2.655 Normal Distributed
Green Logistics Awareness
Independent Variables -2.492 9.138 Normal Distributed

Environment

Government Regulation

Knowledge

Advertising
Table 4.7: The Normality Test
When using SEM, acceptable skewness values are between - 3 and + 3, and acceptable kurtosis
values are between - 10 and + 10. While skewness and kurtosis values for all variables within
the range of a variable are normally distributed when they are between 2 and 7, respectively.
The results of the analysis using the skewness and kurtosis normality tests are shown in the
table above for all variables involved. Skewness values range from -1.195 to -2.492, while
kurtosis values range from 2.655 to 9.138.
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4.7 HYPHOTESIS
Number of Pearson Significant Conclusion

Hypothesis correlation Value
H1 0.707 0.000 Accepted
H2 0.774 0.000 Accepted
H3 0.810 0.000 Accepted
H4 0.813 0.000 Accepted
Table 4.8: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Analysis
Table 4.8 shows results demonstrate that there is a relationship between
knowledge and awareness of green logistics among SMEs, with a p-value of 0.000
indicating that this association exists. The correlation coefficient's positive value of
0.707 indicates that the association is tenuous. It proves that the knowledge of SMEs
about the awareness of logistics can give the benefit to company. As a result, H1 is
accepted.
Based on the table 4.8, it shows that the p-value as 0.000 which is less than
0.01, this indicates that there is a significant relationship between advertising and the
awareness of green logistics among SMEs. It shows that the result of Pearson
Correlation is 0.774 and this result expose that there is a relationship between
advertising and the awareness of green logistics among SMEs. Hence, the H2 is
accepted.
There is a considerable correlation between government legislation and SMEs'
understanding of green logistics, as shown by the significant value of 0.000 in Table
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4.8. The correlation value, however, stands at 0.810, indicating a strong association
between governmental regulation and SMEs' understanding of green logistics.
Additionally, it demonstrates that there is a slight but significant correlation between
governmental regulation and SMEs' understanding of green logistics. Consequently,
H3 is acceptable.
The relationship between environmental awareness and green logistics
awareness among SMEs is seen in Table 4.8. Given that the significant value in the table
is 0.000, we may infer that there is a substantial correlation between environmental
consciousness and green logistics among SMEs. The correlation coefficient for
environment and green logistics awareness among SMEs is 0.813, indicating a strong
positive relationship between the environment and green logistics awareness among
SMEs. As a result, the H4 is acceptable.
4.8 SUMMARY
In conclusion, the findings of this study have helped future researchers by providing useful
data regarding the level of awareness among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. In addition, the
current study helps businesses, particularly those in manufacturing, understand how to apply
the 5S system. To increase their commercial effectiveness, manufacturing companies might
make improvements to their policies and procedures.
Finally, this study hopes to get positive input from connected manufacturing firms to address
the problems with green logistics. Even though the current study has certain limitations, it is
hoped that this is just the beginning of research into what makes implementation successful.
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CHAPTER 5: DISSCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will discuss the findings from the previous chapters. Every variable had been
analyzed to come out with the findings to present the relationship between awareness of green
logistics, knowledge, advertising, and government regulation. The key findings, discussion,
implication of the study, limitation of the study, recommendation or suggestion for future
research are also included in this chapter.
5.2 KEY FINDINGS
No Research Objective Research Question
1 To evaluate the relationship between What is the relationship between knowledge

knowledge and awareness of green and awareness of green logistics among
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?
Kelantan.
H1 There is a significant relationship between knowledge and awareness of green logistics

among SMEs
Table 5.1: Research Question 1 & Objective 1
H1 proposed a significant relationship between knowledge and awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. The finding showed a very high positive
relationship between knowledge and awareness of green logistics among SMEs with a
correlation coefficient of 1. The correlation between knowledge and awareness of green
logistics among SMEs has a positive influence as the p-value is 0.000. Thus, H1 is supported.
We may conclude that there is a substantial correlation between knowledge and awareness of
green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan as the research purpose and question
have been satisfied.
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1 To determine the relationship between What is the relationship between advertising and
advertising and the awareness of green the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kota Bharu, Kelantan?
Kelantan.
H2 There is a significant relationship between advertising and the awareness of green logistics
among SMEs.
The results of hypothesis H2 in Chapter 4 were studied to answer the research question.
H2 proposed that there is a significant relationship between advertising and the awareness of
green logistics among SMEs. The finding showed that there is a high positive relationship
between advertising and the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan
with a correlation coefficient of 0.000. Thus, H2 is supported. This indicates the awareness of
green logistics among SMEs has a very high influence on advertising.
1 To study the relationship between What is the relationship between government

government regulation and the awareness regulation and the awareness of green logistics
of green logistics among SMEs in Kota among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?
Bharu, Kelantan.
H3 There is a significant relationship between government regulation and awareness of green

logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan.
H3 proposed a significant relationship between government regulation and awareness of
green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. The finding showed a very high positive
relationship between government regulation and awareness of green logistics among SMEs
with a correlation coefficient of 1. The correlation between knowledge and awareness of green
logistics among SMEs has a positive influence as the p-value is 0.000. Thus, H3 is supported.
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We may conclude that there is a substantial correlation between government regulation and
awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan as the research purpose and
question have been satisfied.
1 To investigate the relationship between What is the relationship between the

the environment and the awareness of environment and the awareness of green logistics
green logistics among SMEs in Kota among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?
Bharu, Kelantan.
H4 There is a significant relationship between the environment and awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan.
The results of hypothesis H4 in Chapter 4 were studied to answer the research question. H4
proposed that there is a significant relationship between the environment and the awareness of
green logistics among SMEs. The finding showed that there is a high positive relationship
between the environment and the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru,
Kelantan with a correlation coefficient of 0.000. Thus, H4 is supported. This indicates the
awareness of green logistics among SMEs has a very high influence on environment.
5.3 DISCUSSION
5.3.1 Knowledge
The table 4.7 in previous chapter exposed the first hypothesis which is the knowledge. The H1
is accepted and the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The
results show a positive value of correlation coefficient 0.384*** and significant value as 0.01
level which indicates there is a significant relationship between the knowledge and information
about green logistics among SMEs. Recommendation has been specified after all the survey
done.
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5.3.1.1 Training
Employees should offer their staff training and an activity in the area of green logistics. The
following steps should be taken to establish green logistics initiatives. Planning the courses and
educating the staff in order to increase their environmental awareness and expertise is a crucial
step that is necessary for organisational support and enough human resources.
5.3.1.2 Benefits of having a knowledge of green logistics.
The company will have a chance to enhance brand recognition. In today's information-rich
environment, choosing green logistics can assist build your brand's reputation. Public trust and
confidence are inspired by a company's brand image that is based on environmental
stewardship. 2. Next, it also can bring in new partners. By choosing a sustainable supply chain,
your company can improve its environmental reputation. You are a good candidate for other
companies searching for a partner with similar principles because of your environmental
engagement.
5.3.2 Advertising
5.3.2.1Social media platforms
Social media can have an impact on consumers' environmental concerns, such as the desire to
purchase environmentally friendly logistics. Additionally, social media has a beneficial
influence on customers' egoistic motivations, which means that it can affect consumers' health
worries about green logistics and influence their decision to apply green logistic in their
companies that are good for their own business. Knowledge exchange within organisations is
improved by social media. Social media will make it easier to exchange information and
combine knowledge within organisations, encouraging cross-functional coordination and
management. Consequently, social media enables business partners to obtain useful and
important information within enterprises and supply chain networks.
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5.3.3 Government
According to the result Table 4.7 in previous chapter, the hypothesis of government regulation
which is the H3 is accepted and contributes to awareness of green logistic among SMEs in
Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The result of the independent variable shows the value of correlation
coefficient 0.810*** and significant value which indicates there is a significant relationship
between government regulation relationship between the government regulation and awareness
of green logistic among SMEs Recommendation has been specified after all the survey done.
5.3.3.1 Green Technology ang the Tenth Malaysia Plan
Twelve National Key Economic Areas, or NKEAs, with the potential to provide high incomes
will be the focus of the Tenth Malaysia Plan, which runs from 2011 to 2015. The growth of
economic sectors including green technology, automotive, aerospace, and logistics that are not
recognised as NKEAs will continue to be steered by the pertinent ministries, agencies, and
councils. The government's strategy for building a thorough ecosystem for environmental
sustainability was laid out in the AFFIRM framework, which stands for Awareness, Faculty,
Finance, Infrastructure, Research, and Marketing. This framework was introduced under the
10th MP. This framework's concept highlights the requirement for all Malaysians to embrace
a joint responsibility for environmental preservation and protection. This policy promotes and
instructs businesses, offices, and homes to separate their garbage.
5.3.4 Environment
Based on the results in Table 4.7 in previous chapter, the hypothesis of environment which I
H4 accepted, and it is one of the parts of awareness of green logistic among SMEs in Kota
Bharu, Kelantan. The results show the value of correlation coefficient 0.813*** and significant
value as 0.000 which determines that there is a significant relationship between environment
and awareness of green logistics among SMEs.
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5.3.4.1 Greeen Purchasing
One of the widely recognised components of green supply chain management (GSCM)
practises is the adoption of green purchasing. A buying organisation with a green supply chain
initiative will pay attention to the green practises of their suppliers, especially the small and
medium-sized businesses, so that suppliers can achieve their environmental goals.
5.3.4.2 Eco design practice
Nearly 80% (80%) of product-related environmental impacts can be changed during design,
which highlights the significance of eco-design. There are two primary categories of eco-design
practises: product-related design and packaging-related design. When it comes to product
design, padvised that because cost-saving potential are typically greater at the beginning of the
supply chain, buying firms should aggressively explore for ways to use recycled and reused
materials
5.4 IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY
This study presents a number of academic implications. According to a review of the research
findings, knowledge, advertising, governmental policy, and the environment can raise SMEs’
awareness of green logistics. This finding would therefore improve the knowledge of the
relationship between green logistics awareness practices SMEs for academics in the field of
green logistics and small company management, making this study a significant contribution
to the current literature.
The relationship between knowledge, advertising, governmental regulation, and environment
in relation to SMEs’ awareness of green logistics has been explained by a number of theoretical
relationships that have been investigated and confirmed empirically in this study. By utilizing
the theoretical framework, other investigations in this study supported each of the hypotheses
that were put out. The study’s conclusion is that knowledge, advertising, governmental policy,
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and the environment all have a positive and significant impact on SMEs’ understanding of
green logistics in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Therefore, SMEs’ attempts to be more
environmentally conscious in the future will increase as a result of their awareness of the
worries, true intents, and wants of consumers.
The study's findings also supported the existence of a beneficial association between green
logistics and corporate performance. This suggested that SMEs should spend more money on
eco-friendly logistics. By doing this, SME manufacturers will gain a reputation for
environmental responsibility and, as a result, boost commercial performance. The business
performance of SME manufacturers, who are already known for their environmental
stewardship, is negatively impacted by green logistics.
5.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
There are a few restrictions on this study. First, there are only 300 participants in the study.
Future research may use a larger sample size, which would include a larger population of
Malaysians. Second, the convenience sample technique was used due to time and money
restrictions, which resulted in a small number of Malaysian customers in Kota Bharu agreeing
to participate in this study. Future research might be done across the globe, rather than just in
a few specific locations. These could be incorporated into further research models. Future
research should concentrate on other pertinent topics, such as doing in-depth case studies to
examine the consumers’ willingness to pay for the green logistics, as this study only examines
the SMEs’ understanding of green logistics. The results of this study will be helpful for both
businesses and marketers in determining how to enhance their green logistics in order to draw
customers to purchase their goods. This study could establish the framework for researchers
who are interested in doing choice-based research in depth in the future, in addition to offering
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some useful basic ideas for marketers or organizations to better understand consumers’ needs
and concerns.
5.6 RECOMMENDATION / SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
The country's economic growth has various factors that can contribute to a more vigorous and
advanced direction. Furthermore, this increase in business efficiency is driven by the logistics
industry which is the backbone of the global supply chain and is very important in promoting
trade activities. Logistics is also important to increase the country's competitiveness and
strengthen connectivity to the rest of the world. Although transportation is a core component,
the logistics sector also encompasses a variety of other areas including storage, warehousing,
delivery services, and equipment maintenance. In general, logistics is defined as the process of
planning, implementing, and controlling the efficiency of the flow of goods and services,
storage of goods and related information from the stage of delivery to consumption.
One of recommendation for future green logistics is circular economy. Circular economy is a
emphasizes sharing, renting, reusing, repairing, and recycling old goods for as long as possible.
The product's life cycle is extended in this way. It refers to minimizing waste. When a product
is nearing the end of its useful life, its components are preserved as efficiently as possible. This
can be applied effectively numerous times, adding more value. The conventional, linear take-
make-consume-dispose economic model is broken down in this way. This concept depends on
a lot of inexpensive, readily available materials and energy. Planned obsolescence, in which a
product is made to have a short lifespan to entice customers to buy it again, is also included in
this concept. The European Parliament has demanded action against this behaviour. It can
reduce pressure on the environment, improve the security of raw material supply, increase
competitiveness, stimulate innovation, increase economic growth. Consumers will also be
supplied with more durable and innovative products that will improve their quality of life and
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save them money in the long term. It is more focus on supply chain process which is one of the
activity logistics.
Blockchain is another suggestion for future green logistics awareness in the community
especially for SMEs. Blockchain technology is a form of distributed and parallel computer
architecture. It allows parties to communicate digitally without the need for a central server or
other reliable authority. In addition, SMEs are often among teenagers between the ages of 20
and 30 who are more knowledgeable about the latest technology. As a result, it is categorized
as a disruptive technology that can fundamentally change most of the processes, we do every
day. In essence, thousands of computers work together to store a copy of the data, known as a
ledger, and all modifications to the data are provided by a consensus of partners. To ensure
transparency, every time a change is made to the data, a timestamp is logged. The system does
not need to have mutual trust. The ability to make changes to the stored data only according to
established rules, the storage of these changes in a ledger whose content is transparently open
to audit and protected by cryptographic methods, and the availability of a copy of this chain to
all parties, are factors that ensure trust among parties system interest. Like tangible assets,
digital data can now be transferred between owners.
Besides, developing Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) is another
recommendation for SMEs. A significant part of biological diversity is communication and
education, particularly for comprehending human life. It is an asset in achieving sustainable
development in this way. By implementing the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan,
which is managed by CBD, they are more motivated and dedicated to assisting in the
achievement of the Biodiversity Convention's objectives. For each focal point nation and the
coordinator of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, effective communication is
still a problem. They must address every area, particularly how they disseminate messages.
Through article 13 of the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference's sixth meeting,
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Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA) was approved for inclusion in the
work schedule. The provision of pertinent CEPA inputs for convention members is one of the
components of this work programme. This CEPA aims to promote and encourage
understanding of the significance of and necessary steps for biological diversity conservation,
as well as disseminate these ideas through the media and nurture these topics in educational
programmes. It also forges partnerships with other nations or international organisations to
develop programmes, educate the public, and raise awareness of the need to conserve and
sustainably use biological diversity.
Lastly, the recommendation for future in green logistics awareness is accelerating the
implementation of low-carbon mobility initiatives. The implementation of this low-carbon
mobility initiative can help Malaysia to further commit to a 45% reduction in GHG emissions
from 2005 levels by 2030 when it ratifies the Paris Agreement in 2016. In Malaysia, GHG
emissions from cars must be collected and measured from the ground up. In addition, Malaysia
offers a strategy and action plan for the land transport industry to reduce energy consumption
and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. Government green procurement is the practice
of purchasing goods, services, and projects on behalf of the government while keeping
environmental considerations in mind. Government revenue, which currently accounts for 15%
of GDP and serves as one of the main drivers of the country's socioeconomic development. To
support efforts to reduce GHG emission rates, the Ministry and Department strive to increase
green procurement at least at a rate of 5%. To help reduce GHG emissions, the CORSIA system
must be gradually implemented by all ICAO members. Malaysia, however, voluntarily joined
CORSIA in 2021 to demonstrate the country's strong commitment to addressing the challenges
of climate change. Furthermore, it is also for the reduction of energy consumption and GHG
emissions with electric mobility, energy consumption and GHG emissions using alternative
fuels as well as energy consumption and GHG emissions through shifting transport modes.
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Therefore, in the future SMEs will be more aware of the pollution that occurs, especially air
pollution. In conclusion, green awareness is important for SMEs to do their business activity.
SMEs play the roles and responsibilities of save the environment in future.
5.7 OVERALL CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY
The conclusion of the overall study has been discussed in this chapter. The research was
conducted by researchers using questionnaire surveys to investigate the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. The study provided the outline of results based
on survey data from respondents, enabling researchers to interpret and classify the findings as
to whether the outcome meets the objectives of this analysis. Knowledge, advertising,
government regulation, and environment are adopted to study the awareness of green logistics
among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. The findings of this study have can be useful to small
and medium enterprises in applying green logistics to future researchers by providing useful
data regarding the level of awareness among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan. According to the
study, the p value for all the independent variables stated is 0.00, meaning that there is no
independent variable that affects the awareness of green logistics among SMEs in Kota Bahru,
Kelantan which is not acceptable for this study. Since all the hypotheses presented in Chapter
2 were accepted, this research was successful. For future research, any researcher can make
better research with the suggestions given such as circular economy. The circular economy
emphasizes sharing, renting, reusing, repairing, and recycling old goods if possible. The
product life cycle is extended in this way. It refers to minimizing waste. As a product
approaches the end of its useful life, its components are preserved as efficiently as possible.
This can be effectively used multiple times, adding more value. In addition, there are some
other suggestions that can be used in future research.
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Physics Procedia, 24, 900–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.135
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APPENDIX A – DRAFT OF QUESTIONNAIRES
THE STUDY ON GREEN LOGISTICS AWARENESS AMONG SMEs IN KOTA

BHARU, KELANTAN
Dear Respondents,
We are final year students of the programme Bachelor of Entrepreneurship (Logistics and
Distribution Business) with Honour (SAL), Faculty of Business and Entrepreneurship (FEB),
University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK). This questionnaire was distributed as part of our final
year project to conduct research on factors influencing the use of cashless transactions among
University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) City Campus students. All the information in this
questionnaire will be kept confidential and used for academic purposes only. We would like to
thank you for spending your time by giving kind cooperation and fair
responses.
This survey was prepared by:

VINOTHINI A/P SURESH (A19A0967)
NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN (A19A0769)
NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM (A19A0700)
NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI (A19A0782)
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SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC
Please answer the question correctly by selecting the BEST answer.
Sila jawab soalan dengan betul dengan memilih jawapan TERBAIK.
1. Gender / Jantina
( ) Male / Lelaki
( ) Female / Perempuan
2. Race / Bangsa
( ) Malay / Melayu
( ) Chinese / Cina
( ) Indian / India
( ) Other / Lain-lain
3. Marital status
( ) Single / Bujang
( ) Married / Berkahwin
( ) Divorced / Bercerai
( ) Widowed / Janda
4. Age / Umur
( ) 20 – 30
( ) 31 – 40
( ) 41 – 50
( ) 50 and above
5. SMEs Sectors
( ) Manufacturing / Pembuatan
( ) Construction / Pembinaan
( ) Food and beverages sector / Sektor makanan dan minuman
( ) Agriculture Pertanian
( ) Mining and quarrying / Perlombongan dan kuari
( ) Other / Lain-lain
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SECTION B: GREEN LOGISTICS AWARENESS (DEPENDENT VARIABLE)
Next, please rate this section aims to investigate the awareness of green logistics among SMEs
in Kota Bharu. You can circle your honest response from 1 to 5. Please keep in mind that there
are no right or incorrect answers.
Seterusnya, sila nilai bahagian ini bertujuan untuk menyiasat kesedaran logistik hijau dalam
kalangan PKS di Kota Bharu. Anda boleh bulatkan jawapan jujur anda dari 1 hingga 5. Sila
ingat bahawa tiada jawapan yang betul atau salah.
1=Strongly Disagree / Sangat Tidak Setuju

2=Disagree / Tidak Setuju
3=Slightly Agree / Agak Setuju
4=Agree / Setuju
5=Strongly Agree / Sangat Setuju
No. Questions / Statement Strongly Disagree Slightly Agree Strongly

disagree agree agree
1. Green logistics is very important
in all SMEs companies in Kota
Bharu, Kelantan/ Logistik hijau
sangat penting dalam semua
syarikat PKS di Kota Bharu,
Kelantan
2. Green logistics Kota Bharu,
Kelantan gives a positive impact
towards the
environment/Logistik hijau Kota
Bharu, Kelantan memberi impak
positif terhadap alam sekitar.
3. SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
having a high knowledge about
the green logistics/ PKS di Kota
Bharu, Kelantan mempunyai
pengetahuan yang tinggi tentang
logistik hijau.
4. All SMEs are advertised about
green logistics in Kota Bharu,
Kelantan/ Semua PKS diiklankan
tentang logistik hijau di Kota
Bharu, Kelantan.
5. One of the government
regulations in Kota Bharu,
Kelantan is maintaining green
logistics/ Salah satu peraturan
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kerajaan di Kota Bharu, Kelantan
ialah mengekalkan logistik hijau.
SECTION C: ENVIRONMENT/ PERSEKITARAN (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)

This section aims to study the environment that influence the awareness of green logistics
among SMEs in Kota Bharu.
Bahagian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persekitaran yang mempengaruhi kesedaran logistik
hijau dalam kalangan PKS di Kota Bharu.

1. Our enterprise reduces and
recycle the waste/ Perniagaan
kami mengurangkan dan
mengitar semula bahan buangan.
2. We attempted to minimize
pollution of the air, soil, water,
and sound. / Kami berusaha
untuk mengurangkan
pencemaran udara, tanah, air dan
bunyi.
3. Our employees will share ideas
and give suggestions to make
something for successful
implementation of environmental
practices/ Kakitangan kami akan
saling berkongsi idea dan
memberi cadangan untuk
membuat sesuatu bagi kejayaan
pelaksanaan alam sekitar.
4. "Green logistics is the
environmentally friendly method
of moving resources and goods/
Logistik hijau ialah kaedah mesra
alam untuk memindahkan
sumber dan barangan.
5. We are returning the packaging
from end user back to the
supplier/ Kami memulangkan
bungkusan daripada pengguna
akhir kembali kepada pembekal
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SECTION D: GOVERNMENT/KERAJAAN (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)
This section aims to study the government regulation that influence the awareness of green
logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu.
Bahagian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kerajaan yang mempengaruhi kesedaran logistik hijau
dalam kalangan PKS di Kota Bharu.

1. The recycled plastic bag easier to
use for Small Medium Enterprise
(SMEs) to give to customers/ Beg
plastik kitar semula itu lebih
mudah digunakan untuk peniaga-
peniaga kecil berikan kepada
para pelanggan.
2. The regular use of recycled
plastic bags is one of the ways to
reduce environmental
pollution/ Penggunaan beg
plastik kitar semula secara
berkala itu antara salah satu cara
pengurangan pencemaran alam
sekitar.
3. Eliminating the use of plastic will
save the SMEs more/ Hapus
terus penggunaan plastic akan
lebih menjimatkan para peniaga.
4. It is easier for SMEs to comply
with the government's
instructions by practicing the
concept of green logistics that
prioritizes environmental
cleanliness/ Para peniaga lebih
mudah mematuhi arahan kerajaan
dengan mengamalkan konsep
logistic hijau yang
mengutamakan kebersihan alam
sekitar.
5. Penalty will be imposed on
traders who do not prioritize the
concept of green logistics/ Denda
akan dikenakan kepada peniaga-
peniaga yang tidak
mengutamakan konsep logistic
hijau.
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SECTION E: KNOWLEDGE/PENGETAHUAN (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)
This section aims to study the knowledge that influence the awareness of green logistics among
SMEs in Kota Bharu.
Bahagian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengetahuan yang mempengaruhi kesedaran logistik

1. I understand the knowledge and
information about green logistics/
Saya memahami pengetahuan
dan maklumat tentang logistik
hijau.
2. I know that green logistic
practices can increase company
sales/ Saya tahu bahawa amalan
logistik hijau boleh
meningkatkan jualan syarikat.
3. I believe that green logistics can
reduce product life cycle cost.
/Saya percaya bahawa logistik
hijau boleh mengurangkan kos
kitaran hayat produk.
4. Our Company is aware of the
benefits of the implementation of
green logistic practices/ Syarikat
kami menyedari faedah
pelaksanaan amalan logistik hijau
5. Company provides resources for
employees to learn green
logistics practices/ Syarikat
menyediakan sumber untuk
pekerja mempelajari amalan
logistik hijau.
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SECTION F: ADVERTISING/PENGIKLANAN (INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)
This section aims to study the advertising that influence the awareness of green logistics among
SMEs in Kota Bharu.
Bahagian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengiklanan yang mempengaruhi kesedaran logistik

1. I have seen an advertisement
regarding green logistics in any
social media platform/ Saya telah
melihat iklan mengenai "green
logistics" di mana-mana platform
media sosial.
2. I aware that many companies
has advertised their eco-friendly
products/ Saya sedar bahawa
banyak syarikat telah
mengiklankan produk mesra
alam mereka.
3. I have seen any celebrities or
public figure that promote and
support green logistics or go
green campaign/ Saya pernah
melihat mana-mana selebriti atau
tokoh masyarakat yang
mempromosikan dan menyokong
"green logistics" atau kempen
"go green".
4. I aware or seen the eco labels and
green stickers in any products or
services that you purchase/ Saya
menyedari atau melihat "eco
labels" dan "green stickers"
dalam mana-mana produk atau
perkhidmatan yang anda beli.
5. I have think there is enough
information regarding green
logistics in marketing or
information platform/ Saya rasa
saya ada maklumat yang cukup
berkenaan "green logistics"
dalam pemasaran atau mana-
mana platform maklumat.
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APPENDIX B – GANTT CHART
Week Week Vvvvv Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week
Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Research activity
Briefing and group distribution
Find the research article titles and

findings.
Meeting on a study project with our
SV
Title approval and start writing
chapter 1
Submission for chapter 1
Discuss about chapter 1 correction
with SV
Start writing for Chapter 2
Chapter 2 submission
Discuss about chapter 2 correction
with SV
Start writing Chapter 3 and correction
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for Chapter 3
Complete submission and Turnitin

check for PPTA 1
Presentation final year project 1
Data collection
Meeting with SV for Chapter 4
Start writing for chapter 4
Correction for Chapter 4
Start writing Chapter 5
Correction Chapter 5
Turnitin check and full submission for
final year project
Presentation final year project
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APPENDIX C – Result of Turnitin
REKOD PENGESAHAN PENYARINGAN TURNITIN

VERIFICATION RECORD OF TURNITIN SCREENING
Kod/Nama Kursus: ALS4113

Code/ Course Name: SAL
Sesi/Session: 2022/2023
Semester: 7
Nama Program/Name of Programme: SAK, SAB, SAL, SAR, SAP, SAH, SAW
Fakulti/Pusat/Faculty/Centre: Fakulti Keusahawanan Dan Perniagaan/
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business
Pengesahan Penyaringan Plagiat/ Verification of Plagiarism Screening
Saya, VINOTHINI A/P SURESH (A19A0967), NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI

OTHMAN(A19A0769), NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM(A19A0700), NURUN NAJIHAH
BINTI MAZNI (A19A0782) dengan ini mengesahkan Kertas Projek Penyelidikan ini telah
melalui saringan aplikasi turnitin. Bersama ini dilampirkan sesalinan laporan saringan Turnitin
dengan skor persamaan sebanyak 20%.
I, VINOTHINI A/P SURESH (A19A0967), NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN(A19A0769),

NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM(A19A0700), NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI (A19A0782)
hereby declare that I have screen my thesis using Turnitin Software. Enclosed here with a copy
of verification of Turnitin screening with similarity score of 20%.
Tajuk Kertas Kerja Penyelidikan/ The Tittle of Research Project Paper: -

The Study on Green Logistic Awareness Among SMEs in Kota Bahru, Kelantan
Tandatangan/Signature
…….…………VINOTHINI…………………………….
Nama Pelajar/Student Name: VINOTHINI A/P SURESH
No.Matrik/Matrix No: A19A0967
Tarikh/Date: 26 JANUARY 2023
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FKP
…….…………SHAHIRA…………………………….
Nama Pelajar/Student Name: NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN
…….…………AIDA…………………………….
Nama Pelajar/Student Name: NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM
…….…………NAJIHAH…………………………….
Nama Pelajar/Student Name: NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI
Pengesahan
Penyelia/Supervisor:
Tandatangan/Signature:
Tarikh/Date:
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ASSESSMENT FORM FOR FINAL YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT: RESEARCH REPORT (Weight 50%)
(COMPLETED BY SUPERVISOR AND EXAMINER)
FKP
APPENDIX D - Rubric
Student’s Name: VINOTHINI A/P SURESH Matric No. A19A0967
Student’s Name: NURUL SHAHIRA BINTI OTHMAN Matric No. A19A0769
Student’s Name: NURUL AIDA BINTI NORISAM Matric No. A19A0700
Student’s Name: NURUN NAJIHAH BINTI MAZNI Matric No. A19A0782
Name of Supervisor: MOHAMMAD NIZAMUDDIN BIN ABDUL RAHIM Name of Programme: SAL
Research Topic THE STUDY ON GREEN LOGISTICS AWARENESS AMONG SMEs IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN
PERFORMANCE LEVEL
POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT WEIGHT TOTAL
NO. CRITERIA (1 MARK) (2 MARKS) (3 MARKS) (4 MARKS)
1. Content (10 MARKS)

(Research objective and Research Poorly clarified and Fairly defined and fairly Good and clear of Strong and very clear
Methodology in accordance to not focused on focused on Research Research objective of Research objective
comprehensive literature review) Research objective objective and Research and Research and Research x 1.25
and Research Methodology in Methodology in Methodology in 3
Content of report is systematic and Methodology in accordance to accordance to accordance to (Max: 5)
scientific (Systematic includes accordance to comprehensive comprehensive comprehensive
Background of study, Problem comprehensive literature review. literature review with literature review with
Statement, Research Objective, literature review. good facts. very good facts.
Research Question) (Scientific
refers to researchable topic) Content of report is Content of report is Content of report is Content of report is
written unsystematic written less written systematic written very
that not include systematic with with include good systematic with
Background of study, include fairly Background of excellent
Problem Statement, Background of study, study, Problem Background of study, x 1.25
Research Objective, Problem Statement, Statement, Problem Statement,
Research Question Research (Max: 5)
Research Objective, Research Objective,
and unscientific with Objective,
Research Question Research Question
unsearchable topic. Research Question
and less scientific and scientific with
and scientific with
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with fairly good researchable very good
researchable topic. topic. researchable topic.
2. Overall Submit according The report is not The report is The report is The report is
report to acquired produced according produced according to produced on time, produced on time, x 0.25
format format to the specified time the specified time but adheres to the adheres to the format
(5 MARKS) and/ or according to fails to adhere to the (Max: 1)
format but with few without any
the format format. weaknesses. weaknesses.
Writing styles The report is poorly The report is The report is well The report is written in
(clarity, written and difficult to adequately written; written and easy to an excellent manner x 0.25
expression of read. Many points are Some points lack read; Majority of the and easy to read. All of
ideas and not explained well. clarity. Flow of ideas is points is well the points made are (Max: 1)
coherence) Flow of ideas is less coherent. explained, and flow of crystal clear with
incoherent. ideas is coherent. coherent argument.
Technicality The report is There are many The report is The report is
(Grammar, theory, grammatically, errors in the report, grammatically, grammatically,
logic and theoretically, grammatically, theoretically, theoretically, x 0.25
reasoning) technically and theoretically, technically and technically, and
logically incorrect. technically and logically correct in (Max: 1)
logically perfect in all
logically. most of the chapters chapters without any
with few weaknesses. weaknesses.
Reference list No or incomplete Incomplete reference Complete reference Complete reference list
(APA Format) reference list. list and/ or is not list with few mistakes according to format. x 0.25
according to the in format adherence.
format. (Max: 1)
Format Writing is Writing is Uses correct writing Writing includes a

organizing disorganized and confused and format. Incorporates strong beginning,
underdeveloped loosely organized. a coherent closure. middle, and end with x 0.25
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(cover page, with no transitions Transitions are clear transitions and a
spacing, or closure. weak and closure focused closure. (Max: 1)
alignment, format is ineffective.
structure, etc.)
3. Research Findings and Data is not adequate Data is fairly adequate Data is adequate and Data is adequate and x1
Discussion and irrelevant. and irrelevant. relevant. very relevant.
(20 MARKS) (Max: 4)
Measurement is Measurement is Measurement is Measurement is x1
wrong and irrelevant suitable and relevant suitable and relevant excellent and very
but need major but need minor relevant. (Max: 4)
adjustment. adjustment.
Data analysis is Data analysis is fairly Data analysis is Data analysis is correct x1
inaccurate done but needs major satisfactory but and accurate.
modification. needs minor (Max: 4)
modification.
Data analysis is not Data analysis is fairly Data analysis is Data analysis is
supported with supported with relevant adequately supported strongly supported x1
relevant output/figures/tables with relevant with relevant
output/figures/tables and etc. output/figures/table output/figures/table (Max: 4)
and etc. and etc. and etc.
Interpretation on Interpretation on Interpretation on Interpretation on x1

analyzed data is analyzed data is weak. analyzed data is analyzed
wrong. satisfactory. data is excellent (Max: 4)
4. Conclusion and Implication of study is Implication of study is Implication of study is Implication of study is x 1.25
Recommendations not stated. weak. good. excellent
(15 MARKS) (Max: 5)
Conclusion is not Conclusion is weakly Conclusion is Conclusion is well x 1.25

stated explained. satisfactorily explained.
explained. (Max:5)
70
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Recommendation is Recommendation is Recommendation is Recommendation is x 1.25
not adequate and fairly adequate and adequate and adequate and very
irrelevant. irrelevant. relevant. relevant. (Max:5)
TOTAL (50 MARKS)
71

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FKP

THE STUDY ON GREEN

VINOTHINI A/P SURESH

DEGREE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONBUSINESS

VINOTHINI A/P SURESH

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA

I agree that my thesis is to be made available as hardcopy or

(Contain confidential information under the Official Secret

(Contains restricted information as specified by the

I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Kelantan reserves the right as follows:

DATE: 26 JANUARY 2023

talks and my encouragement in my academic and research activities with my supervisor.

for providing the current format and information on this research.

out all areas of data processing and study results seamlessly.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Tables Title Page

4.2 Demographic Profile of 31

4.6 The Results of Normality 37

5.1 Research Question 1 & 41

5.3 Research Question 3 & 42

5.4 Research Question 4 & 43

Figure Title Page

2.1 Theory of Planned 11

2.2 Conceptual Framework 17

3.1 Formula for Determining 22

researchers who will conduct studies like this soon.

Keywords: Awareness, green logistics, knowledge, advertising, government, environment

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

carries various meanings. It is a logistics subsystem because it is oriented to the logistics

and Kubicka, 2018).

There is an increasing awareness of the environmental commitment of corporations because

these commitments enhance competitive advantage. Customers in developed economies

is available on the internet. Consequently, consumers in developing economies are increasingly

2022). A business or organizational commitment is considered green marketing. Green

marketing is considered in a commitment or business means the development of goods and

Tafadzwa Maziriri, 2020).

of future generations to do the same.

environment. A collection of sustainable rules and procedures aimed at minimising the

their own advancement.

logistics among SMEs.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

awareness is increasing, which serves as a motivation to increase attempts to identify effective,

Cities suffer from the same problem.

waste management, the production of non-biodegradable products, inappropriate storage of

Ahenkorah, Afum, Dacosta & Tian, 2020)

practice environmental management also improve brand sustainability performance. Based on

is used for the good of the environment and living beings.

environmental sustainability, green marketing is relevant to both small and medium-sized

Dangwal, & Raina, 2014).

will increase by 160% (Robaina and Neves, 2021)

many shortcomings in accessible writing when it comes to green marketing techniques,

consumers adopt the concept of green packaging products.

among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?

among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?

logistics among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?

among SMEs in Kota Bharu, Kelantan?