The Era of

Muhammad Ali
Recent Egypt history
Background
Born in 1769 in an Ottoman port called Kavala •
His father and grandfather were military leaders •
Moved to power through military achievement •
”Known as the “Father of Modern Egypt •

Mohamed Ali Pasha is regarded as the founder of modern •

Egypt because of the dramatic reform in the military,
.economic and cultural spheres that he instituted
The dynasty that he established would rule Egypt and •
Sudan until the Egyptian revolution of 1952 led by
.Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abd El Nasser
 Muhammad •
Ali’s Family Tree
Reforming Egypt
Main goal: a European-style Egypt •
Nationalized all land so he owned all the production •
of land
Raised taxes on the people who previously owned •
all the land
Monopoly on trade in Egypt •
Established a modern navy •
Agricultural Reforms
sharing of common land (changed the state of :1813 •
the fellaheen in Egypt)
Took hold of the lands from the Mamelukes •
Improved the irrigations systems •
Cultivation of cotton in Delta starting 1822 •
Educational Reforms
Educational system was founded in 1811 •
Took effort to educate all people in his country, •
especially girls
Established many schools particularly in rural areas •
Offered scholarships for students to go study outside •
of Egypt
 Educational Reforms

.Hakimas and the school of medicine for women •

In 1832, Mohamed Ali allowed Dr. Antoine •
Barthelemy Clot of France ( Clot Bey in Egypt) to
.establish a school of medicine for women
The school would produce hakimas- doctoress to •
.treat women and children
 Educational Reforms

Role in Arabic literary renaissance •

In the 1820’s, Mohamed Ali sent the first educational •
.mission of Egyptian students to Europe
This contact resulted in literature that is considered •
the dawn of the Arabic literary renaissance, known as
( NAHDA)
 Educational reforms
Mohamed Ali set up a number of schools in various •
.fields where French texts were studied
Rifa’a Al Tahtawi supervised translations from •
French to Arabic on topics from sociology and
.history to military technology
These translations have been considered the second •
great translation movement after the first from Greek
.into Arabic
Military Reforms
Conscripted peasants to work in the army •
Invited Turks into the country to lead his army •
Created Western-styled schools to train doctors, •
engineers, and veterinarians to supply services for
his army
Sent soldiers to European countries for training in •
modern techniques
 Political Reforms
Muhammad Ali desired a professional •
bureaucracy
exterminated the leader of the ,1811 •
mameluks
He reorganized the administrative •
structure of the government
 Social Structure
Religious leaders acted as •
intermediaries/ buffers
between the public and
administration
Intermediaries would take •
money or authority for
services
In times of crisis, •
intermediaries would usurp
the central government
 Social Structure
Guilds had tax-collecting •
elders
Village shaikh was power •
booker, money lender, and
landlord
 Social Reforms
Confiscated feudal farms of mameluks •
he started confiscating private lands of ,1808 •
individuals and gave them pensions
Reform programs were aimed at creating a modern •
Egyptian society
Mameluks’ Tombs
 Economic Reforms
By reorganizing the administrative structure of the •
government, Muhammad Ali guaranteed strict
control of the economy
Created state monopolies over chief products •
Encouraged overland transit of goods from Europe •
to India via Egypt
 Industrial Reforms
He tried constructing a modern industrial system to •
.process raw materials
Created factories •
Egypt under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th •
century had the fifth most productive cotton
.industry in the world
.flourished Silk, wool, sugar, glass and linen industry •
 Industrial Reforms
Started building a new canal, called Mahmudiya, in •
1819
This made travel safer and trading more efficient •
Wars and Foreign Affairs
How Muhammad Ali came to the
?throne of Egypt
Sultan Salim sent Muhammad Ali to fight against the •
French Campaign 1799-1801, but he failed and
.recollected the army to defy the French
In 1801, he succeeded to expel the French from •
.Egypt and he was welcomed by the Egyptians
Then, when the Egyptians started a revolution •
against the Ottoman Empire, it was Muhammad Ali
who calmed them down for the sake of the Turks.
.So, he was chosen to be Wali of Egypt in 1805
 Egyptian Revolution
(1803-1805)

Political violence had hit Egypt, leading to •

the rise of Muhammed Ali as Pasha of
.Egypt
 Wahabi War (1811-1818)
Muhammed Ali led a war •
against the Wahabi Muslim
sect in Arabia and he sent
.his son Tusun
This is because Wahabis •
were trying to capture
Muslim Holy place like
.Mecca and Medina
The Egyptians regained their •
territory and settled in the
name of Ottoman Empire
.after 7 years of fighting
 Egyptian Conquest of the
Sudan (1820-1839)
Led by Muhammad’s •
son, Hussein,
.conquered Sudan
This gave control over •
the Red Sea, as well as
.the Nile
This was their most •
successful attempt on
expanding
 Greek War of Independence
(1821-1832)
Egypt aided the Ottoman Turks when fighting the
Greeks.
Muhammed’s son, Ibrahim, led the Egyptian
troops in Greece.
But the British, French and Russians came in to
help out Greece. The war ended, at the Battle of
Navarino, in the defeat of both the Ottoman Turks
and Egyptians.
This directly caused in their new war between the
Ottomans and Egyptians.
 Turko-Egyptian War (1832-1833)
Muhammad was •
hoping to receive Syria
as a token of thanks
from the Ottomans
After not receiving any •
rewards for helping out
the Turks during the
war, resulted in the First
.Turko – Egyptian War
 International Relations
During the Greek •
Independence War, Egypt
stepped in to help out the
.Ottomans
Allies of Greece, Britain, •
France and Russia
intervened to come to
defeat the Turko/Egyptian
.fleet
This cost the Pasha his •
whole navy as well as no
new addition to territory
 International Relations
Relations between Sudan •
and Egypt were never
great, especially during
.Ali’s conquest of Sudan
His view on Sudan was a •
place with a great deal of
resources that they could
.take advantage of
Such as gold, territory •
and slaves
 Main Achievements in his Era
Weakening the tie bonding Egypt to Turkey •
Starting the cotton industry •
Recognizing the advantages •
of European Science •
.the conquest of Sudan •
 Failures of Reforms
Muhammad Ali was unable to sever ties with •
Ottoman Sultanate
Industrial experiments failed, due to Egypt’s lack of •
power sources and a skilled working class
Agricultural sector declined due to excessive •
taxation and monopoly on trade
Financial requirements increased because of military •
campaigns
 Final years of Mohamed Ali

By the time Mohamed Ali had become so ill that he •

was not informed of his son’s death. He suffered
.from dementia
Lingering a few months more, Mohamed Ali died at •
Ras El- Tin in Alexandria on 2 August 1849 and
ultimately was buried in the imposing mosque he had
.commissioned in the Cairo citadel
 After Muhammad Ali

Ibrahim ousted his •

father due to his
severe illness and
took the throne just
for 6 months and died
even before his
.father’s death
 Abbas Helmy I
Then, Abbass Helmy I, who •
is the son of Tussun,
Muhammad Ali’s son, took
over the throne from 1848
.to 1854
In general, this period was •
not a prosperous one for
the Egyptians till Khedive
Ismail took the throne and
he reorganized matters as
.his grandfather
 Muhammad Said
Then, Muhammad Said ruled from 1854 •
to 1863. In 1854, he signed on the
building of Suez Canal with Ferdinand
Delicips to give the lands around the
area to the French company of Suez
Canal. Also, the company would take the
profit of the canal for 99 years. Said died
in 1863 and the construction reached its
half. Yet, Ismail completed the
construction and it was inaugurated in
.1869
Khedive Ismail

Ismail pasha(January 12, 1830 – March 2, 1895), •

was the Khedive of Egypt and conqueror of Sudan
from 1863 until 1879, when he was deposed at the
request of the United Kingdom. Sharing his
grandfather, Muhammad Ali Pasha's, ambitious view,
he considerably modernised Egypt and Sudan
throughout his reign, investing extensively in
industrial and economic growth, urbanisation, and
.the extension of the country's borders in Africa
 Achievements
1. The Suez Canal was built under his reign. He constructed lavish
palaces such as Abdeen Palace, Ras El-Tin Palace, and Qubba
Palace. In addition, he built the Opera House and the Qasr El-Nil
Bridge.
2. He focused his efforts on agriculture. He expanded agricultural
fields and dug the Ibrahimiya and Ismailia Canals.
3. He built various factories, including 19 sugar factories. He also
constructed 15 beacons to stimulate trade.
4. He was really concerned about education. He boosted the budget
of the Ministry of Education and charged Ali Mubarak with
creating a basic education law.
5. Al-Ahram, El-Watan, and Rawdat Al-Madares Magazine are just a
few of the newspapers that have appeared throughout his tenure.
He also founded Dar Al-Athar and the Egyptian Geographic
Society.
6. He signed an agreement with Britain in 1877 to eliminate slave
trade.
 Khedive Tawfiq

• Muhammad Tawfiq pasha,

popularly known as Tawfiq of
Egypt, was the sixth king of
the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
and the khedive of Egypt and
the Sudan between 1879 and
1892. He was born on April
30 or 15 November 1852 and
died on 7 January 1892.
 Achievements

1. A committee was established by Khedive Tawfiq's

proclamation to oversee educational matters. The
committee suggested creating a school to train students
to become teachers; as a result, numerous educational
institutions were created.
2. His era saw the founding of several foreign banks and
corporations, including the Anglo-Egyptian Bank,
American joint-stock company, Delta railway, Nile boats
company, and lands business.
3. He founded the Advisory Council of Laws, the general
assembly, and the directorates councils during his reign.
 Abbas Helmy II 1892-1914 the last Khedive

► Abbas II succeeded his father, Tewfik Pasha.

► For some time he did not willingly cooperate with the British,
► whose army had occupied Egypt in 1882. As he was young and eager
to exercise his new power, he resented the interference of the
British Agent.
► On 25 July 1914, at the onset of World War I, Abbas II was in
Constantinople and was wounded in his hands and cheeks during a
failed assassination attempt. On 5 November 1914 when Great
Britain declared war on Turkey, he was accused of deserting Egypt by
not promptly returning home. The British also believed that he was
plotting against their rule, as he had attempted to appeal to
Egyptians and Sudanese to support the Central Powers against the
British. So when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in
World War I, the United Kingdom declared Egypt a Sultanate under
British protection on 18 December 1914 and deposed Abbas II.
 Hussein Kamel 1914-1917
► He was the first person to hold
the title of Sultan of Egypt.
► He was the second son of Khedive Ismail Pasha.
► The newly created Sultanate of Egypt was to be a
British protectorate, with effective political and military power
vested in British officials. This brought to an end the
Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt, which had been largely
nominal since Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805.
* Hussein Kamel preferred to be succeeded by his son Kamal el
Dine, but also recommended his half-brother Ahmed Fouad.
For his part, Kamal el Dine wrote a letter to his father in
which he expressly and voluntarily renounced the succession.
This was the only time in Egyptian history that an eligible
heir gave up his rights to the throne of his own free will.
 Fouad I 1917-1936
► The Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth
ruler of Egypt and Sudan
from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan in
1917,succeeding his brother Hussein Kamel.
• In 1890, he was responsible for the cultural affairs and headed
the committee
responsible for establishing the Egyptian university in 1906- Cairo
University.
► On October 9, 1917, he acceded to the throne of Egypt upon
Britain's demand.
► After WWI came to an end, a national movement opposing the
British arose to gain Egypt’s independence and evacuate the
occupation. The King exerted great effort to tear the leaders of
the movement apart and not to attribute anything to them so as
to make them wane.
Fouad I 1917-1936

► On February 28, 1922, Britain proclaimed Egypt independent.

However, there were some reservations through which Britain
was still controlling and interfering in the affairs of Egypt and
the Sudan.
► After independence, he changed his official title to become
“His Majesty King Fuad I”.
► During his reign, he enacted the Constitutions of 1923 and
1930.
► In January, 1924, the first populist ministry was formed under
the rule of Saad Zaghloul Pasha. His era also witnessed the
succession of many cabinets.
► He passed away on April 28, 1936.
 Farouk 1936-1952
► He was born on February 11, 1920, Cairo.
► He became a crown prince when he was young. King
Fuad I gave
him the title of “Prince of Upper Egypt”.
► In 1936, a Treaty of Alliance between Egypt and Britain
was signed. It was the step before the last to be taken
in the process of the evacuation from Egypt. He
demanded the government to cancel the concessions
obtained by British ambassador.
► He established the air and naval colleges and formed
an army to support the national army in defending the
country.
► He established the Ministry of Social Affairs and
Accountability State Authority.
► He enacted a law for raising the wages of employees and improving
the standard of living. He also issued the Judicial Authority Act on
judicial independence. He signed League of Arab States protocol.
► He established the Real Estate Registration Office, Council of State
and a council for addressing poverty, ignorance and disease.
► He devoted attention to the factories in El-Mahalla El-Kubra and
opened the textiles factory. He established as well Qantir El-Delta and
Qantir Asyut.
► He devoted attention to health care; it was at the State’s expense
and treatment was free for all at public hospitals. He also established
many hospitals.
► He devoted attention to education as the education budget increased
sixfold in his era.
► He was entitled “King of Egypt and the Sudan” in October 1951. He
assumed power for 16 years until he was ousted after the Revolution of
1952. He was exiled to Italy with his family and they went there on
board of El-Mahrousa Yacht.
► He passed away on March 18, 1965.