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INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL
PHYSICS
Unit 4 Energy and Energy resources

Wednesday 19 January 2022 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements 1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
2
• a protractor.
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 5
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
6
• Answer all questions.
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 8–22
• All working must be shown.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of TOTAL
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

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Section A box
box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 Helium gas particles are single atoms that behave as an ideal gas.
A container of helium gas is used to inflate an empty balloon.

Immediately after inflation, the gas in the balloon has:

• a pressure of 106 kPa

• a temperature of 288 K
• a volume of 1.40 × 10−2 m3.

0 1 . 1 Show that the number of atoms in the balloon is approximately 3.7 × 1023
[2 marks]

0 1 . 2 Each helium atom has a mass of 6.6 × 10−27 kg.

Calculate the density of the gas in the balloon.

[2 marks]

density = kg m−3

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0 1 . 3 The gas in the container has an initial temperature greater than 288 K. box

Explain, with reference to the first law of thermodynamics, why the temperature of the
gas decreases as the balloon is inflated.
[4 marks]

Turn over for the next question

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0 2 Figure 1 shows a spinning toy rotating about its axis. box

Figure 1

The moment of inertia of the toy about its axis of rotation is 3.5 × 10−5 kg m2.

0 2 . 1 The toy is rotating with an initial angular speed of 19.4 rad s−1.
A constant frictional torque of 2.7 × 10−4 N m acts on the toy.
The toy decelerates to rest.

Calculate the time taken for the toy to decelerate to rest.

[2 marks]

time taken = s

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Three identical metal knobs are added to the rim of the toy as shown in Figure 2. box

The centre of mass of each knob is 4.6 cm from the axis of rotation.

Figure 2

The addition of the three knobs increases the moment of inertia of the toy
to 8.1 × 10−5 kg m2 about its axis of rotation.

0 2 . 2 Calculate the mass of one knob.

[3 marks]

mass of one knob = kg

Question 2 continues on the next page

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0 2 . 3 Figure 3 shows a force F of constant magnitude acting on one of the knobs to make box

the toy rotate again.

Figure 3

F acts for a time of 0.12 s in a direction tangential to the rim.

The toy gains an angular momentum of 2.1 × 10−4 kg m2 s−1.

The frictional torque is still 2.7 × 10−4 N m.

Calculate the magnitude of F.

[4 marks]

magnitude of F = N 9

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0 3 There are two stages to the operating cycle of a pumped storage system (PSS): box

• a generating stage when water falls from the upper to the lower reservoir
• a pumping stage when water is returned to the upper reservoir.

Figure 4 shows a PSS being used to generate electrical power.

The water falls a vertical distance h from the upper reservoir to the turbine.

Figure 4

0 3 . 1 Show that the theoretical maximum power Pmax available from the water during the
generating stage is given by
ΔV
Pmax = ρ g h
Δt
where:
• ρ is the density of the water
ΔV
• is the volume of water flowing through the turbine per unit time.
Δt
[1 mark]

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In one PSS, h is 320 m and Pmax is 440 MW. box

ΔV
0 3 . 2 Calculate .
Δt

ρ = 1.0 × 103 kg m−3

[1 mark]

ΔV =
Δt m3 s−1

The PSS has an efficiency of 90% during the generating stage.

0 3 . 3 Suggest two sources of inefficiency in the PSS during the generating stage.
[2 marks]

Question 3 continues on the next page

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Figure 5 shows the variation in the transfer of electrical power for the PSS with time box

during a 24-hour period.

In the generating stage, values of power are positive.

In the pumping stage, values of power are negative.

Figure 5

0 3 . 4 Determine, in J, the net electrical energy output of the PSS for the 24-hour period
shown in Figure 5.
[3 marks]

net electrical energy output = J

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0 3 . 5 Explain why the overall efficiency of the PSS, for the 24-hour period, is significantly box

less than the generating efficiency of 90%.

[1 mark]

0 3 . 6 Explain two reasons why pumped storage systems are useful.

[2 marks]

10

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0 4 Figure 6 shows a thermal solar panel to be used on the roof of a house. box

Water is heated by solar radiation as it flows through a pipe in the solar panel.

Figure 6

0 4 . 1 Not all of the solar radiation incident on the Earth’s upper atmosphere reaches the
Earth’s surface.
The proportion R of solar radiation incident on the Earth’s surface is given by:

solar power per m2 incident on the Earth's surface

R=
solar power per m2 incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere

Solar radiation is incident normally on the surface of the solar panel with a power
of 2.2 × 103 W.

Calculate R.

total power output of Sun = 3.85 × 1026 W

distance between Earth and Sun = 1.50 × 1011 m
area of the upper surface of the panel = 5.5 m2
[3 marks]

R=

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0 4 . 2 The rate of flow of water through the panel is 45 g s . box

The water enters the panel at a temperature of 15 °C and absorbs energy from the
panel at a rate of 1.7 kW.

Calculate the temperature of the water as it leaves the panel.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg−1 K−1

[2 marks]

temperature = °C 5

Turn over for the next question

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0 5 Figure 7 shows apparatus used to estimate absolute zero in a school laboratory. box

The apparatus consists of a thin-walled glass tube A attached to a ruler. The tube is
sealed at one end and open at the other. The tube contains a fixed mass of dry air
that is trapped by a short column of liquid. The pressure of the trapped air is constant.
The trapped air column has a length l.

Figure 7

The apparatus is heated slowly in a water bath. l is measured for a range of

temperatures T of the water bath.

0 5 . 1 Explain why l increases as T increases.

[2 marks]

Question 5 continues on the next page

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Figure 8 shows the variation of l with T. box

Figure 8

0 5 . 2 Estimate, using Figure 8, absolute zero in °C.

[1 mark]

absolute zero = °C

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−6 5
The trapped air contains 2.06 × 10 mol of dry air at a pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa. box

0 5 . 3 Calculate, in mm2, the internal cross-sectional area of the glass tube.

Use your estimate of absolute zero from Question 05.2 in your calculation.
[4 marks]

internal cross-sectional area = mm2

0 5 . 4 Describe two features of the experiment that may lead to inaccuracy when
determining a value of absolute zero.
[2 marks]

0 5 . 5 A student suggests repeating the same experiment with a glass tube B.

B has half the internal cross-sectional area of A.

B contains the same mass of trapped air as A.

Draw, on Figure 8, the variation of l with T for B.

Label this line B.
11
[2 marks]

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0 6 . 1 Nuclear radii can be estimated using the closest approach of an alpha particle. box

Nuclear radii can be determined using electron diffraction.

Discuss the benefits of using electron diffraction rather than the closest approach of
an alpha particle to evaluate nuclear radii.
[3 marks]

0 6 . 2 Show that the relationship between nuclear radius R and nucleon number A is
given by

1
 3u  3 13
R=  A
 4πρ 

where ρ is the density of nuclear material.

[2 marks]

Question 6 continues on the next page

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1 box
Figure 9 shows the variation of R with A3 .

Figure 9

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0 6 . 3 Show that ρ is approximately 2 × 10 kg m . box

[4 marks]

Turn over for the next question

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0 7 . 1 State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus. box

[1 mark]

A possible fission of U-235 can be represented by:

235 U + n → 136 Cs + 97 Rb + 3n
92 55 37

Table 1 gives the binding energy per nucleon for each nuclide in the fission.

Table 1

Nuclide Binding energy per nucleon / MeV

U-235 7.59094

Cs-136 8.38981

Rb-97 8.37460

0 7 . 2 Calculate, in J, the energy released in this reaction.

[3 marks]

energy released = J

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0 7 . 3 The average energy released by the fission of a U-235 nucleus in a reactor core box

is 3.2 × 10−11 J.

The fission of U-235 generates a power of 1.5 GW in the core.

Calculate the average mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in one second in this
reactor core.

molar mass of U-235 = 235 g

[3 marks]

average mass = kg

0 7 . 4 The thermal neutrons in the core can be modelled as the particles of an ideal gas.
The effective temperature of this gas is 850 K.

Calculate crms for the thermal neutrons for this model.

[3 marks]

crms = m s−1
Question 7 continues on the next page

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0 7 . 5 Explain the role of control rods in ensuring a constant power output in a nuclear box

reactor core.
[3 marks]

13

END OF SECTION A

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Section B box

Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional pages for this working.

0 8 Which row shows a possible combination of changes as energy is added to a fixed mass
of an ideal gas?
[1 mark]

Work done on the Gain in internal Change in pressure

gas ΔW energy of the gas ΔU of the gas Δp

A zero positive zero

B zero positive positive

C positive zero zero

D positive zero negative

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0 9 What are the fundamental (base) units for thermal conductivity? box

[1 mark]

A kg m s−3 K−1

B kg m s−2 K−1

C J m−1 s−1 K−1

D J m−1 K−1

1 0 Two hollow cubes M and N are made of the same material and are in the same room.
They are filled with hot liquid at the same initial temperature.

M has sides of length x and walls of thickness t.

N has sides of length 2x and walls of thickness 2t.

R is the initial rate of energy transfer by conduction from M.

What is the initial rate of energy transfer by conduction from N?

[1 mark]

A 8R

B 4R

C 2R

D R

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1 1 Energy Q is transferred to a mass m of wax that is initially solid. box

The graph shows the variation of the temperature T of the wax with Q.

The process is repeated with wax of mass 2m at the same initial temperature.

What is the variation of T with Q for this new mass?

[1 mark]

A B

C D

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1 2 A sealed syringe with a frictionless plunger contains a fixed mass of an ideal gas. box

The syringe is placed into water that is colder than the initial temperature of the gas.

Which graphs show the variations of pressure P with volume V and with absolute
temperature T for the fixed mass of gas in the syringe?
[1 mark]

A B

C D

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1 3 The speeds of three gas particles are box

475 m s−1 455 m s−1 320 m s−1

What is crms (root mean squared speed) for these gas particles?
[1 mark]

A 455 m s−1

B 422 m s−1

C 417 m s−1

D 414 m s−1

1 4 Which row shows desirable properties for a material chosen for the moderator in a
thermal nuclear reactor?
[1 mark]

A small nucleon number poor neutron absorber

B small nucleon number good neutron absorber

C large nucleon number poor neutron absorber

D large nucleon number good neutron absorber

Turn over for the next question

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1 5 The plot shows the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number. box

Identify the regions on the plot where nuclei will release energy when undergoing fission or
fusion.
[1 mark]

Region(s) where fusion of Region(s) where fission of

nuclei releases energy nuclei releases energy

A W only Y only

B V and W Y only

C V only X and Y

D V and W X and Y

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1 6 The table shows the energy released in each reaction of the hydrogen cycle. box

Reaction Energy released / MeV

1 p + 1 p → 2 H + e+ + ν
1 1 1 e 0.42

2 H + 1 p → 3 He + γ
1 1 2 5.49

3 He + 3 He → 4 He + 21 p
2 2 2 1 12.86

What is the energy released per proton when one

4 He nucleus is formed?
2
[1 mark]

A 3.12 MeV

B 4.11 MeV

C 4.69 MeV

D 6.17 MeV

1 7 Which is the most significant obstacle that must be overcome to produce a practical
plasma fusion reactor?
[1 mark]

A safe disposal of the nuclear waste produced by the reactor

B obtaining the deuterium fuel for the reactor

C effective confinement of the plasma in the reactor

D effective emergency shut-down of the reactor

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1 8 A sphere of radius r, mass m and moment of inertia I is released from rest. box

It rolls down the slope without slipping.

When the sphere has moved through a vertical distance of h it has a linear speed of v and
an angular speed of ꞷ.

What is ꞷ?
[1 mark]

2gh
A
I

2mgh
B
I

m (2 gh − v2 )
C
I

m (2 gh + v2 )
D
I

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1 9 The diagrams show the V–I characteristic and the circuit symbol for a solar cell P. box

Two solar cells identical to P are connected in the same light conditions as P as shown
below.

Which diagram shows the V–I characteristic for this series combination?
[1 mark]
A B

C D

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2 0 Which row gives an advantage and a disadvantage of the named method of electricity box

generation?
[1 mark]

Method of electricity
Advantage Disadvantage
generation

greenhouse gases not

photovoltaic solar toxic materials used in
A emitted during power
panels manufacture of panels
generation

photovoltaic solar suitable for slow response to

B
panels base-power stations changes in demand

not damaging to plant unavailable in some

C wind turbines
and animal habitats weather conditions

continuous production few suitable sites are

D wind turbines
of electricity is possible available

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Questions 21 and 22 are about location X and location Y. box

Location X is at sea level.

At X, the air has a pressure of 1.0 × 105 N m–2 and a density of 1.2 kg m−3.

Location Y is on a mountain.
At Y, the air has a pressure of 0.90 × 105 N m−2 and a density of 1.1 kg m−3.

Assume that the air is an ideal gas.

2 1 The air has a temperature of 300 K at X.

What is the temperature of the air at Y?

[1 mark]

A 248 K

B 270 K

C 275 K

D 295 K

2 2 The wind speed at Y is 50% greater than the wind speed at X.

P is the theoretical maximum power available to a wind turbine at X.

What is the theoretical maximum power available to an identical wind turbine at Y?

[1 mark]

A 3.7P

B 3.1P

C 1.6P

D 1.4P 15

END OF QUESTIONS

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required. outside the
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number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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