Organismal Biology

ORGANISMAL
BIOLOGY
PLANT AND ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS AND
FUNCTIONS
Reproduction
Development
DIFFERENT Nutrition
PROCESSES Gas exchange
IN PLANTS Transport/circulation
AND Regulation of body fluids
ANIMALS Chemical and nervous control
Immune systems
Sensory and motor mechanisms

Reproduction
Development
DIFFERENT Nutrition
PROCESSES Gas exchange
IN PLANTS Transport/circulation
AND Regulation of body fluids
ANIMALS Chemical and nervous control
Immune systems
Sensory and motor mechanisms

WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
The process by which a new organism is

produced from one parent or a pair of
parent.
It ensures perpetuity or continuity of life.
It has two types: Asexual and Sexual

Reproduction
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
 A mode of reproduction
in which new offspring is
produced from a single
parent.
 The new individual
produced are genetically
and physically identical to
each other.
 It can be observed in
both multicellular and
unicellular organisms.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION
 Separation of a single body

into two bodies.
 An organism duplicates its
genetic material and then
divides into two parts.
 Occurs in bacteria and
protists, like Amoeba and
Paramecium.
TYPES OF
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ANIMALS
BUDDING
 An offspring (bud) grows out

of the body of the parent.
 Hydra exhibits this type of
reproduction.
GEMMULES
 An asexually reproduced
mass of cells that is capable
of developing into new
organism.
 Sponges exhibit this type of
reproduction
FRAGMENTATION
 The body of the parent breaks

into distinct pieces, each of
which can produce an
offspring.
 Planarians (Flat Worms, Hydra
and Echinoderms exhibit this
type of reproduction.
FRAGMENTATION
TYPES OF
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
PLANTS
FORMATION OF STOLON
 Stolon is an above ground

runner from which the plant
roots can grow to start off a
new plant.
 Examples of plant exhibiting
this type of reproduction are
the strawberries.
FORMATION OF RHIZOMES
 Rhizomes are underground

runner that give rise to new
plants.
 Ginger, bamboo, snake plants and
grass are examples of plants that
reproduce through rhizomes.
FORMATION OF TUBERS
 Tubers are underground

storage stems from which
new plants can grow after a
dormant season.
 Examples are potato and
cassava.
DEVELOPMENT OF BULBS
 Bulbs are underground

storage units that divide by
mitosis allowing many new
plants to form.
 Examples are garlic and
onions.
FORMATION OF CORMS
 Corms are bulbous

underground stems that can
produce new plants.
 Gabi is an example of plants
that develop corms.
FRAGMENTATION
 Parts of a plant break off and

grow into a new plant.
 Includes the vegetative part
of a plant not specialized for
reproduction, like stem.
BUDDING PLANTLET
 Plants bud off tissue that develops

into a miniature version of the
parent plant.
 Example is Katakataka plant.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
 Two individuals
produce offspring
that have genetic
material from both
parents.
 Combination of the
genetic information
of the parents.
 Introduces new gene
combinations.
ANIMAL SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ANIMAL SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Encompasses the fusion of gametes

(sperm and egg cells) to form a zygote
called as fertilization.
 The gametes are haploid while zygote
diploid.
 In most cases, male gametes is
relatively moving and usually has
flagella. On the other hand, the female
gamete is not moving and is relatively
large in size compared to the male
gamete.
TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
FERTILIZATION PROCESS
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS OF
DIFFERENT
TYPES OF
ANIMALS
PLANT SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ANGIOSPERMS
 In plants, flower
plays a major role
for reproduction 4
5
because it contains 6
both the male and 3
female 7
reproductive
organ of a plant. 2 8
 The male organ is 9

called as stamen
and the female is 1
called as pistil.
PERFECT AND IMPERFECT FLOWERS
 Perfect flowers have both

stamens and pistils.
 Imperfect flowers lack either the
stamen or pistil.
POLLINATION
 This is the first and most

essential stage in plant sexual
reproduction.
 It is the process of
transferring the pollen grains
from the anther to the stigma
of the flower.
FERTILIZATION
 During fertilization, the

male gametes from the
pollen join with the
female gametes in the
egg. The egg, or eggs, are
found inside the stigma.
The scientific word for
an egg is an ovule.
FERTILIZATION
 Fertilization
creates fruit that
contain seeds.
GERMINATION
 The process by which a plant

grows from a seed into a
seedling.
 Seeds remain dormant until
conditions are favorable for
germination.
 All seeds need water, oxygen
and optimal temperature to
germinate.
PARTS OF THE SEED Seed Coat
They are the protective outer covering
of a seed that is usually hard, thick, and
brownish in color.
Functions
• Protecting the seed from physical and
mechanical damage
• Preventing the seed from germination
even under favorable conditions of
growth (seed dormancy)
• Preventing the excessive loss of water
from the seeds
• Acting as a physical barrier against the
entry of parasites
PARTS OF THE SEED
Endosperm
It is a tissue that is rich in oil, starch,
and protein.
Functions
• Storing of reserve foods that
provide nourishment to the
developing plant
• Protecting the embryo, the next
part of the seed, by acting as the
mechanical barrier
PARTS OF THE SEED
Embryo
They are the young plant that is
developing inside the seed coat. An
embryo contains the underdeveloped
tissues of leaves, stem, and roots of a
plant.
Functions
• Giving rise to a completely new
plant
• Storing food and nourishing the
baby plant
PARTS OF THE SEED Parts of Embryo
• Epicotyl – The tiny shoot of an embryo,
from which the entire shoot system
develops. The tip of the epicotyl is called
plumule.
• Hypocotyl – The stage of transition for the
growing shoot and root of the embryo
• Radicle – The tiny root of the embryo
• Cotyledons – They are the leaves of the
embryo that provide nourishment to the
developing plant. There are two types of
cotyledons present in flowering plants: i)
monocotyledonous or monocots – embryo
with one cotyledon and ii) dicotyledonous
or dicots – embryo with two cotyledons.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION
External Factors
 Water: The poor or additional supply of water affects seed germination.
 Temperature: This affects the growth rate as well as the metabolism of the seed.
 Oxygen: Germinating seeds respire vigorously and release the energy required for
their growth. Therefore, deficiency of oxygen affects seed germination.
In certain cases, a temperature below the moderate level slows down seed germination and
promotes fungal growth. In some cases, germination stops at the temperature above the
moderate level.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION
Internal Factor
Seed Dormancy
 This is a condition in which the seeds are prevented from germinating even under favourable
conditions.
During seed dormancy:
 The seed coat, which is resistant to water and gases, restricts water-uptake and oxygen
exchange.
 The seeds with undeveloped or immature embryo do not germinate.
 Certain seeds contain plant growth regulators, which inhibit seed germination.
 Some seeds require more time for their germination.
PLANT AND ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
 Development is the
process by which
organisms undergo
a series of changes
(in size, shapes and
functions).
 This includes the
process of
differentiation,
morphogenesis and
growth.
1. DETERMINATION
 This sets the developmental fate of
a cell --- what type of cell it will
become --- even before any
characteristics of that cell type are
observable.
 For example, in a developing
mammalian embryo, there are
mesenchymal stem cells that look
unspecialized. But their fate to
become muscle, fat, tendon or
other tissue cells has already been
determined.
2. DIFFERENTIATION
 The process by which

cells leads to their
different and specific
structures and functions.
3. MORPHOGENESIS
 The organization and

distribution of differentiated cells
into the multicellular body and
its organs.
 This occur by cell division, cell
expansion, cell movements and
apoptosis (programmed cell
death).
4. GROWTH
 The increase in size of the body

and its organs by cell division
and cell expansion.
 Growth continues throughout
the individual’s life in some
organisms, but reaches a less
stable end point in others

Organismal Biology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Organismal Biology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Organismal Biology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ORGANISMAL

PROCESSES Gas exchange

AND Regulation of body fluids

ANIMALS Chemical and nervous control

Sensory and motor mechanisms

PROCESSES Gas exchange

AND Regulation of body fluids

ANIMALS Chemical and nervous control

Sensory and motor mechanisms

The process by which a new organism is

It ensures perpetuity or continuity of life.

It has two types: Asexual and Sexual

 Separation of a single body

 An offspring (bud) grows out

 The body of the parent breaks

 Stolon is an above ground

 Rhizomes are underground

 Tubers are underground

 Bulbs are underground

 Corms are bulbous

 Parts of a plant break off and

 Plants bud off tissue that develops

 Encompasses the fusion of gametes

 The male organ is 9

 Perfect flowers have both

 This is the first and most

 During fertilization, the

 The process by which a plant

 The process by which

 The organization and

 The increase in size of the body

You might also like