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Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Wild flowers
of the north-eastern states
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Wild flowers of the north-eastern states

Being three hundred and eight individuals common to
the north-eastern United States

Author: Ellen Miller

Margaret C. Whiting

Release date: June 13, 2024 [eBook #73825]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1895

Credits: Joeri de Ruiter and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD FLOWERS

OF THE NORTH-EASTERN STATES ***
WILD SENNA: Cassia
Marilandica.
 Wild Flowers
of the

North-Eastern States

BEING THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHT INDIVIDUALS COMMON TO

THE NORTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES, DRAWN AND DESCRIBED
FROM LIFE BY

ELLEN MILLER
AND
MARGARET CHRISTINE WHITING

WITH THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS THE SIZE OF

LIFE

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
NEW YORK LONDON
27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND
The Knickerbocker Press
1895
 Copyright, 1895
BY
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

 Dedicated
TO
MARY GOODRICH WHITING
AND
MARY ESTHER MILLER
 INTRODUCTION.

It was with no desire to compete with scientific botanies that this

collection of flowers was gathered together, but with the hope of
making their acquaintance more easy to non-scientific folk than the
much condensed manuals of our flora are able to do. The
opportunity of introducing a plant, with that graceful amplitude
which forestalls human meetings, is denied to the scientific botanist
by the needful restrictions of his formulæ, and there remain unnoted
by him (because beyond the scope of a special terminology)
numberless traits of race-habit, and personal details of growth
belonging to the plants, to which the unlearned observer will attach
a degree of significance, incommensurate, perhaps, to their scientific
value. To the simple Nature-lover each growth possesses a personal
quality more desirable than the catalogued facts of its existence, and
which offers an invitation to his thought beyond the knowledge he
may gain from books.
Supplementary, then, to the scientific classification, there is a
place for the mere lover and observer, who shall display the results
of his study in the most direct terms, that require no glossaries of
explanation, nor, if it may be avoided, any dissection of flower-
growths. Too often the amateur is dismayed, in his effort to name a
plant, by the botanical need of a microscopic analysis, which calls for
a preliminary training, and in its process destroys the flower he
seeks to know. If it were possible for a pictorial botany to be
prepared for English readers in the common vocabulary, the
destructive element which, at present, occupies a painfully large
place in the study of all popular science, might be confined to the
needs of the higher student, and no longer pursued by children, or
the merely curious observers of our common forms of life. The effort
to verify what has already been established, which, in some
intellectually alert localities, threatens the more delicate of our
annuals and biennials with extermination, might be avoided, if we
were able to recognize the commoner sorts of plants by their general
character, their gesture, color, and habits, leaving scientific analysis
for serious study.
The present collection of flowers common to the North-eastern
United States, which was started as a personal pastime, has taken
its present shape under the belief that it were well to make a
beginning towards a floral portrait-gallery; it is from this point of
view, rather than from the purely botanical, that the drawings have
been made and the descriptions written. Days have been pleasantly
spent in searching for a specimen which would show most typically
the particular trick of growth, the characteristic gesture which
individualized it from all other plants; often a flower has been drawn
and described as it grew, surprised in its familiar haunt. Effort has
been made to gather within the prescribed limits as great a diversity
of growths, and as many variations of types in each family, as was
feasible. Because of the desire to localize the collection, somewhat,
the flowers of the seaboard have been excluded. A few shrubs, and
even one small tree, the Witch Hazel, have been included, because
their flowers or fruit form such essential features in the floral
calendar, or possess so strong a hold upon the wayfarers’ affections,
that their presence has seemed inevitable. In the case of two vines,
the Carrion Flower and the Virginia Creeper, the drawings were
made from the fruit (companioned by the figure of the single flower)
for the obvious reason that the blossoms of the one are
inconspicuous, and of the other so malodorous, they offer small
temptations to a near acquaintance, while both are recompensed
with highly decorative berry-clusters. The drawings of the flowers
are the size of life; in every possible instance the growth also is
given without reduction.
That every flower-lover will find some favorites omitted, is
altogether probable, in a selection of three hundred individuals from
among the hosts which invite representation. The extreme dry
weather of the previous season must be held accountable for several
noteworthy, and much regretted, blanks in the list.
 The choice of botanical terms has been intentionally confined to
those which long usage has so wrought into the common speech
that they have practically ceased to belong to strictly scientific
nomenclature. The floral families have been arranged in the order
employed in Gray’s Manual; the individual members of a genus, and
of a family, have been placed in their usual sequence of bloom, that
the flower-gatherer may know when to reasonably expect the
successive blossoming of any special set of plants. It is impossible
however to be arbitrarily definite in any such classification of
Nature’s methods. Nor are we able to do more than to approximate
accuracy in describing color; modifications, even direct
contradictions, of the normal or usual type are constantly
discovered, which we may impute to variations in soil or
temperature, but whose appearance follows laws we dimly
apprehend. Of one thing only may we be sure: Nature tunes her
seemingly fickle choice to harmony, whatever the key; always there
remains a perfect adjustment of color between stalk and stem and
leaf and blossom.
By the generosity of Mrs. Fanny D. Bergen, of Cambridge, Mass.,
the lists of folk-names for many flowers have been greatly enriched.
Recognition is due also to Dr. B. F. Robinson, and to his assistants of
the Harvard Herbarium, for very kind aid in the botanical
classification of specimens.

Deerfield, Mass.,
April 3d, 1895.
 CONTENTS.

PAGE
Crowfoot Family, Ranunculaceæ 1
Barberry Family, Berberidaceæ 32
Water-Lily Family, Nymphæaceæ 36
Pitcher-Plants, Sarraceniaceæ 40
Poppy Family, Papaveraceæ 42
Fumitory Family, Fumariaceæ 46
Mustard Family, Cruciferæ 50
Rock-Rose Family, Cistaceæ 60
Violet Family, Violaceæ 62
Pink Family, Caryophyllaceæ 76
St. John’s-Wort Family, Hypericaceæ 90
Mallow Family, Malvaceæ 94
Geranium Family, Geraniaceæ 96
Holly Family, Ilicineæ 104
Staff-Tree Family, Celastraceæ 106
Buckthorn Family, Rhamnaceæ 108
Vine Family, Vitaceæ 110
Milkwort Family, Polygalaceæ 112
Pulse Family, Leguminosæ 116
Rose Family, Rosaceæ 144
 PAGE
Saxifrage Family, Saxifragaceæ 178
Orpine Family, Crassulaceæ 188
Sundew Family, Droseraceæ 190
Witch-Hazel Family, Hamamelideæ 192
Evening Primrose Family, Onagraceæ 194
Gourd Family, Cucurbitaceæ 204
Parsley Family, Umbelliferæ 206
Ginseng Family, Araliaceæ 220
Dogwood Family, Cornaceæ 224
Honeysuckle Family, Caprifoliaceæ 226
Madder Family, Rubiaceæ 238
Composite Family, Compositæ 246
Lobelia Family, Lobeliaceæ 356
Campanula Family, Campanulaceæ 364
Heath Family, Ericaceæ 370
Primrose Family, Primulaceæ 408
Dogbane Family, Apocynaceæ 418
Milkweed Family, Asclepiadaceæ 422
Gentian Family, Gentianaceæ 436
Borage Family, Borraginaceæ 440
Convolvulus Family, Convolvulaceæ 444
Nightshade Family, Solanaceæ 450
Figwort Family, Scrophulariaceæ 452
Broom-Rape Family, Orobanchaceæ 484
 PAGE
Vervain Family, Verbenaceæ 486
Mint Family, Labiatæ 492
Pokeweed Family, Phytolaccaceæ 518
Buckwheat Family, Polygonaceæ 520
Birthwort Family, Aristolochiaceæ 528
Laurel Family, Lauraceæ 530
Mezereum Family, Thymelæaceæ 532
Sweet-Gale Family, Myricaceæ 534
Orchis Family, Orchidaceæ 536
Iris Family, Iridaceæ 564
Amaryllis Family, Amaryllidaceæ 568
Lily Family, Liliaceæ 570
Pickerel-Weed Family, Pontederiaceæ 596
Cat-Tail Family, Typhaceæ 598
Arum Family, Araceæ 600
Water-Plantain Family, Alismaceæ 610

The Cover-Design by E. M.: Derived from the Green Dragon

(Arisæma Dracontium) Plant.
 Wild Flowers
OF THE

North-Eastern States.

CROWFOOT FAMILY.
RANUNCULACEÆ.

Hepatica. Hepatica triloba.

Liverwort.
Liver-leaf.

Found in April and May, on hillsides, along the edge of woods, and
in rocky ground.
The leaf-stems and flower-stems rise from the ground to the
height of 4 or 6 inches.
The leaf is heart-shaped, and 3-lobed, of a tough, strong fibre that
often survives the winter. Its color is dark green above and dull violet
beneath.
The beautiful flower is composed of 6 to 9 petal-like calyx-parts,
of an oval shape, and thin texture, whose color varies from light to
dark violet, and from lavender-tinted white to a very pink-lavender,
or lilac; the stamens are many, and thread-like, and of a pale straw
color. Close beneath the flower are 3 reddish-brown, downy little
leaves, bearing the semblance of a calyx. The flower is set on a
slender, very downy stem, which springs from amidst the leaves.
The harmony of color in this plant as seen in the flower and leaf is
striking, a preponderance of violet showing throughout. It is very
downy, the young leaves being covered with long silky hairs. The
numerous half-opened flowers and buds are slightly nodding, but
become more erect when fully spread in the sunlight. The Hepatica
is often frequented by small lavender butterflies, in size and color
resembling the blossoms,—when they rise and flutter in the soft
spring air, it is as though the flowers themselves are taking flight.
HEPATICA: Hepatica
triloba.
Marsh Marigold. Caltha palustris.
Cowslips.

Found in late April and early May, in swamps or wet meadows,

with its roots in the water.
The branching stalk, from 6 to 10 inches in height, is thick, stout,
hollow and juicy, and grooved at the joints; its color is a shining light
green.
The leaf is very broad, almost round, with a heart-shaped base,
the margin finely cut in slight scallops; the texture is thin but
leathery, while the surface is smooth and glossy; the color is dark
green. The leaf is set at the junction of the flower-stem with the
stalk.
The flower has 5 (or more) rounded petal-like calyx-parts, of a
delicate texture that shows a few veins on the inside; it is shaped
like a shallow cup and colored a beautiful polished yellow, tinged
with green; the many stamens are yellow; the pistils form a
conspicuous fringy center. Two or three flowers, on simple, or
sometimes leafy foot-stems, form a terminal group.
The buds are round and quite green, turning yellow as they grow;
the blossom opens very wide, and is slightly odorous,—it is in
marked contrast to the coarser stem and leaf, which have a sprangly
gesture. The first sunshine flower of spring.
MARSH MARIGOLD: Caltha
palustris.
Wind Flower. Anemone nemorosa.
Wood Anemone.

Found in thickets that yet are open to the sun, in early May or
perhaps late in April.
The single stem, about 6 inches in height, is round and smooth
and green, showing purple at the foot. It bears a whorl of leaves
about midway its height, and a single flower upon its summit.
The compound leaf has from 8 to 9 wedge-shaped leaflets, that
are sightly creased on their midribs, and irregularly notched on the
edges; the texture is delicately thin, and the color a lovely green.
Three leaves on their short reddish stems are placed in a whorl.
The flower is like a shallow cup formed of 5 oval, petal-like calyx-
parts that curve like shells; it is of a very thin texture and slightly
veined, and its color is pure white, often rosy tinted on the outside;
the many dainty stamens are a pale straw color, and the pistils are
gathered into a light green center.
A more charming plant could hardly be imagined,—stem, leaf, and
blossom are alike perfect in growth and harmony of hue. Its bud
nods, but the fully open flower lifts itself lightly atop the slender
swaying stem. The Wind Flower is social in habit, and gathers in
lovely fellowship with its kind upon a favorable hillside.
WIND FLOWER: Anemone
nemorosa.
Tall Anemone. Anemone Virginiana.

Found during July and August in meadows, roadsides, and woods.

The single stalk usually forks midway for the flowers; it grows
between 2 and 3 feet high, and is slender and slightly rough to the
touch. In color it is light green.
The compound leaf is 3-divided, the middle leaflet being 3-parted,
and the side leaflets 2-parted; the margins are notched, and the
fibre is tough, while the surface is rough-hairy; the color is green.
The leaves grow in a whorl of 3 about the stalk.
The flower is a shallow cup, composed of 5 petal-like calyx-parts,
hollowed like shells, of a greenish-white color; the pistils are many,
rising in a cylindrical greenish head in the center; the stamens are
numerous, and pale. The flowers are set on long slender stems
which rise from the whorl of leaves; these stems often fork again at
half their length, where in that case, they bear a pair of small leaves,
from which the 2, or more, secondary flower-bearing stems arise.
Less gregarious than its early sister, the Tall Anemone grows
solitary, or in twos and threes,—frequently beside an old stump. The
cylindrical or elongated head turns brown and becomes cottony
when the seeds are ripe. The tall elegance of this plant is
noteworthy; it bears its leaves, flowers and seeds with an air of
distinction, and the long wand-like stems suggest the strings of
some musical instrument on which the wind may play, according to
the old tradition that the Anemones love to bloom when the wind
blows.
TALL ANEMONE: A.
Virginiana.
Early Meadow Rue. Thalictrum dioicum.

Found in rocky woods and hillsides during April and May.

The branching leafy stalk grows from 1 to 2 feet high; smooth,
round, and fine of fibre though strong; in color, green.
The leaf is 3 or 4 times divided, terminating in groups of 3 leaflets
on short slender stems; the leaflets are small, rounding, slightly
heart-shaped at the base, and their margins are notched in rounded
scallops; the texture is exceptionally fine and thin, the surface
smooth; the color, a fine cool green.
The flower is small and composed of 3 or 4 or 5 little, petal-like,
pale green calyx-parts. Different plants bear the pistils and stamens;
the flowers of the former are inconspicuous and sparse in
comparison with those of the stamen-bearing plant: from these the
many stamens, pale green faintly touched with tawny at the tips,
droop on slender threads like little tassels. The flowers grow in loose
clusters, on branching stems that spring from the leaf-joints.
The Early Meadow Rue is unobtrusive in color and form, but most
graceful in gesture, and fine in the texture and finish of all its parts;
the leafage has a fern-like delicacy, and the flower tassels of the
stamen-bearing plant are airily poised.
EARLY MEADOW RUE:
Thalictrum dioicum.
Tall Meadow Rue. Thalictrum polygamum.

Found in June in wet meadows, both in the shade of thickets and

in unsheltered fields.
The stalk, usually 3 or 4 feet high, attains, it is said, to even 9 feet
sometimes; it is branching, and somewhat zigzag in growth; round,
slightly ribbed, and smooth; green or purple, especially near the
joints.
The leaf is highly compound, being composed of 3 long-stemmed
divisions which are parted into 3 or 5 short-stemmed groups of 3
leaflets each; these leaflets are rounding in shape, entire,—save for
the 1 to 3 round scallops at the tips,—of a fine and thin texture, and
smooth surface; a network of delicate veins shows underneath; the
color is a beautiful, cool, dark green, lighter underneath. The
arrangement is alternate.
The flower is without petals; the numerous thread-like, white
stamens, with their green tips, spread into feathery tufts, and are
set on tiny stems in loose terminal clusters, and also in lesser groups
on stems from the angles of the upper leaves.
An elegant plant, beautiful at all seasons with its distinguished-
bearing, charming flower clusters, and quaint lavender-hued seed-
heads; and especially attractive at the turn of the leaf, when its
foliage takes on a delicate crimson tint toned by a grayish bloom.
TALL MEADOW RUE: T.
polygamum.
Rue Anemone. Anemonella thalictroides.

Found in woods and on shady banks, in May.

The slender, erect stalk, 5 or 6 inches in height, is fine and
smooth; in color, a light reddish-tinged green.
The leaf is compound, each part being set on a slender, rather
long stem; the leaflets are small, broad, heart-shaped at the base,
and 2- or 3-lobed near the tip; the texture is exceedingly fine, and
smooth to the touch; the color is a dark grayish-green. The leaves
form a whorl about the summit of the stalk, from which the flower-
stems rise.
The flower is formed of 5 to 8 petal-like calyx-parts, which are
oval, slightly convex, of a fine and delicate texture; in color, white,
tinged with pale pink. The stamens are many, small, and orange
yellow; the several pistils gathered in the center are green. The
flowers are poised on slender stems, in groups, generally of 3,
springing from the leaf-whorl.
The flowers and leaves rise from the earth together, the
undeveloped flower, with bowed head, enfolded by the leaflets; as
the plant pushes upward the blossoms grow, the central one
developing first, the side ones later. At first the stamens and pistils
are gathered together in a close green ball in the middle,—when the
central flower has shaken out its yellow-tipped stamens fully, the
side flowers begin to grow; thus the plant stays in bloom a long time
—nearly two weeks.