Experiment 1

Introduction to DBMS

Database Management Software (DBMS)

A Database Management Software (DBMS) is used for storing, manipulating, and managing
data, such as format, names of fields, and record and file structures in a database. Users can
construct their own databases using a DBMS to satisfy their business requirements. For
example, dBase was one of the first DBMS for the micro-computers.

To interact with a database, a DBMS package generally uses SQL queries. It receives a
command from a database administrator (DBA) and prompts the system to perform the
necessary action. These instructions can be about loading, retrieving, or modifying existing
data in the system.

Data and Information

Popular Database Management Software (DBMS)

Database management software features data independence, as the storage mechanism and
formats can be changed without altering the entire application within the database. Some
common examples of popular, free business database software include MySQL, Microsoft
SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, IBM DB2, and FoxPro. For example, MySQL, free
business database software, is a high-performance database software that helps enterprise
users build scalable database applications.

Main Features of a DBMS

Some of the significant features of database management software include:

· Low Repetition and Redundancy

In a database, the chances of data duplication are quite high as several users use one database.
A DBMS reduces data repetition and redundancy by creating a single data repository that can
be accessed by multiple users, even allowing easy data mapping while performing ETL.

· Easy Maintenance of Large Databases

Most organizational data are stored in large databases. A DBMS helps maintain these
databases by enforcing user-defined validation and integrity constraints, such as user-based
access.

· Enhanced Security

When handling large amounts of data, security becomes the top-most concern for all
businesses. Database management software doesn’t allow full access to anyone except the
database administrator or the departmental head. Only they can modify the database and
control user access, making the database more secure. All other users are restricted,
depending on their access level.

· Improved File Consistency

By implementing a database management system, organizations can create a standardized

way to use files and ensure consistency of data with other systems and applications. This
streamlines data management and manipulation because the same rules can be applied to all
the data throughout the organization.

· Multi-User Environment Support

Database management software features and supports a multi-user environment, allowing

several users to access and work on data concurrently. It also supports several views of the
data. A view is a subsection of a database that is distinct and dedicated for specific operators
of the system.

As a database is typically accessed by multiple operators simultaneously, these operators may

need different database views. For example, operator A may want to print a bank statement,
whereas Operator B would want to only check the bank balance. Although both are querying
the same database, they will be presented with different views.
Types of Database Management Systems

There are several types of database management software, which can be broadly classified
into four types. The most popular database management systems include:

1- Hierarchical

A hierarchical DBMS organizes data in a tree-like arrangement, in the form of a

hierarchy, either in a top-down or bottom-up design. The hierarchy is defined by a
parent-child relationship, where a parent may have numerous children, but children
can only have a single parent.

This type of DBMS commonly includes one-to-one and one-to-many relationships. A

one-to-one relationship exists when a parent has a single child. Whereas, in a one-to-
many relationship, a parent has multiple children.

As data is hierarchical, it becomes a complicated network, if one-to-many

relationships are disrupted.

2- Network

A network DBMS is a slightly complex extension of hierarchical DBMS in which

data has many-to-many relationships that appear in the form of a network. The
records are arranged in a graph that can be accessed via numerous data paths.

In this database structure, a child can have multiple parents. Therefore, it allows you
to model more intricate relationships. The ability to build more relationships among
different data types makes these databases more efficient.

2-
 3- Relational

A relational model is one of the most extensively used arrangements of organizing

databases. It normalizes data and organizes it as logically independent tables. You can
perform operations like “Select” and “Join” on these tables. The data is stored in fixed
structures and manipulated using SQL.

Shared data depicts relationships between different tables. As data in a table can
reference similar data in another table, it preserves the reliability of the connections
between them. This is called referential integrity, which is a critical concept in this
database model.

Advantages of a Database Management Software

 Simplified Data Sharing

A DBMS allows users (onsite as well as remote) to easily share the data by following the
correct authorization protocols. It provides operators access to well-managed data. As a
result, they can rapidly respond to variations in the environment.

 Enhanced Data Safety

The threats of data security breaches become more pronounced when several users access the
database. A database management software offers better implementation of data
confidentiality and safety guidelines through controlled user access.

 Improved Data Integration

A DBMS stimulates an integrated view of the company’s data. The company can quickly see
how activities in one division of the organization influence other divisions.

 Better Decision-Making

One of the uses of database management software is to provide access to well-managed data,
making it possible for users to make accurate and timely decisions. It offers a streamlined
framework to enable data quality initiatives, improving data management procedures and
yielding better-quality information.

 Improved Efficiency

Streamlined data access, along with the tools that convert data into valuable information,
enable operators to make swift, knowledgeable decisions. This improves a database’s
performance and efficiency.

Applications of Database Management Software

 Banks: Storing client info, account activities, disbursements, credits, and

mortgages
 Airlines: Flight bookings and scheduling info
 Academies: Learner info, course registrations, grading, and result
 Telecommunication: Keeping call archives, monthly bills, and retaining
balances.
 Economics and Finance: Storing data about bonds, transactions, and
acquisitions of fiscal instruments, such as shares and stocks
 Sales and Marketing: Storing data about consumers, merchandises, and
sales
 Engineering and Manufacturing: Managing supply chain, and
pursuing manufacturing of items and inventory statuses in storerooms
 Human Resources: Keeping records about workers, remunerations,
payroll, deduction, generating salaries, and more

All of these applications of database management software are also often called database
management software examples and they serve the same purpose i.e. to help beginners
understand the importance of DBMS and their use cases.

Who Uses DBMS: Types of Database Users

There are different categories of DBMS users, such as:

 Database Administrator: Their main task is to manage the entire

database management system.
 Application Programmers: They write programs in different
programming languages in order to interact with the database.
 End-Users: They are the individuals who interact with the DBMS and
perform different tasks on databases, such as updating, deleting, retrieving,
etc.
 Experiment 2
INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Structure Query Language (SQL) is a database query language used for storing and managing
data in Relational DBMS. SQL was the first commercial language introduced for E.F Codd's
Relational model of database. Today almost all RDBMS (MySql, Oracle, Infomix, Sybase,
MS Access) use SQL as the standard database query language. SQL is used to perform all
types of data operations in RDBMS.
SQL Command

SQL defines following ways to manipulate data stored in an RDBMS.

DDL: Data Definition Language

This includes changes to the structure of the table like creation of table, altering table,
deleting a table etc. All DDL commands are auto-committed. That means it saves all the
changes permanently in the database.

DML: Data Manipulation Language

DML commands are used for manipulating the data stored in the table and not the table itself.
DML commands are not auto-committed. It means changes are not permanent to database,
they can be rolled back.

TCL: Transaction Control Language

These commands are to keep a check on other commands and their affect on the database.
These commands can annul changes made by other commands by rolling the data back to its
original state. It can also make any temporary change permanent.
DCL: Data Control Language

Data control languages are the commands to grant and take back authority from any database
user.

DQL: Data Query Language

Data query language is used to fetch data from tables based on conditions that we can easily
apply.

DATATYPES
A data type specifies a particular type of data, such as integer, floating-point, Boolean etc.

Types Description Size

 VARCHAR2(size Variable-length character From 1 byte to 4KB.
[BYTE | CHAR]) string.

NVARCHAR2(size) Variable-length Unicode Maximum size is determined

character string having with an upper limit of 4000
maximum length size bytes.You must specify size for
characters. NVARCHAR2.

NUMBER [ (p [, s]) ] Number having precision p A NUMBER value requires

and scale s. from 1 to 22 bytes.
Range of p : From 1 to 38.
Ranges of s : From -84 to
127.
Both precision and scale are
in decimal digits.

FLOAT [(p)] A FLOAT value is A FLOAT value requires from

represented internally as 1 to 22 bytes.
NUMBER.
Range of p: From 1 to 126
binary digits.

LONG Character data of variable 231 -1 bytes

length up to 2 gigabytes, used
for backward compatibility.

CHAR [(size [BYTE | Fixed-length character data Maximum size is 2000 bytes or
CHAR])] of length size bytes or characters. Default and
characters. minimum size is 1 byte.