International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)

Volume 11, Issue 10, October 2020, pp. 1537-1549, Article ID: IJARET_11_10_147
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=11&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
DOI: 10.34218/IJARET.11.10.2020.147

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN
CONCRETE BASED ON THEIR PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS - A REVIEW ON PROPERTIES
AND PERSPECTIVES
Silambarasan. J*
Ph. D. ,Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, St. Peter’s Institiute of Higher Education
and Research, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Asha. P
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, St. Peter’s Institiute of Higher Education and
Research, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews on the application of nanotechnology to the concrete.
Nanotechnology is the current prevailing trend in the construction industry due to its
smaller particle size, potential advantages and sustainable development. The study of
this paper mainly emphasis on the nanoparticles and their effect on compressive tensile
strength, durability, mechanical strength and various other parameters favoring
towards the concrete. Also, the performance of the concrete along with the additive of
the nanoparticles is discussed since they provide the concrete with a befitting
development.
Key words: nano technology; microstructure; nano-silica; nano concrete; physical
parameter.
Cite this Article: Silambarasan. J and Asha. P, Application of nanoparticles in concrete
based on their physical parameters - A review on properties and perspectives,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 11(10),
2020, pp. 1537-1549.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=11&IType=10

1. INTRODUCTION
The significance of establishing an infrastructure increases day-by-day. However, do we really
focus on the type of material being used. The materials of construction have vastly evolved over
a period of time in accordance with the outgrowth of our civilization. Cement has its reign in

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 Silambarasan. J and Asha. P

the industry of construction sites since it is an independent binder and easily hardens on binding
with other materials. Lamentably, it is also a reason responsible for emission of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) which directly paves the way for global warming; an estimated amount of one
ton of GHGs is yielded by one ton of Portland cement clinker which immediately requires a
concern for sustainable development on construction [1]. Along with the reduction of waste
material the environment and the natural resources can also be protected from cement mortar
by sustainable development. The properties of mortar in fresh state is determined by the
distribution of particle size and in hardened state it is determined by the durability and strength
which is affected by the resultant particle packing and by the grade of mixing.
The degree of dispersion of water in a cement is dependent on the hydration behavior, flow
requirement and the hardened state property. Minerals admixture like silica fume, early
hydration and water content determine the coagulation degree in a cement paste [2]. These
process of coagulation and agglomeration can be easily achieved by the “Nanoparticles”, since
they have a high volume to surface area ratio[3]. Water in free dispersant state in aqueous
system is decreased when the higher surface area is to be wetted in an available mixture; the
usage of nanoparticles in the concretes and mortars reorganize their behaviour in hardened
conditions and in fresh state, in addition with development of microstructures and mechanical
strength [4].

2. HISTORY: CONSTRUCTING MATERIALS & METHODS

The type of materials and methods used for constructing buildings has gradually changed based
on the accessibility of resources around us if we take a look at the timeline, we can basically
classify them as Ancient times, Modern technology and Nanotechnology.
In ancient buildings (Medieval period), the limestones, wood, grasses, metals, timber, clay
and stone etc., were used as the most significant building material along with mud as their
binding material. Straw, Wattle& Daub and Stones were the constructing methods those were
used in the ancient days; Straw is a constructing method adopted in the middle ages due to its
very less dense nature providing a naturalistic appearance of the buildings. In spite of its
advantages it had a very poor resistance over seismic forces and fire due to which it wasn’t
valued as an appropriate material; Wattle (wooden strips in a woven lattice) & Daub (coating
material mainly of sticky material as clay, animal dung etc.,) was a method used mainly for its
economy, it was utilized in making walls which aren’t inclusive of expensive materials.
However, it had a very major drawback since it wasn’t suitable for wet climatic conditions,
hence cannot be defended from the rain which deviates the material from regular patching;
Stones were used since it was resistive towards scraping and provided strong, long lasting
building material. Despite of its significance they are much economical, and the structures
cannot be shaped unless there is availability of special tools with proper techniques employed.
For this reason, stones were not efficiently utilized as building material [5].
Later after the Ancient period, Modern technology took its reign in construction which is
mainly based on concrete.The history of concrete starts with calcined limestone and was later
evolved into the pozzolanic cement which is a mixture obtained by grinding together volcanic
ash and lime termed as "pozzolan"; this method was initially employed by the Greeks
andRomans.Cement came into existence at early 19th century. Joseph Aspdin, an English
bricklayer ended up with a cementitious product that resembled the building stone on hardening.
Later, due to advancement in technology modern building methods employed are as follows,
Composites, High Strength Concrete, Fibre Reinforced Concrete and Self-Compacting
Concrete. In Composites, two or more constituent material is combined to get a resultant
material. Profoundly composites can be used to obtain combination of properties which cannot
be achieved by either ceramics, polymers and metals; High strength concrete (HSC) is a method

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 Application of nanoparticles in concrete based on their physical parameters - A review on
properties and perspectives

used by decreasing the water-cement ratio to 0.35, after which silica fume is added to prevent
the formation of calcium hydroxides crystals. HSC are mainly resistible for higher loads of
compression; Fibre reinforced concrete have a fibrous material which aids in the enhancement
of structural integrity, it paves way to increase the durability, tensile strength of the concrete
and also it helps in reducing the cracks, water voids and air voids; Self-compacting concrete
(SCC) is a method which does not require skills it has an ability to settle on its own weight. The
resultant concrete possesses durability, homogeneity and hardened like the vibrated traditional
concrete [5].
Nanotechnology is very well structured and defined when compared to other technologies.
The word origin of ‘Nano’ is from a Greek word meaning ‘dwarf’.Concrete basically is seen as
a primary structural material but nanotechnology helps it to enhance its properties multi-
purposely as a smart functional material [1]. The nano-sized porosity at the zone of interfacial
transition between the aggregate particles and cements and nano-sized solid particles of
calcium-silicate-hydrate(C-S-H) paves the way for the dependence of the performance of
cementitious based materials[6]. Currently, nanotechnology gains most of the potential
advantages and has an evolving attention for building materials.

3. NANOPARTICLES
Nanotechnology is defined as the capability of producing new structures matter at a nanoscale,
with nanoscale of about 0.1 to 100mm. Techniques developed in the nanotechnology field have
their mainmotive in the manipulation of concrete’s structural composition in order to improve
the performance of bituminous and cementitious product.
The most effective nanoparticles for concrete production are[7]:
• Nanosilica/ silica fume (SF)
• Titanium dioxide
• Iron III oxide
• Chromium III oxide
• Nanoclay
• Calcium carbonate
• Alumina
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
• Graphene oxide (GOs)
In the preceding sections, the mentioned nanoparticles are discussed based on their impact
on concrete behaviour alongside with the effect of most added additive with the concrete.

3.1. Nanosilica / Silica fume

Nanosilica has marked a considerable place in concrete material and is one the most efficiently
used additive in construction due to their most efficient physical properties (Fig.1). The positive
side towards the nanosilica is favoured by their high tensile strength, compressive strength
occurring at early stage, flexural strength, low permeability and enhancement of durability[7].
Some of the early researches carried out in nanosilica proves out to exhibit their characterisation
in concrete as follows., Khanzadi etal., [8] has reported that the addition of nano-silica to
concrete in their early stages increases the tensile and compressive strength of the concrete also
an improvement towards the interface zone and cement paste structures is noticed since calcium
hydroxide crystals are consumed by nanoparticles resulting in reduction crystals size at
interface zone by altering the calcium hydroxide feeble crystals into C-S-H crystals.Also, the

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 Silambarasan. J and Asha. P

permeability of nanosilica is found to be better than any other normal concretes;Ghafari et al.,
[9] hasconducted an experimental study wherein aiming to find out the pozzolans behaviour of
nanosilica in the microstructure of UHPC ( ulta high permeable concrete) along with the
transport and mechanical properties . A significant amount ofreductionin portlandite cement
was observed due to reduced amount of water / cement ratio incorporated by nanosilica which
lead to increase of the hydration products also pozzolanic activity is found to be higher in
nanosilica with greater specific surface areas.

Figure 1 Physical properties of nano silica

The addition of nanosilca increases the compressive strength of UHPC mixture specifically
during the early stages, inclusion of nanosilica to the mixture can efficiently improve the
microstructure of the interfacial transition zone present between the binding paste and
aggregates of the concrete and due to presence of low number of capillary pores connection due
to pozzolanic activity the nanaosilica paste cement has a lower absorption of water and
sorptivity; Bastami et al., [10] studies are based on higher temperature effects and the
performance of nanosilica on those elevated (f c> 80 MPa) temperatures. A partial spalling and
mass loss when exposed to higher temperature was observed in the concrete only after 800ºc
with the presence of nanosilica whereas normally mass loss is usually attained at 300ºc itself ,
which proves the tensile strength of the concrete in the presence of nanosilica which helped it
from spalling also it prevents the concrete from strength reduction and crack extension;
Hongjian et al., [11] states the durability performance of concrete with nanosilica which is
experimentally measured at 0.3% and 0.9% respectively, explaining the transport properties of
durability of the concrete. The durability enhancement of nanosilica was achieved by the
nanosilca even at lower temperatures due to pozzolanic activity that occurs in them favouring
the a denser paste at ITZ (Inter-transition zone ) also reduced rate of water and chloride ions
were observed due to the homogenization of the paste that was observed in SEM, due to this
modification they exhibit an increased resistance and compressive strength.
From these works, we can summarize nanosilica to be efficiently usable in concrete due to
their smaller ball size they can provide the concrete an ultra-filler, they can provide durability
and compressive strength to the concrete due to pozzolanic activity.About 20-30% of the
cement can be preserved by the addition of nanosilica which also provides the concrete with an
increased strength [12]. The drawback of nanosilica is the availability in certain countries and
their rates which are hiked due to export from other countries [13].

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 Application of nanoparticles in concrete based on their physical parameters - A review on
properties and perspectives

3.2. Titanium dioxide

The addition of titanium dioxide to concrete favours a self – cleaning ability and paves a
positive way for application of green material in construction also their physical properties
enhances their usage (Fig. 2). Titanium is mainly sourced byrutile,anatase and ilmenite also
they occur from naturally occurring mineralsofanatase and brookite[14]. Self – cleaning ability
in UHPC (Ultra high permeable concrete) is notable in titanium and is utilized in paving
materials, buildings and in the finish product [2] .The strength of the concrete is accelerated by
the TiO2 at early age, followed by the improvement of concrete performance and increase in
abrasion resistance [15]. TiO2 provides a layer outside the concrete acting as a glass and pigment
layer, these layers react with the hydration gel at the process of mixing and aids the concrete
with protective layer that gives the surface of concrete with self-cleaning ability. Concrete
surface is enhanced with permeability and hardness due to the self-cleaning ability and the outer
layer of the concrete is coated by TiO2.Glass fibre or fibre reinforced system helps the concrete
to enhance their strength and durability by the refining process of the hydration gel [16].

Figure 2 Physical properties of titanium dioxide

Nevertheless, TiO2 has problems arising in health and safety issues due to their very small
particle size they create an environmental effect for workers at factory during production and
packing process. Apart from pollution free report TiO2 is believed to cause cancer and
inflammatory effects on the workers. Hence a very special care is to be taken when mixing the
TiO2 and it must be considered sternly [15] .

3.3. Iron III oxide

Iron III oxide is an oxide of iron also called as Haematite. Presence of Fe2O3 (NF) in the
nanoparticles favours their electrical properties (Fig. 3). The NF has its ability to spot out its
own compressive stress both in elastic and non-elastic conditions, resistivity of the cement
mortar isn’t ever decreased by the NF particles which aids in durability of the supported
concrete structure [17].Heavy weight concrete are majorly produced by these NF as result of
which they are most commonly used as a nuclear reactor, to provide a shield for radiator and
for the requirement of radiation impermeability in the other concrete structures. Haematite can
be used be very well used in a dispersed phase due to its higher volumetric weight of about 4.0-
4.5 g/cm3.Gencel et al., [18] has investigated the haematite workability and durability present
in the concrete. Except for mechanical property like compressive strength haematite exhibited
a higher impact on shrinkage property. About 50% of haematite was added to the aggregate
which resulted in 80% decrease in shrinkage within 15 days, this prevails as an important
property in the concretes radiation-shielding. As the stress is reduced, crack effect also

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 Silambarasan. J and Asha. P

decreases with a dry shrinkage. The impact of NF on workability, absorption and compressive
strength are studied [19], when the blended concrete is replaced by 0.5, 1.0 & 2 wt% of NF,
they result on higher resistance over water permeability with a replacement of up to 2%. With
an increase of NF content in a concrete the settling time and workability of a fresh concrete
decreases.

Figure 3 Physical properties of Iron III oxide

Although NF has its positive sides in construction site, they are having their disadvantages
in health for the workers when inhaled through continuously. Metal fume fever is caused due
to longer term inhale also Iron staining affects resulting in discolouration of eye due to longer
term of contact.

3.4. Chromium III oxide

Chromium is used mainly for its pigmentation compared to other nanoparticles, NCr has very
few applications in concrete (Fig. 4). The water permeability and the mechanical properties are
the main aim to investigate on majorly of the concrete materials present along with different
NCr contents [20] . The strength of the concrete was found to be higher at the earlier stages due
to addition of NCr to the sample, specifically when an average amount of 15 nm of the NCr at
a limit of 2 % was added to the concrete it exhibited an improved mechanical property; the
flexural and tensile strength are resultant to be higher in NCr blended concrete when binded in
an appropriate amount as for instance when 10% of NCr was added as a partial replacement for
28 days it resulted in increasable tensile strength greater than 50% , the effect of NCr is lower
tensile strength when added at 5 -10% amounts when the specimens are treated by water ;
Nevertheless, in addition of C-S-H gel to the nanoparticles can enhance their flexural and tensile
strength and has its own significance [21].NCr also exhibits reduction of water absorption
property when added with the concrete due to its filler effect it results in pore reduction; thus,
the Self- compacting concrete having contained with NCrimproves the pore structure and also
the meso and macrospores content [19] .
Although it has certain advantages, NCr has some important drawbacks to be considered
for the usage at the construction sites. Chromium due to leaching process releases Cr (VI) which
causes a problematic issue in durability of the concrete; it also is found to be toxic which is
proved by their decreased usage for paints and pigments. Hence, NCr is not very good option
to be considered in the nanoparticles [22].

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 Application of nanoparticles in concrete based on their physical parameters - A review on
properties and perspectives

Figure 4 Physical properties of Chromium III oxide

3.5. Nanoclay
Nanoclay are layered silicates in nanoparticles (Fig. 5), on the bases of chemical composition
and chemical composition they are divided into classes such as montmorillonite,bentonite,
kaolinite, hectorite, and halloysite.Montmorillonite is the most commonly used nanoclay for
construction due to its unique structures it provides an excellent base for the concrete structures.
The characteristics exhibited by it are hydration at higher rate, stability, swelling capacity, high
chemical reactivity and space at the interlayer. The nanocomposite particle is affected by the
impurity caused in clay, because of this it is important to have a montmorillonite with less
impurities of kaolin, calcite, crystalline and amorphous silica [23] .For this reason the clay
particles requires a purification technique which includes the chemical treatment method, hydro
cyclone, sedimentation and centrifugation[24] .Nanoclay enhances the thermal behaviour of the
concrete when added in cement paste as an additive [25]; the compressive and tensile strength
enhancement are notable when an additive of nano clay is added to the cement mortar [26].
Clay particles act as a “nuclei” for hydration process in the presence of aluminium and silica
which leads to a higher pozzolanic activity that serves the cement matrix to fill the voids and
enhances the performance of concrete [28].

Figure 5 Physical properties of nano clay

Nanoclay results to provide with higher potential for reduced permeability, shrinkage in
concrete and in the enhancement of mechanical properties, though the main issue remains on

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 Silambarasan. J and Asha. P

the mix of concrete with higher water demand [27] . Though having its positive sides of being
inexpensive material and available at adequate cost the techniques employed to form clay
materials in nano materials is not yet well studied and remains unrevealed [29] .

3.6. Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is formed when the ions of calcium react with the ions of carbonate on hard
water at a limescale (Fig. 6). It proves to provide advantages to the hydration and the strength
development of the concrete in the recent days; focussing on the rate of hydration it was highly
accelerated due to the addition of fine sized CaCO3 to the concrete which acts as a nucleation
site in the cement mortar, this effects lead to an higher enhancement of the mechanical
property[7] . When NCa was added at 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% weight percent of cement at an
earlier stage in UHPC mixtures they exhibited an improved flowability and workability also a
strong process of hardening and setting at early age was observed. The observations result
stating that addition of NCa at about 5-10% is the best advisable choice to enhance the
performance and to manage the economics [30].The compressive strength and microstructure
of the concrete at very low temperatures of 6.5 ± 1 °C was carried out resulting in enhanced
strength at a partial replacement of NCa at 13% and 18%, this proves to provide a good
compressive strength to the cement mortar present in the concrete [31].

Figure 6 Physical properties of calcium carbonate

The CaCO3 nanoparticle is the most recent study in the construction industry and hence
requires a lot of research to be carried out. On the explored side it proves to provide a cost-
efficient method along with their immediate availability.

3.7. Nano– Alumina

The precursor of Nano -Alumina is Alumina, it plays a major role in the setting time of the
cement during their hydration process alongside with silica which functions to change the
strength properties of the cement mortar (Fig. 7). When compared to other nanoparticles,nAl
has been less reported in studies. The segregation and flocculation in the cement are reduced
due to the activity of nAl in the UHPC which affects the initial settling time of the concrete[32]
. Nano alumina also acts as a nano-filler which refines the voids in the hydration process which
is achieved through their nano size of the particles. Refining of nano-alumina plays the primary
role since the penetration at the internal structure cannot be achieved by silica component as it
makes the process to occur slower. So, by the addition of nAl a path will be created to enhance
the hydration gel in the microstructure which easily paves the way for the binding materials as
well as the silica to be readily injected for the refining process to be initiated [33] .

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 Application of nanoparticles in concrete based on their physical parameters - A review on
properties and perspectives

Nano-alumina exhibits an increase in compressive strength which was limited when a

sample of 1,2 and 3% were investigated by the w/b ratio to be 0.48 they showed the compressive
strength to increase in a limited manner as 2.6% for 7 days, 6% in 28 daysand 9% in 120 days
[34] . More of future studies are to be carried out to know the advantages on the application of
Nano-alumina to the concrete.

Figure 7 Physical properties of nano alumina

3.8. Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical in structure (Fig. 8) and is also an allotrope of carbon mainly
contributing to the electrical properties in the concrete. Nanotubes are constructed greater than
any other material at a ratio of about 132,000,000:1 for length to the diameter. Most importantly
they are used in the structures for various applications as in for their mechanical and electrical
properties, owing extraordinary thermal conductivity. The nanotubes properties are determined
by the combination of the angles that are rolled and by their radius, the rolled sheets exhibit
discrete and specific angles, however the name is derived by their hollow, long structure by
which the walls are formed at one atom thicker sheets of carbon. The strength and flexibility
are very much improved by the CNT nanoparticles when added to the mixture, most of its
advantage is notable in its flexibility on the UHPC which can either modify into rigid or unique
design with an increasable strength [27] .As, the size and volume of CNT is much smaller when
compared to other nano materials, it proves to provide an increased compressive and tensile
activity in the UHPC[35]. CNT also provides an extra load to the structures which reinforces
steel from the construction, by this replacement of steel to CNT provides a very lightweight
structure also the cost and time of construction can be decreased [7] .

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 Silambarasan. J and Asha. P

Figure 8 Physical properties of carbon nanotubes

CNT though having its own advantages also has its negative impact due to lack of resources
and pricy of which it has created a less interest in UHPC. It is also hazardous to health when
inhaled they may cause cancer and breathing problem, aconsiderable attention is to be done
when CNT is made use in construction site.

3.9. Graphene oxide

Graphene oxide usually improves the mechanical strength of the concrete (Fig. 9). It is an
allotrope of carbon with two dimensions. The graphene structure is formed by a single walled
carbon nanotube which forms a tube rolled up into a cylindrical shape. The cement hydration
process in graphene oxide is explained by the presence of a flower shaped hydration crystals
which helps them to improve the mechanical strength and also these flower like crystals follows
up to grow denser over a period of time which accelerate the degree of hydration over the
Portland cement paste system[36,37] ; workability of the GO requires a lot of water due to their
larger specific surface area , this hydration in cement states us that the GO promotes the C-S-H
nucleation effect as a result of double-edged sword characteristic of the Graphene oxide which
enhances their workability [38].

Figure 9 Physical properties of graphene oxides

Since GO readily disperses in water easily due to their single nanosheet layer which exhibit
a resistance towards the increasing friction among the cement mortar, the sufficient lubrication
property of the GO id reduced by this frictional resistance[39] .The mechanical properties in a
concrete can be enhanced by the addition of since they prevent the structure from cracks. When

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 Application of nanoparticles in concrete based on their physical parameters - A review on
properties and perspectives

0.05% of GO was added to the paste they exhibited 15 to 33 % increase in compressive strength,
an slight increase in elastic modulus from 3.48 GPa to 3.7 GPa and a very notable 41 to 59 %
increase in flexural strength [39] . When a combination of both GO and CNT were used, they
exhibited a very increased flexural strength in the cement matrix up to 72.7% whereas
individuals of CNT and GO exhibited only 26.3 % and 51.2% respectively [40]. The transport
and the durability properties of the GO suggest that when GO is added to the mixture it increases
the small pore size like those of 15nm increases to 100 to 1000nm also the large pores are
decreased by GO along with the capillary pores. The small pores that increase in size with GO
are the gel pores which enhances the microstructure of the matrix [37]. Though GO has its own
physical properties it requires some additional researches to gain knowledge about their
importance in the construction industry.

4. SUMMARY & FUTURE REMARKS

The review of the paper can be summarized as; nanotechnology will be the key to the future
construction paradigm due to its various advantages and most efficient application towards the
concrete. They provide mechanical, physical and sustainable development towards the
construction industry due to their unique and easily feasible characteristics. The nanoparticles
as an additive in concrete is the main back backbone of the nanotechnology technique out of
which nano silica is the one that can be most efficiently used due to its enhanced compressive
strength and durability. On considering the environmental pollution issues and self - cleaning
properties TiO2 has its own set of advantage. Fe2O3 provides an excellent shielding protection
to the concrete which makes them to be mostly used for rooftops and at final touches. Diversely,
CNTs exhibits a good mechanical property to the concrete that can even replace the strength
provided by the steels in construction industry.
Even with many advantages' nanoparticles application remains a drawback due to the higher
cost which are required for the techniques since they are small sized particles. Another hurdle
that spots out to be concerned is of environmental and health due to enactment of
nanotechnology they can cause some hazardous problem to the people exposed to it resulting
in breathing problem when they are inhaled on a longer term also it can lead to cancer in an
individual. Preventive methods are to be followed at the construction sites which can help the
workers from inhaling the nanoparticles.
Due to their availability and positive applications nanoparticles will the ones to take their
reign in the construction industry. However, more detailed studies and researches can aid in
acquiring more of knowledge about the nanoparticles.

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