MODULE 02a | The Cell: Structure structures and activities in the cell that extends and Function throughout the cytoplasm. Helps support cell and maintains its shape. Interacts with motor proteins to produce motility. Inside the cell, Cell Structure and Function vesicles can travel along tracks provided by the cytoskeleton. Nucleus - Contains most of the cell genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle. Mitochondria - "Powerhouse of the cell" Produces highest number of ATP for the cell’s Nuclear Envelope - Encloses nucleus, daily activities. It is also an “executioner” of the separating it from cytoplasm. cell. If the cell is damaged or detrimental to the tissue, it undergoes “cell death” or apoptosis. Nuclear Lamina - Lining of the nuclear envelope; composed of proteins and maintains Cristae - Smooth outer membrane the shape of the nucleus. Inner membrane creates intermembrane space Chromosomes - Organized units of DNA. More and mitochondiral matrix. condensed. Prepares the cell for mitosis. It’s crucial that daughter cells have the same Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are genetic information as the parent’s cells. catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix.
Chromatin - DNA and proteins of chromosomes Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes together. that synthesize ATP.
Nucleoulus - Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Endomembrane System synthesis within the nucleus in order for cells to have the organelle structures to have The endomembrane system is a group of ribosomes. membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and Ribosomes - Complexes made of ribosomal transport lipids and proteins. It includes RNA and protein. Carry out protein synthesis in organelles such as the nuclear envelope and two locations. 1) Cytosol (free ribosomes) and 2) lysosome; it also has the endoplasmic reticulum Outside the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear and Golgi apparatus. envelope (bound ribosomes). Parts of the Endomembrane System: Peroxisomes - Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to ● A key role in the modification of proteins water. Perform reactions with many different and the synthesis of lipids. It consists of functions. a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs. The discs and tubules of sites for vesicles budding off from the the ER are hollow, and the space inside rough ER. is called the lumen. ● There are two types of endoplasmic The Golgi apparatus reticulum: smooth and rough. ● Shipping and Receiving center; consists ● Cells specializing in the production of of flattened membranous sacs called proteins will tend to have a larger cisternae amount of rough ER whilst cells ● Function: Modifies products of the ER, producing lipids (fats) and steroid Manufacturer certain macromolecultes, hormones will have a greater amount of sorts materials into transport vehicles smooth ER. wich merge with plasma membrane. ● Before reaching their final destination Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (plasma membrane), lipids and proteins ● Rough ER gets its name from the are sent here. bumpy ribosomes attached to its ● The receiving side of the Golgi cytoplasmic surface. apparatus is called the cis face and the ● Function: Produces proteins through opposite side or giving area is called the ribosomes packaged into transport trans face. vesicles and then carried to the Golgi ● Some proteins from the Rough ER are Apparatus. It also makes phospholipids modified to become digestive enzymes for other cellular membranes, which are packaged into vesicles called transported when the vesicle forms. lysosomes (fuses with other vesicles ● Example: Liver cells have lots of rough coming from the plasma membrane). ER because their job is to secrete large amounts of enzymes or other proteins. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments ● A membranous sac of hydrolytic Smooth ER enzymes that can digest ● The smooth ER is continuous with the macromolecules. rough ER but has few or no ribosomes ● Function: acts as the organelle-recycling facility of an animal on its cytoplasmic surface. cell. It breaks down old and ● Function: Detoxification of medications unnecessary structures so their and poisons, Synthesis of lipids, molecules can be reused; autophagy - carbohydrates, and steroid hormones, recycling. Storage of calcium ions ● Phagocytosis - the process of a cell ● Example: In liver cells, smooth ER engulfing another cell, which forms a enables glycogen stored as granules on food vacuole. the external surface of smooth ER to be ○ White blood cells do this to broken down to glucose. engulf a pathogen.
Transitional ER Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
● Tiny "smooth" patches of ER are found ● Large vesicles derived from the ER and within the rough ER, they serve as exit Golgi apparatus. ● Performed by a variety of functions in different kinds of cells ● Types: ○ Food vacuoles - formed by phagocytosis ○ Contractile vacuoles - found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells ○ Central vacuoles - found in mature plant cells, hold organic compounds of water It is in charge of the general framework of the Mitochondria: change energy from on form to cell, involved in the process of movement, as another well as anchoring the organelles. ● Power house of the cell (slay); Their job is to make a steady supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule. ● They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae, which present as a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP ● The space between the membranes is called the intermembrane space, and the compartment enclosed by the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial It’s to maintain the shape of the cell. matrix. The matrix contains Also involved in the process of moving mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. substances in the cell. We have secretory vesicles that are produced in Chloroplasts are found in plants and algae. the cr, They're responsible for capturing light energy to The axon is a part of the Neuron/nerve cell make sugars in photosynthesis. - The axon is carrying neurotransmitters from one part of a cell to another. Cytoskeleton - Dapat mabilis yung signal na sinesend ng cell - Microtubules - Involved in chromosome movement. The chromosomes move into the cell. Metaphase - when it forms
Microfilaments - They are in charge when there
is a change in shape in cell. For example: amoeba, their pseudopods become longer until maengulf yung food! Isasama niya ito ngayon sa kanyang plasma membrane until its inside its cell. Then it will use its lysosome to consume it. The change of shape and movement is possib le bc of microfilament We can charactarize them based on their Intermediate Filaments - They remain where diameter. they are. Inaanchor yung organelles in place. The microtubules have the shape of a tube, also They are incharhed of the nuclear lamina. the thickest one. Cylindrical in form. Maintains shape of nucleus. - Made of two types of tubulin (tubulin dimers): Cilia and flagella are locomotive cells that are - 1. ALPHA tubulin made up of microtubules - 2. BETA tubulin The microfilaments are skinny legends. (Actin Anong organelle yung involved sa chromosome are proteins - thinnest) movement? Actin - mukhang braid na 2 lang - Centrosomes (where centrioels are Intermediate filaments - thick rope, made of located) proteins name keratin - Centrioles are paired. Dito Keratin is found in hair and nails nanggagaling yung spindle Keratinized - parts of the body harden. fibers - Found in HORNS. -
May magka-pair na centrioles that are
perpendicular.
Each portion has 3 microtubules. 9 trios
Functions: arranged. Tawag dito 9x3 arrangement. Dyneins - moves cilia and flagella so it is able to swim. Color blue is radial spokes
(c) is 9x3 arrangement!!!! 9 triplets of
microtubules
Anong protiests ang gumagamit ng cilia? (to
move in fresh water environments) - Ex: PARAMISIUM - Shorter in length - Numerous in the cell. - Direction of beating pattern: it is perpendicular to the cell. IT”S LIKE Actin and myosin! ROWING A BOAT In terms of cellular movement, nakikita natin ito Anong protiests ang gumagamit ng flagella? sa… - Ex: EUGLENA Ang ating amoeba ay may pseudopodim - Usually LONGER in size than cilia (pseudo - false + podia - fit) - Both are the same in terms of diameter It can extend its pseudopodium until it surrounds - 1 or 2 per cell the food. Until such time it can start entering the - Direction of beating pattern: movement plasma membrane. The cell is now going to be is left to right. Undulating toward that able to digest the material using its lysosome. direction. It’s parallel May actin at myosin tayo for our movement.
If you take a single muscle cell, may two muscle
filaments Orange 0 actin filament and purple is myosin filament. They will slide together so that that forms the contraction of the muscle. Mawawala ito ito at ito.
- You have nine outer dublets. And two that are found in the center. Ther are call 9 + 2 arrangement It has motor proteins cytoskeleton, until ready na ito to be secreted out of the cell!
Cell junction
You have certain structures that hold the cells in
place. Kapag kasama ito sa isang tissue na laging nagkakaroon ng
- For communication
Collagen fibers are in charge of staying cell in
shape and keeping it together!
As such, gumagamit tayo ng skin products na
may collagen para mamaintain yung skin na walang saging or wrinkles Saan makikita ang epipilia sa body ng animals? In the epidermis or skin Core proteins are used by cells, didikit diyan ang Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the molecules to communicate. Sinasabi kung may body kailangan i-secrete yung cell of may gagawin - Kasama na dito ang brain at capillaries.
We also have the fibronecting, nakadikit sa other Kailgan nilang magkadikit! Tissues have to be parts of ECM to anchor the ECM to the plasma able to communicate sa isa’t isa so they know membrane. WHAT PROCESS THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO BE DOING. Done through direct physical We also have proteins in the plasma membrane contact. that binds this shit, receptor proteins. Theyre called integrins. Ang receptor proteins ay yung Example: intestine cellphone ng plasma membrane-they will receive messages sent to the cell.
Halimbawa itong cell na ito ay part of the gland,
ecm receives the message, they will send it to fibronectin to integrin and will now be passed to the cytoplasm of the cell.
The microfilament will send the message to
cytoplasm.
Kung yung hormone ay steriod, kailnangan
magproduce yung er ng steroid, para ibalot sa vescile at idadala sa golgi apparatus via the What process is happening int he intestine The process of digestion. Most digestion occurs in the intestines. The protein and lipid digestion happens in the intestine. It has fluids and acids found inside the intestines. IT has extra cellular fluid. These particular cells are pressed together. Kung hindi sana ganito, edi lumalabas ang digestive fluid sa cell, especially if you have a lot of cells,
Tight junction - its like a belt thats keeping the
fluid, preventing it from being leaked. Only found in animal cell
Desmosome - Its the one that will fasten the cell together, especially if its the skin! - Konting movement mo lang, mareremove na yung upper portion ng epidermis?? So kailngan yung muscles mo tightly packed together. Para hindi mahiwalay yung skin HAHAHAH - PARANG STAPLERS that dikit the cells together
Gap junctions - Different cells will have gap junctions that are cytoplasmic channels. From one cell to another, using ions or small molecules, to tell the cells what they need to be doing.
