Plant Growth and Development Module 1

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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
IN
HORT 311
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
FATIMA GUMAMA ANGELES, MSc.

Instructor 1
Department of Horticulture
College of Agriculture
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology
Pikit, Cotabato
SY 2021-2022
COURSE OUTLINE
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I. Course Introduction
II. The Plant Cell

III. Cell Division
IV. Apical meristems and the formation of plant body
V. Plant Life Processes
VI. Tissue Culture
VII. Plant hormones and their metabolism
VIII. The physiology of flowering

I. Photoperiodism
II. Temperature and other factors
IX. Dormancy, germination, plant movements and death of tissues and organs
Course Number: Hort 311 Instructor: Fatima G. Angeles

Course Title: Plant Growth and Development Module No.:1
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Desired Learning Outcomes (DLO’s):

At the end of the semester the students are expected to:
1. Know key terms associated with plant growth and development
2. Explain the growth and development in plants.
3. Differentiate plant growth and development from the growth and development of
animals.
Definition of Terms
Abscission-separation or shedding of plant organs such as leaves, flowers and fruits.
Abscisic acid-plant hormone that appears to act more as inhibitor than a promoter.
Aging- encompasses a wide array of passive or non-regulated degenerative process driven
primarily by exogenous factors or stress
Apical dominance-phenomenon in w/c the growth of the lateral bud is inhibited by the terminal
shoot apex.
Auxin-substance known for its capacity to induce cell elongation in shoot cells.
Cytokinin- plant hormone associated with cell division.
Dormancy-state of arrested growth of buds, seeds and other plant organs due to some internal
and external factors.
Ethylene- gaseous hormone that can promote fruit ripening.
Florigen- flowering stimulus believed to be synthesized after exposure of photoperiodic plants to
inductive daylength periods.
Gibberellins-plant hormone usually associated with dramatic stem elongation in intact plants.
Juvenility-phase change in a plant characterized by its inability to form flowers and set fruit
even though all environmental conditions are conducive to flowering.
Long-day plants – plants that flower when the length of the dark period is less than the critical
value.
Plant-any organism belonging to the kingdom Plantae, typically lacking of active locomotion or
obvious nervous system or sensory organs and has photosynthetic ability.
Growth- refers to permanent or irreversible increase in size and in dry matter due to increase in
vegetative or reproductive organs.
Plant growth is a product of living cells with all the series of metabolic processes.
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Plant growth could also be defined as size increase by cell division and enlargement including
synthesis of new cellular material and organization of subcellular organelles.
Polarity-any situation in w/c two ends or surfaces in a living system are different.
Plant hormone-an organic compound synthesized in one part of a plant and translocate to
another part where, in very low concentrations, it causes a physiological response, it is an
endogenous or naturally occurring compounds.
Plant growth regulator (PGR) -substance w/c. at low concentrations can promote, inhibit or
modify any physiological response.
Parthenocarpy-production of seedless fruits or state of seedlessness.
Photomorphogenesis-light-dependent control of plant development independent of
photosynthesis.
Phytochrome-a chromoprotein pigment present in two forms (Phytochrome red (Pr) and
Phytochrome far-red (Pfr).
Photoperiodism- flowering response to day length.
Short-day plants- plants that flower when a critical duration of darkness is exceeded.
Senescence – endogenously controlled degenerative process leading to death of tissues.
Turgor movements-movements due to differential irreversible growth
Vernalization – effect on flowering brought about by exposure to very low temperature.
Vernalin- hypothetical substance considered to be the flowering stimulus formed during the
process of vernalization.
Module 1.1 Course Introduction/Overview

Plant is refers to an organism capable of synthesizing organic compounds from inorganic
materials; it is capable of undergoing growth, differentiation and reproduction; it contains
chlorophyll and develops cell wall.
Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size and it may be evaluated by measurements
of mass, length or height, surface area or volume.
Growth is used to denote an increase in size by cell division and cell enlargement, together with
the synthesis of new cellulose materials and the organization of cellulose organelles. Growth is
also defined as a vital process which brings about a permanent change in any plant or its part in
respect to its size, form, weight and volume.
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The growth and development of plants include processes such as seed germination, vegetative
growth, flowering, and a controlled form of death known as senescence. These occur in a
coordinated manner that is highly responsive to the external environment. For example, light
from the external environment, perceived by photoreceptors, has a powerful effect on plant
morphology. Hormones, sometimes known as plant growth regulators, also play a large role,
acting as signals between different parts of plants or participating in signal transduction within
individual cells.
Plant growth and development differ from animal growth and development in several ways. One
is that plants exhibit "open growth", which means they grow and change in form throughout
their lives. In contrast, many animals grow to a mature form early and then change very little for
the remainder of their lifetime. Plants also exhibit "totipotency", which means that a small
piece of a plant, in some cases even a single cell, can grow into an entire new plant if supplied
with the right mix of hormones. Totipotency is an important feature of plants for the purposes of
agriculture because it allows plant tissue to be cultured and the propagation of plants from
cuttings. A third way in which plants differ from animals is that plant growth consists of two
parts, cell division followed by cell expansion. In comparison, growth of animals by cell
expansion is minimal.
HELPFUL LINKS
Germination of sunflower seeds
Leaves showing senescence
Plant totipotency
Guide Question:
1. Discuss atleast 5 key terms associated with plant growth and development
2. Describe the growth and development in plants.
3. Discuss 3 ways in which plant growth and development differs from the growth and
development of animals.
References:
Calvo, B. Undated. Plant growth and Development. Lecture notes. USM. Kabacan,
Cotabato.
https://sites.google.com/site/plantandcropphysiology/home/lectures/plant-growth-and-
development-plant-growth
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1

PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

FATIMA GUMAMA ANGELES, MSc.

II. The Plant Cell

VIII. The physiology of flowering

Course Number: Hort 311 Instructor: Fatima G. Angeles

Desired Learning Outcomes (DLO’s):

Module 1.1 Course Introduction/Overview

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