Se Reading Vol 3

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CONTENT
READING PASSAGE 1 : Radio Automation. ............................................... 4
READING PASSAGE 2 : Art in Iron and Steel .............................................. 8
READING PASSAGE 3 : Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation ............... 12
READING PASSAGE 4 : Fear of the unknown. .......................................... 16
READING PASSAGE 5 : pacific navigation and voyaging. ............................. 19
READING PASSAGE 6 : Fishbourne Roman Palace. ................................... 23
READING PASSAGE 7 : the ecological importance of bees … ....................... 26
READING PASSAGE 8 : YAWNING ....................................................... 29
READING PASSAGE 9 : A new stage in the study and teaching of history .......... 33
READING PASSAGE 10 : Book review!................................................... 36
READING PASSAGE 11 : sea change for salinity ...................................... 39
READING PASSAGE 12 : Investment in shares versus investment in other assets 42
READING PASSAGE 13 : the return of monkey life .................................... 46
READING PASSAGE 14 : mental gymnastics. .......................................... 49
READING PASSAGE 15 : mammoth kill ................................................ 53
READING PASSAGE 16 : we have star performers .................................... 56
READING PASSAGE 17 : Bovids ......................................................... 59
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READING PASSAGE 18 : A unique golden textile ...................................... 64
READING PASSAGE 19 : Categorizing societies ....................................... 67
READING PASSAGE 20 : UNDOING OUR EMOTIONS. ................................ 70
READING PASSAGE 21 : THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT ............................... 73
READING PASSAGE 22 :. WHAT MAKES A MUSICAL EXPERT? ....................... 77
READING PASSAGE 23 : CLARENCE BIRDSEYE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ... 81
READING PASSAGE 24 : The Rise of Telecommuting.................................. 84
READING PASSAGE 25 : An enterprise education programme in Hong Kong ..... 87
READING PASSAGE 26 : Flower power ................................................. 91
READING PASSAGE 27 : How Well Do We Concentrate? ............................. 94
READING PASSAGE 28 : The Impact of the potato .................................... 98
READING PASSAGE 29 : Flying the coast ..............................................101
ANSWER KEY :. ................................................................................105
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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
the following pages.
Radio Autom ation

forerunner of the integrated circuit
A John Sagrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his time.
For more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper radios.
Automating the manufacturing process would help. But radios didn't lend themselves to such
methods: there were too many parts to fit together and too many receiver might have 30 separate
components and 80 hand-soldered connections. At every stage, things had to be tested and
inspected. Making radios required highly skilled labour-and lots of it.
B In 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the fiddly
bits by inventing a primitive chip-- a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver's electrical components
and connections embedded in it. This was something that could be made by machines, and he
designed those too. At the end of the war, Sargrove built an automatic production line, which he
called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment), in a small factory in Effingham, Surrey.
C An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in the plates. She didn't need much skill,
only quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and relays. First
stop was the sandblaster, which roughened the surface of the plastic so that molten metal would
stick to it. The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit. The machine automatically
checked that the surface was rough enough before sending the plate to the spraying section. There,
eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten zinc over both sides of the plate. Again, the
nozzles only began to spray when a plate was in place. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the
milling machine, which ground away the surface layer of metal to leave the circuit and other
components in the grooves and recesses. Now the plate was a composite of metal and plastic. It
sped on to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By the time it emerged from the end of the line,
robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves and loudspeakers.
When ECME was working flat out, the whole process took 20 seconds.
D ECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes, photocells that generated a small current
when a panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, so avoiding excessive wear and tear on
the machinery. The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they moved along the
conveyor. And if more than two plates in succession were duds, the machines were automatically
adjusted--or if necessary halted. In a conventional factory, workers would test faculty circuits and
repair them. But Sargrove's assembly line produced circuits so cheaply they just threw away the
faculty ones. Sargrove's circuit board was even more astonishing for the time. It predated the more
familiar printed circuit, with wiring printed on aboard, yet was more sophisticated. Its built-in
components made it more like a modern chip.
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E When Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio Engineers in
February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man from the Times. ECME,
he reported the following day," produces almost without human labour, a complete radio receiving
set. This new method of production can be equally well applied to television and other forms of
electronic apparatus"
F The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors. With fewer components they were
more robust. Robots didn't make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers sometimes did. "
Wiring mistakes just cannot happen," wrote Sargrove. No wires also meant the radios were lighter
and cheaper to ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to come unstuck, the radios were more
reliable. Sargrove pointed out that the circuit boards didn't have to be flat. They could be curved,
opening up the prospect of building the electronics into the cabinet of Bakelite radios.
G Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used to
make more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part of a
manufacturing process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while his invention
was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was only competitive
on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the machines.
H There was another problem Sargrove hadn't foreseen. One of ECME's biggest advantages-the
savings on the cost of labour- also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove's factory had two ECME
production lines to produce the two circuits needed for each radio. Between them these did what
a thousand assembly workers would otherwise have done. Human hands were needed only to feed
the raw material in at one end and plug the valves into their sockets and fit the loudspeakers at the
other. After that, the only job left was to fit the pair of Bakelite panels into a radio cabinet and check
that it worked.
I Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labour shortages. With somewhat Utopian
idealism, he imagined his new technology would free people from boring, repetitive jobs on the
production line and allow them to do more interesting work." Don’t get the idea that we are out to
rob people of their jobs", he told the Daily Mirror. "Our task is to liberate men and women from being
slaves of machines."
J The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the everlasting
light bulb or the suit that never wears out-as a threat to people's livelihoods. If automation spread,
they wouldn't be released to do more exciting jobs. They'd be released to join the dole queue.
Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain lost its lead in a technology
that would transform industry just a few years later.
Question 1-7
The following diagram explains the process of ECME:
Complete the following chart of the paragraphs of Reading passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.
Writer your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
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Questions 8-11
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
John Sagrove had made an effort to produce 8………………………..radios for more than ten
years. However, the large number of spare parts including 30 independent 9……………….and
80 connections made radio more demanding in labor force. After his innovation made,
wireless-style radios became 10…………………and inexpensive to export to overseas. In
Sargrove’s opinion, the real benefit of ECME's radio was that it reduced 11……………………of
manual work, which could easily be copied to other industries of electronic devices.
Questions 12-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet.
12 What were workers’ attitude towards ECME model initially?
A. Anxious B. Welcoming
C. Boring D. Inspiring
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13 What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Approach to reduce the price of the radio
B. A new generation of fully popular products and successful business
C. An application of the automation in the early stage
D. ECME technology can be applied in many product fields
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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on
Art in Iron and Steel

A Works of engineering and technology are sometimes viewed as the antitheses of art and
humanity. Think of the connotations of assembly lines, robots, and computers. Any positive
values there might be in such creations of the mind and human industry can be overwhelmed by
the associated negative images of repetitive, stressful, and threatened jobs. Such images fuel the
arguments of critics of technology even as they may drive powerful cars and use the Internet to
protest what they see as the artless and dehumanizing aspects of living in an industrialized and
digitized society. At the same time, landmark megastructures such as the Brooklyn and Golden
Gate bridges are almost universally hailed as majestic human achievements as well as great
engineering monuments that have come to embody the spirits of their respective cities. The
relationship between art and engineering has seldom been easy or consistent.
B Henry Petroski is the Aleksandar S. Vesic Professor of Civil Engineering and a professor of
history at Duke University. The author of eleven previous books, he lives in Durham, North
Arguably, the assembly-line process associated with Henry Ford made workers tools of the
system, but Ford also wanted to produce automobiles that were affordable to working people,
and he paid his own workers sufficiently well that they could save to buy the cars they made. The
human worker may have appeared to be but a cog in the wheel of industry, yet photographers
could reveal the beauty of line and composition in a worker doing something as common as using
a wrench to turn a bolt. When Ford's enormous River Rouge plant opened in 1927 to produce the
Model A, the painter/photographer Charles Sheeler was chosen to photograph it. The world's
largest car factory captured the imagination of Sheeler, who described it as the most thrilling
subject he ever had to work with. The artist also composed oil paintings of the plant, giving them
titles such as American Fandscape and Classic Landscape.
C Long before Sheeler, other artists, too, had seen the beauty and humanity in works of
engineering and technology. This is perhaps no more evident than in Coalbrookdale, England,
where iron, which was so important to the industrial revolution, was worked for centuries. Here, in
the late eighteenth century, Abraham Darby III cast on the banks of the Severn River the large ribs
that formed the world's first iron bridge, a dramatic departure from the classic stone and timber
bridges that dotted the countryside and were captured in numerous serene landscape paintings.
The metal structure, simply but appropriately called Iron Bridge, still spans the river and still
beckons engineers, artists, and tourists to gaze upon and walk across it, as if on a pilgrimage to a
revered place.
D At Coalbrookdale, the reflection of the ironwork in the water completes the semicircular
structure to form a wide-open eye into the future that is now the past. One artist's bucolic
depiction shows pedestrians and horsemen on the bridge, as if on a woodland trail. On one shore,
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a pair of well-dressed onlookers interrupt their stroll along the riverbank, perhaps to admire the
bridge. On the other side of the gently flowing river, a lone man leads two mules beneath an arch
that lets the towpath pass through the bridge's abutment. A single boatman paddles across the
river in a tiny tub boat. He is in no rush because there is no towline to carry from one side of the
bridge to the other. This is how Michael Rooker saw Iron Bridge in his 1792 painting. A colored
engraving of the scene hangs in the nearby Coalbrookdale museum, along with countless other
contemporary renderings of the bridge in its full glory and in its context, showing the iron structure
not as a blight on the landscape but at the center of it. The surrounding area at the same time
radiates out from the bridge and pales behind it.
E In the nineteenth century, the railroads captured the imagination of artists, and the steam
engine in the distance of a landscape became as much a part of it as the herd of cows in the
foreground. The Impressionist Claude Monet painted man-made structures like railway stations
and cathedrals as well as water lilies. Portrait painters such as Christian Schussele found
subjects in engineers and inventors-and their inventions-as well as in the American founding
fathers. By the twentieth century, engineering, technology, and industry were very well
established as subjects for artists.
F American-born Joseph Pennell illustrated many European travel articles and books, including-
among the many with his wife, Elizabeth Robins Pennell-Over the Alps on a Bicycle. Pennell, who
early in his career made drawings of buildings under construction and shrouded in scaffolding,
returned to America late in life and recorded industrial activities during World War I. He is perhaps
best known among engineers for his depiction of the Panama Canal as it neared completion and
his etchings of the partially completed Hell Gate and Delaware River bridges.
G Pennell has often been quoted as saying, "Great engineering is great art," a sentiment that he
expressed repeatedly. He wrote of his contemporaries, "I understand nothing of engineering, but I
know that engineers are the greatest architects and the most pictorial builders since the Greeks."
Where some observers saw only utility, Pennell saw also beauty, if not in form then at least in
scale. He felt he was not only rendering a concrete subject but also conveying through his
drawings the impression that it made on him. Pennell called the sensation that he felt before a
great construction project "The Wonder of Work." He saw engineering as a process. That process
is memorialized in every completed dam, skyscraper, bridge, or other great achievement of
engineering.
H If Pennell experienced the wonder of work in the aggregate, Lewis Hine focused on the
individuals who engaged in the work. Hine was trained as a sociologist but became best known as
a photographer who exposed the exploitation of children. His early work documented immigrants
passing through Ellis Island, along with the conditions in the New York tenements where they lived
and the sweatshops where they worked. His depictions of child labor in the Carolinas brought to
public attention how young children toiled for long hours amid dangerous machinery. Hine
depicted American Red Cross relief efforts during World War I and, afterward, the burdens war
placed on children. Upon returning to New York, he was given the opportunity to record the
construction of the Empire State Building, which resulted in the striking photographs that have
become such familiar images of daring and insouciance. He put his own life at risk to capture
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workers suspended on cables hundreds of feet in the air and sitting on a high girder eating lunch.
To engineers today, one of the most striking features of these photos, published in 1932 in Men at
Work, is the absence of safety lines and hard hats. However, perhaps more than anything, the
photos evoke Pennell's "wonder of work" and inspire admiration for the bravery and skill that bring
a great engineering project to completion.
Questions 14-19
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14 First connected art with architecture.
15 Closed connection between art and engineering in 20th century.
16 Dangerous working condition artistically depicted.
17 Case of art in automobile field.
18 Two examples of famous bridges.
19 Engineers positively praised from Pennell.
Questions 20-23
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage. using NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-23 on
your answer sheet.
The engineer 20……………………………..had designed the first iron bridge in the world. Earlier
bridge are constructed by materials such as21…………………….and stone. The first Iron bridge
which across the 22…………………….. still dramatically attract people’s attention.Numerous
spectacular paintings and sculpture of Iron Bridge are collected in 23……………………………
Questions 24-26
Choose three correct letters, from A-G.
Which THREE of the followings are mentioned in illustrating the positive bond between art and
engineering?
A People and horses walking on the bridge in a picture.
B Poor Working condition of child and immigrant photographed.
C A picture of a herd of cows near a river At Coalbrookdale.
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D Monet's painting on industry and flowers.
E Pennell's articles and books about his wife.
F Vehicle and Internet as a tool in people's life.
G Semi-completed Panama Canal illustrated by Pennell.
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-14,which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation
A When people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find
someone to interpret or translate for them. The term 'translation', is the neutral term used for all
tasks where the meaning or expressions in one language (the source language) is turned into the
meaning of another (the ‘target’ language), whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed. In
specific professional contexts, however, a distinction is drawn between people who work with the
spoken or signed language (interpreters), and those who work with the written language
(translators).
B Interpreting is today widely known from its use in international political life. When senior
ministers from different language backgrounds meet, the television record invariably shows a pair
of interpreters hovering in the background. At major conferences, such as the United Nations
General Assembly, the presence of headphones is a clear indication that a major linguistic
exercise is taking place. In everyday circumstances, too, interpreters are frequently needed,
especially in cosmopolitan societies formed by new reiterations of immigrants and Gastarbeiter.
C There are two main kinds of oral translation — consecutive and simultaneous. In consecutive
translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed.
Here the interpreter’s strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent on the length of the
segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows
the original speech. As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a long
speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer. In this case he has to remember a
great number of messages; and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this
possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages, various systems of notation
having been suggested for the purpose. The study of, and practice in, such notation is the integral
part of the interpreter’s training as are special exercises to develop his memory.
D Doubtless the recency of developments in the field partly explains this neglect. One procedure,
consecutive interpreting, is very old — and presumably dates from the Tower of Babel! Here, the
interpreter translates after the speaker has finished speaking. This approach is widely practiced in
informal situations, as well as in committees and small conferences. In larger and more formal
settings, however, it has been generally replaced by simultaneous interpreting — a recent
development that arose from the availability of modem audiological equipment and the advent of
increased international interaction following the Second World War.
E Of the two procedures, it is the second that has attracted most interest, because of the
complexity of the task and the remarkable skills required. In no other context of human
communication is anyone routinely required to listen and speak at the same time, preserving an
exact semantic correspondence between the two modes. Moreover, there is invariably a delay of
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a few words between the stimulus and the response, because of the time it takes to assimilate
what is being said in the source language and to translate it into an acceptable form in the target
language. This ‘ear-voice span’ is usually about 2 or 3 seconds, but it may be as much as 10
seconds or so, if the text is complex. The brain has to remember what has just been said, attend
to what is currently being said, and anticipate the construction of what is about to be said. As you
start a sentence you are taking a leap in the dark, you are mortgaging your grammatical future; the
original sentence may suddenly be turned in such a way that your translation of its end cannot
easily be reconciled with your translation of its start. Great nimbleness is called for
F How it is all done is not at all clear. That it is done at all is a source of some wonder, given the
often lengthy periods of interpreting required, the confined environment of an interpreting booth,
the presence of background noise, and the awareness that major decisions may depend upon the
accuracy of the work. Other consideration such as cultural background also makes it aim to pay
full attention to the backgrounds of the authors and the recipients, and to take into account
differences between source and target language.
G Research projects have now begun to look at these factors - to determine, for example, how far
successful interpreting is affected by poor listening conditions, or the speed at which the source
language is spoken. It seems that an input speed of between 100 and 120 words per minute is a
comfortable rate for interpreting, with an upper limit of around 200 w.p.m. But even small
increases in speed can dramatically affect the accuracy of output. In one controlled study, when
speeds were gradually increased in a series of stages from 95 to 164 w.p.m., the ear-voice span
also increased with each stage, and the amount correctly interpreted showed a clear decline.
Also, as the translating load increases, not only are there more errors of commission
(mistranslations, cases of vagueness replacing precision), there are also more errors of omission,
as words and segments of meaning are filtered out. These are important findings, given the need
for accuracy in international communication.
Questions 1-5
1 In which way does author state translation at the beginning of the passage?
A abstract and concrete meaning
B general and specific meaning
C several examples of translation's meaning
D different meaning in various profession
2 Application of headphone in a UN conference tells us that:
A TV show is being conducted
B radio program is on air
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C two sides are debating
D language practice is in the process
3 In the passage, what is author's purpose of citing Tower of Babel?
A interpreting secret is stored in the Tower
B interpreter emerged exactly from time of Tower of Babel
C consecutive interpreting has a long history
D consecutive interpreting should be abandoned
4 About simultaneous interpreting, which of the following is TRUE?
A it is an old and disposable interpretation method
B it needs no outstanding professional ability
C it relies on professional equipment
D it needs less than two seconds ear-voice span
5 In consecutive translation, if the section is longer than expected, what would an interpreter
do?
A he or she has to remember some parts ahead
B he or she has to break them down first
C he or she has to respond as quickly as possible
D he or she has to remember all parts ahead
Questions 6-10
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS or numbers from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes
6-10 on your answer sheet.
In simultaneous interpreting, the delay between receipt and the response
called ear to voice. It normally lasts about 6………………………………, which depends
on sophistication of source language, for example, it could go up to 7………………….occasionally.
When expert took close research on affecting elements, they found appropriate speaking speed is
a scope among 8………………………. w.p.m. However, the maximum of speed was roughly
9………………………….w.p.m. In a specific experiment, ear-voice span speed increased between
10………………….., the accuracy of interpretation dropped.
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Questions 11-14
Choose FOUR correct letters
Which FOUR of the followings are the factors that affect interpreting?
A structure of sentence in the script
B speed of incoming voice
C noisy of background
D states of interpreter
E culture of different background
F equipment of scene
G volume of speaker
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READING PASSAGE 4
FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN
American companies fear that innovation is the secret of success-and that they cannot innovate
In the small Umagic office in midtown Manhattan, a team of 30 computer programmers are
working on setting up websites that will allow subscribers to feed in details about themselves and
their problems and to receive advice from ‘virtual’ versions of personalities regarded as experts in
their fields: for example, a well-known dietician, a celebrity fitness trainer, a psychologist well
known in the media for here work on parent-child relationships . Umagic Systems is a young firm
and it’s hard to predict how far they’ll go .hi ten years’ time, consulting a computer about your diet
problems might seem natural or it might seem absurd. But the company and others like it are
beginning to seriously worry large American firms, who see such half-crazy new and innovative
ideas as a threat to their own future success.
Innovation has become a major concern of American management. Firms have found that it is
increasingly difficult to redesign existing products or to produce them more economically. The
stars of American business tend today to be innovators such as Amazon (the internet bookstore)
and Wal-Mart (the supermarket chain) which have produced completely new ideas or products
that have changed their industries.
Over the past 15 years, the firms which have achieved the greatest profits have been the ones
which have had the most innovations. But such profits aren’t easy to come by .One of the reasons
for the increasing number of mergers between companies is a desperate search for new ideas.
And a fortune is spent nowadays on identifying and protecting intellectual property: other
people’s ideas.
According to the Pasadena-based Patent & License Exchange in the United States , trading in
intangible assets such as intellectual property rose from$15 billion in 1990 to $ 100 billion in
1998,with an increasing proportion of the rewards going to small firms and individuals.
And therein lies the terror for big companies : that innovation seems to work best outside them.
Many of the large established companies have been struggling to come up with new products
recently.' In the management of creativity ,size is your enemy,’ argues Peter Chemin ,who runs Fox
TV and film empire for News Corporation. "One person managing 20 movies is never going to be
as involved as one doing five movies .'He has thus tried to break down the studio into smaller units
.even at the risk of incurring higher costs.
It is easier for ideas to develop outside big firms these days. In the past, if a clever scientist had an
idea he wanted to commercialise ,he would take it first to a big company. Now, with the banks
encouraging individuals to set up new businesses through offering special loans, innovators are
more likely to set up on their own. Umagic has already raised $5 million and is about to raise $25
million more. Even in capital-intensive businesses such as pharmaceuticals, entrepreneurs can
conduct profitable, early- stage research,selling out to the big firms when they reach
expensive,risky clinical trials.
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Some giants, including General Electric and Cisco, have been remarkably successful at buying up
and integrating scores of small companies. But many others worry about the prices they have to
pay and the difficulty in keeping hold of the people who dreamt up the ideas . Everybody would
like to develop more ideas in-house. Procter & Gamble is now changing the entire direction of its
business from global expansion to product development; one of its new aims is to get innovations
accepted across the company .Elsewhere ,the search for innovation had led to a craze for'
intrapreneurship ’ -giving more power to individuals in the company and setting up internal ideas -
factories so that talents staff will not leave.
And yet innovation does not happen just because the chief executive wills it. Indeed ,it is
extremely difficult to come up with new ideas year in, year out, especially brilliant ones.
Underneath all experts' diagrams , lists and charts ,most of the available answers seem to focus
on two strengths that are difficult to impose: a culture that looks for new ideas, and leaders who
know which ones to back. Companies have to discredit the widespread view that jobs working on
new products are for ‘those who can't cope in the real business'. They have to change the culture
by introducing hard incentives, such as giving more generous bonuses to those who come up with
successful new ideas and, particularly ,not punishing those whose experiments fail.
Will all this reorganization and culture tweaking make big firms more creative? David Post, the
founder of Umagic, isn't so sure:’ He also recalls with glee the looks of total incomprehension
when he tried to sell his 'virtual experts ' idea three years ago to firms such IBM , though ,as he
cheerfully adds,’ of course, they could have been right’. Apparently, innovation -unlike diet,fitness
and parenting -is one area where a computer cannot tell you what to do.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage has eight paragraphs A-H.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once.
1………………. the methods some companies use to try to keep their most creative employees
2………………. a new way of getting help with your personal difficulties
3………………. how much investment goes into safeguarding the ideas of individuals
4………………. two examples of companies which have succeeded through being innovative
5……………….how some innovators manage to avoid spending large sums of money on testing out
their ideas
6………………. a commonly held opinion about product designers that needs to be proved wrong
7………………. the target of one large company that has changed its business focus
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Questions 8-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8………………. Umagic Systems is an example of a new innovative company.
9………………. Amazon and Wal-Mart have exchanged successful ideas on innovation.
10………………. Using financial rewards to encourage innovation is an outdated practice.
11……………….IBM failed to understand David Post's 'virtual experts' idea.
Questions 12-14
Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D
12. What point does the writer make about intellectual property?
A It can be lost when firms merge.
B It tends to belong to companies rather than individuals.
C It is valued more than it used to be.
D It is not usually owned by small companies.
13. Peter Chemin is an example of someone who has realized that
A large companies are less innovative than small ones.
B other businesses are more innovative than the film business,
C his employees need more experience of innovation.
D he is the best person to encourage innovation.
14. In conclusion, the writer suggests that
A computer-based industries cannot be innovative.
B big firms are right to be cautious about innovation,
C small firms should not worry about early failures.
D innovation will always involve some uncertainty.
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READING PASSAGE 5
PACIFIC NAVIGATION AND VOYAGING

How people migrated to the Pacific islands
The many tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean had no human population until ancestors of today’s
islanders sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes approximately 2,000 years ago. At the
present time, the debate continues about exactly how they migrated such vast distances across
the ocean, without any of the modern technologies we take for granted.
Although the romantic vision of some early twentieth-century writers of fleets of heroic navigators
simultaneously setting sail had come to be considered by later investigators to be exaggerated, no
considered assessment of Pacific voyaging was forthcoming until 1956 when the American
historian Andrew Sharp published his research. Sharp challenged the ‘heroic vision’ by asserting
that the expertise of the navigators was limited, and that the settlement of the islands was not
systematic, being more dependent on good fortune by drifting canoes. Sharp’s theory was widely
challenged, and deservedly so. If nothing else, however, it did spark renewed interest in the topic
and precipitated valuable new research.
Since the 1960s a wealth of investigations has been conducted, and most of them, thankfully,
have been of the ‘non-armchair’ variety. While it would be wrong to denigrate all ‘armchair’
research - that based on an examination of available published materials - it has turned out that
so little progress had been made in the area of Pacific voyaging because most writers relied on the
same old sources - travelers’ journals or missionary narratives compiled by unskilled observers.
After Sharp, this began to change, and researchers conducted most of their investigations not in
libraries, but in the field.
In 1965, David Lewis, a physician and experienced yachtsman, set to work using his own unique
philosophy: he took the yacht he had owned for many years and navigated through the islands in
order to contact those men who still find their way at sea using traditional methods. He then
accompanied these men, in their traditional canoes, on test voyages from which all modern
instruments were banished from sight, though Lewis secretly used them to confirm the
navigator’s calculations. His most famous such voyage was a return trip of around 1,000 nautical
miles between two islands in midocean. Far from drifting, as proposed by Sharp, Lewis found that
ancient navigators would have known which course to steer by memorizing which stars rose and
set in certain positions along the horizon and this gave them fixed directions by which to steer
their boats.
The geographer Edwin Doran followed a quite different approach. He was interested in obtaining
exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest electronic
instrumentation. Doran traveled on board traditional sailing canoes in some of the most remote
parts of the Pacific, all the while using his instruments to record canoe speeds in different wind
strengths - from gales to calms - the angle canoes could sail relative to the wind. In the process,
he provided the first really precise attributes of traditional sailing canoes.
19
A further contribution was made by Steven Horvath. As a physiologist, Horvath’s interest was not
in navigation techniques or in canoes, but in the physical capabilities of the men themselves. By
adapting standard physiological techniques, Horvath was able to calculate the energy
expenditure required to paddle canoes of this sort at times when there was no wind to fill the
sails, or when the wind was contrary. He concluded that paddles, or perhaps long oars, could
indeed have propelled for long distances what were primarily sailing vessels.
Finally, a team led by p Wall Garrard conducted important research, in this case by making
investigations while remaining safely in the laboratory. Wall Garrard’s unusual method was to use
the findings of linguists who had studied the languages of the Pacific islands, many of which are
remarkably similar although the islands where they are spoken are sometimes thousands of
kilometres apart. Clever adaptation of computer simulation techniques pioneered in other
disciplines allowed him to produce convincing models suggesting the migrations were indeed
systematic, but not simultaneous. Wall Garrard proposed the migrations should be seen not as a
single journey made by a massed fleet of canoes, but as a series of ever more ambitious voyages,
each pushing further into the unknown ocean.
What do we learn about Pacific navigation and voyaging from this research? Quite correctly, none
of the researchers tried to use their findings to prove one theory or another; experiments such as
these cannot categorically confirm or negate a hypothesis. The strength of this research lay in the
range of methodologies employed. When we splice together these findings we can propose that
traditional navigators used a variety of canoe types, sources of water and navigation techniques,
and it was this adaptability which was their greatest accomplishment. These navigators observed
the conditions prevailing at sea at the time a voyage was made and altered their techniques
accordingly. Furthermore, the canoes of the navigators were not drifting helplessly at sea but were
most likely part of a systematic migration; as such, the Pacific peoples were able to view the
ocean as an avenue, not a barrier, to communication before any other race on Earth. Finally, one
unexpected but most welcome consequence of this research has been a renaissance in the
practice of traditional voyaging. In some groups of islands in the Pacific today young people are
resurrecting the skills of their ancestors, when a few decades ago it seemed they would be lost
forever.
Question 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 The Pacific islands were uninhabited when migrants arrived by sea from
Southeast Asia
2 Andrew Sharp was the first person to write about the migrants to islanders
20
3 Andrew Sharp believed migratory voyages were based on more on luck than skill
4 Despite being controversial, Andrew Sharp’s research had positive results
5 Edwin Doran disagreed with the findings of Lewis's research
Questions 6-10
6. David Lewis’s research was different because
A he observed traditional navigators at work
B he conducted test voyages using his own yacht
C he carried no modern instruments on test voyages
D he spoke the same language as the islanders he sailed with
7. What did David Lewis's research discover about traditional navigators?
A. They used the sun and moon to find their position
B. They could not sail further than about 1,000 nautical miles
C. They knew which direction they were sailing in
D. They were able to drift for long distances
8. What are we told about Edwin Doran's research?
A. Data were collected after the canoes had returned to land
B. Canoe characteristics were recorded using modern instruments
C. Research was conducted in the most densely populated regions
D Navigators were not allowed to see the instruments Doran used
9. Which of the following did Steven Horvath discover during his research?
A. Canoe design was less important than human strength
B. New research methods had to be developed for use in canoes
C. Navigators became very tired on the longest voyages
D. Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes
10. What is the writer’s opinion of p Wall Garrard’s research?
A He is disappointed it was conducted in the laboratory
B He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used
21
C He is surprised it was used to help linguists with their research
D He is concerned that the islands studied are long distances apart
Questions 11-14
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11………………One limitation in the information produced by all of this research is that it
12………………The best thing about this type of research
13………………The most important achievement of traditional navigators
14……………… The migration of people from Asia to the Pacific
A was the variety of experimental techniques used
B was not of interest to young islanders today
C was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory
D was being able to change their practices when necessary
E was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean
F was the speed with which it was conducted
22
READING PASSAGE 6
Fishbourne Roman Palace

Fishboume Roman Palace is in the village of Fishbourne in West
Sussex, England. This large palace was built in the 1st century AD,
around thirty years after the Roman conquest of Britain ,on the site
of Roman army grain stores which had been established after the
invasion, in the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. The
rectangular palace was built around formal gardens, the northern
half of which have been reconstructed.
There were extensive alterations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, with many of the original black
and white mosaic floors being overlaid with more sophisticated coloured ones , including a
perfectly preserved mosaic of a dolphin in the north wing. More alterations were in progress when
the palace burnt down in around 270AD,after which it was abandoned.
Local people had long believed that a Roman palace once existed in the area .However, it was not
until 1960 that the archaeologist Barry Cunliffe, of Oxford University, first systematically
excavated the site, after workmen had accidentally uncovered a wall while they were laying a
water main .The Roman villa excavated by Cunliffe's team was so grand that it became known as
Fishbourne Roman Palace ,and a museum was erected to preserve some of the remains .This is
administered by the Sussex Archaeological Society.
In its day, the completed palace would have comprised four large wings with colonnaded fronts.
The north and east wings consisted of suites of private rooms built around courtyards, with a
monumental entrance in the middle of the east wing. In the north-east corner there was an
assembly hall. The west wing contained state rooms, a large ceremonial reception room, and a
gallery. The south wing contained the owner’s private apartments. The palace included as many
as 50 mosaic floors, under-floor central heating and a bathhouse. In size, Fishbourne Palace
would have been approximately equivalent to some of the great Roman palaces of Italy, and was
by far the largest known Roman residence north of the European Alps, at about 500 feet
(150m)square. A team of volunteers and professional archaeologists are involved in an ongoing
archaeological excavation on the site of nearby, possibly military, buildings.
The first buildings to be erected on the site were constructed in the early part of the conquest in
43 AD. Later, two timber buildings were constructed, one with clay and mortar floors and plaster
walls, which appears to have been a house of some comfort. These buildings were demolished in
the 60s AD and replaced by a substantial stone house, which included colonnades, and a bath
suite. It has been suggested that the palaces itself, incorporating the previous house in its south-
east corner, was constructed around 73-75 AD. However, Dr Miles Russell, of Bournemouth
University, reinterpreted the ground plan and the collection of objects found and has suggested
that, given the extremely close parallels with the imperial palace of Domitian in Rome, its
construction may more plausibly date to after 92 AD.
23
With regard to who lived in Fishbourne Palace, there are a number of theories; for example ,one
proposed by Professor Cunliffe is that ,in its early phase, the palace was the residence of Tiberius
Claudius Cogidubnus ,a local chieftain who supported the Romans ,and who may have been
installed as king of a number of territories following the first stage of the conquest. Cogidubnus is
known from a reference to his loyalty in Agricola, a work by the Roman writer Tacitus, and from an
inscription commemorating a temple dedicated to the gods Neptune and Minerva found in the
nearby city of Chichester. Another theory is that it was built for Sallustius Lucullus, a Roman
governor of Britain of the late 1st century, who may have been the son of the British prince
Adminius. Two inscriptions recording the presence of Lucullus have been found in Chichester,
and the redating by Miles Russell of the palace was designed for Lucullus, then it may have only
been in use for a few years, as the Roman historian Suetonius records that Lucullus was executed
by the Emperor Domitian in or shortly after 93 AD.
Additional theories suggest that either Verica, a British king of the Roman Empire in the years
preceding the Claudian invasion, was owner of the palace, or Tiberius Claudius Catuarus ,
following the recent discovery of a gold ring belonging to him. The palace outlasted the original
owner, whoever he was, and was extensively re-planned early in the 2nd century AD, and
subdivided into a series of lesser apartments. Further redevelopment was begun in the late 3rd
century AD, but these alterations were incomplete when the north wing was destroyed in a fire in
around 270 AD. The damage was too great repair, and the palace was abandoned and later
dismantled.
A modern museum had been built by the Sussex Archaeological Society, incorporating most of
the visible remains , including one wing of the palace. The gardens have been re¬planted using
authentic plants from the Roman period.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage ?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet,write
1 Fishbourne Palace was the first structure to be built on its site.
2 Fishbourne Palace was renovated more than once
3 Fishbourne Palace was large in comparison with Roman palaces in Italy.
4 Research is continuing in the area clos to Fishbourne Palace.
5 Researches agree on the identity of the person for whom Fishbourne Palace was
constructed.
24
6 Fishbourne Palace was burnt down by local people.
Questions 7-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Fishbourne Palace Costruction
- The first buildings on the site contained food for the 7……………………….
- The palace building surrounded 8 ……………………….
- In the 2nd and 3rd centuries colour was added to the 9……………………….of the palace.
Discovery
- The first part of the palace to the found was part of a 10……………………….
Possible inhabitants
- Congidubnus -he is named in several writings
- Sallustius Lucullu-he may have lived there until approximately 11……………………….AD
- Verica -a British king
- Catuarus-his 12……………………was found there
Present Day
- A 13……………………has been built on the site to help protect it.
25
READING PASSAGE 7
THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BEES

A Sometime in the early Cretaceous period of the Earth's
history, hunting wasps of a certain type became bees by
adopting a vegetarian diet: they began to re ly more and more
on the pollen of plants as a source of protein for themselves
and their offspring, as an alternative to insects. In so doing,
they accidentally transported pollen on their bodies to other
plants of the same species, bringing about pollination. The stage was thus set for a succession of
ever-closer mutual adaptations of bees and flowering plants. In particular, flowers began to
reward bees for their unwitting role in their reproduction by providing richer sources of pollen and
another source of nutrition, nectar.
B Today about 15 per cent of our diet consists of crops which are pollinated by bees. The meat
and other animal products we consume are ultimately derived from bee- pollinated forage crops,
and account for another 15 per cent. It follows that around one third of our food is directly or
indirectly dependent on the pollinating services of bees. On a global basis, the annual value of
agricultural crops dependent on the pollination services of bees is estimated at £1,000 million
(US$1,590 million). Much of this pollination is due to honey bees, and in monetary terms it
exceeds the value of the annual honey crop by a factor of fifty.
C But the apparently harmonious relationship between bees and plants conceals a conflict of
interests. Although flowers need bees and vice versa, it pays each partner to minimise its costs
and maximise its profits. This may sound like an extreme case of attributing human qualities to
non-human species, but using the marketplace and the principles of double-entry book keeping
as metaphors may give US some insights into what is really going on between bees and flowering
plants. In the real world, both flower and bee operate in a competitive marketplace. A community
of retailers, the flowers, seek to attract more or less discriminating consumers, the bees. Each
flower has to juggle the costs and benefits of investing in advertising, by colour and scent, and
providing rewards, nectar and pollen, clearly a species which depends on cross-pollination is on a
knife-edge: it must provide sufficient nectar to attract the interest of a bee, but not enough to
satisfy all of its needs in one visit. A satiated bee would return to its nest rather than visit another
flower. The bee, on the other hand, is out to get the maximum amount of pollen and nectar. It
must assess the quality and quantity of rewards which are on offer and juggle its energy costs so
that it makes a calorific profit on each foraging trip. The apparent harmony between plants and
bees is therefore not all that it seems. Instead, it is an equilibrium based on compromises
between the competing interests of the protagonists.
D This sounds remarkably like the ideas of the 18th-century economist Adam Smith. In his book,
The Wealth of Nations, Smith postulated that in human society the competitive interactions of
different ‘economic units' eventually resulted in a balanced, or ‘harmonious’ society. One might
predict, therefore, that economists would find the relationships between bees and plants of some
26
interest. This is the case in Israel, where economists are collaborating with botanists and
entomologists in a long-term study of the pollination biology of the native flora, in an attempt to
understand the dynamics of the relationship between communities of bees and plants.
E This sort of study is of more than passing academic interest. It is important that authorities
understand the dynamic relationships between plants and their pollinators. This is especially true
when, say, devising conservation policies. A good example comes from the forests of tropical
South America. Here, as in all rainforests, there is a high diversity of tree species. There may be
more than 120 per acre, but in a given acre there may only be one or two individuals of any one
species: These trees are pollinated by large, fast-flying bees. There is evidence that certain types
of bees learn the distribution of these scattered trees and forage regularly along the same routes.
This is called ‘trap-lining’ and the bees forage for up to 23 km from their nests. The bees are
therefore acting as long distance pollinators.
F An issue of current concern in tropical forest conservation is that of trying to estimate the
minimum sustainable size of islands' of forest reserve in areas where large-scale felling is taking
place. There is much discussion on seed dispersal distances. But this is only one half of the
equation, so far as the reproduction of trees is concerned. There is another question that must be
addressed in order to calculate whether proposed forest reserves are close enough to the nearest
large tract of forest: ‘what is the flight range of these long¬distance foragers?' We need to know
much more about bees and their relationships with plants before this question can be answered.
G Bees, then, are vital to our survival. Furthermore, much of the visual impact of human
environments derives from vegetation, and most vegetation is dependent on bees for pollination.
Thus, as pollinators of crops and natural vegetation, bees occupy key positions in the web of
relationships which sustain the living architecture of our planet.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A, B, D, E and F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Parallels between bee and human activities
ii An evolutionary turning point
iii A lack of total co-operation
iv The preservation of individual plant species
v The commercial value of bees
vi The structure of flowering plants
vii The pursuit of self-interest
27
viii The need for further research
Example
Paragraph C vii
1………………..Paragraph A
2……………….. Paragraph B
3………………..Paragraph D
4………………..Paragraph E
5………………..Paragraph F
Questions 6-12
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
6. Hunting wasps used to feed on other 6……………………….. rather than on vegetation.
7. Flowering plants started to reward bees with rich pollen and an additional food in the
form of 7………………………..
8. Approximately 8………………………..of human food production relies on the activity of bees.
9. If the process of 9………………………..is to take place effectively, bees need to travel from
one flower to another before going back to the nest.
10. Bees need to balance the 10………………………..of each trip against the calorific rewards
they obtain.
11. There can be over 120 different 11……………………….. in an acre of rainforest.
12. The bees that pollinate large forests regularly practise an activity known as 12……………..
Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
Which is the best title for Reading Passage ?
A The Ecological Importance of Bees
B The Evolutionary History of Bees
C The Social Behaviour of Bees
D The Geographical Distribution of Bees
28
READING PASSAGE 8
YAWNING
How and why we yarn still presents problems for researchers in an area which has only recently
been opened up to study
When Robert R Provine began studying yawning in the 1960s, it was difficult for him to convince
research students of the merits of 'yawning sciencel. Although it may appear quirky to some,
Provine's decision to study yawning was a logical extension of his research in developmental
neuroscience.
The verb 'to yawn' is derived from the Old English ganien or ginian, meaning to gape or open wide.
But in addition to gaping jaws, yawning has significant features that are easy to observe and
analyse. Provine 'collected' yawns to study by using a variation of the contagion response*. He
asked people to 'think about yawning’ and, once they began to yawn to depress a button and that
would record from the start of the yawn to the exhalation at its end.
Provine's early discoveries can be summanized as follows: the yawn is highly stereotyped but not
invariant in its duration and form. It is an excellent example of the instinctive 'fixed action pattern'
of classical animal-behavior study, or ethology. It is not a reflex (short- duration, rapid,
proportional response to a simple stimulus), but, once started, a yawn progresses with the
inevitability of a sneeze. The standard yawn runs its course over about six seconds on average, but
its duration can range from about three seconds to much longer than the average. There are no
half-yawns: this is an example of the typical intensity of fixed action patterns and a reason why
you cannot stifle yawns. Just like a cough, yawns can come in bouts with a highly variable inter-
yawn interval, which is generally about 68 seconds but rarely more than 70. There is no relation
between yawn frequency and duration: producers of short or long yawns do not compensate by
yawning more or less often. Furthermore, Provine’s hypotheses about the form and function of
yawning can be tested by three informative yawn variants which can be used to look at the roles of
the nose, the mouth and the jaws.
i) The closed nose yawn
Subjects are asked to pinch their nose closed when they feel themselves start to yawn.
Most subjects report being able to perform perfectly normal closed nose yawns. This indicates
that the inhalation at the onset of a yawn, and the exhalation at its end, need not involve the
nostrils - the mouth provides a sufficient airway.
ii) The clenched teeth yawn
Subjects are asked to clench their teeth when they feel themselves start to yawn but allow
themselves to inhale normally through their open lips and clenched teeth. This variant gives one
the sensation of being stuck midyawn. This shows that gaping of the jaws is an essential
component of the fixed action pattern of the yawn, and unless it is accomplished, the program (or
pattern) will not run to completion. The yawn is also shown to be more than a deep breath,
29
because, unlike normal breathing, inhalation and exhalation cannot be performed so well through
the clenched teeth as through the nose.
iii) The nose yawn
This variant tests the adequacy of the nasal airway to sustain a yawn. Unlike normal breathing,
which can be performed equally well through mouth or nose, yawning is impossible via nasal
inhalation alone. As with the clenched teeth yawn, the nose yawn provides the unfulfilling
sensation of being stuck in mid-yawn. Exhalation, on the other hand, can be accomplished
equally well through nose or mouth. Through thin methodology Provine demonstrated that
inhalation through the oral airway and the gaping of jaws are necessary for normal yawns. The
motor program for yawning will not run to completion without feedback that these parts of the
program have been accomplished.
But yawning is a powerful, generalized movement that involves much more than airway
maneuvres and jaw-gaping. When yawning you also stretch your facial muscles, tilt your head
back, narrow or close your eyes, produce tears, salivate, open the Eustachian tubes of your
middle ear and perform many other, yet unspecified, cardiovascular and respiratory acts. Perhaps
the yawn shares components with other behaviour. For example, in the yawn a kind of 'slow
sneezel or is the sneeze a 'fast yawn'? Both share common respiratory and other features
including jaw gaping, eye closing and head tilting.
Yawning and stretching share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global
motor complex. Studies by J I p deVries et al. in the early 1980s, charting movement in the
developing foet US using ultrasound, observed a link between yawning and stretching. The most
extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one
side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke, the prominent British neurologist
Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 that when these people yawn, they are startled and mystified to
observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists
term an 'associated response'. Yawning apparently activates undamaged, unconsciously
controlled connections between the brain and the motor system, causing the paralyzed limb to
move. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor
whether yawning is therapeutic for prevention of muscular deterioration.
Provine speculated that, in general, yawning may have many functions, and selecting a single
function from the available options may be an unrealistic goal. Yawning appears to be associated
with a change of behavioral state, switching from one activity to another. Yawning is also a
reminder that ancient and unconscious behavior linking US to the animal world lurks beneath the
veneer of culture, rationality and language.
30
Questions 1-6
Complete the summary below using the list of words, A-K, below Write the correct letter, A-K, in
boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Provine's early findings on yawns
Through his observation of yawns, Province was able to confirm that 1……………………..do not
exist. Just like a 2………………………yawns cannot be interrupted after they have begun. This is
because yawns occur as a 3……………………rather than a stimulus response as was
previously thought.
In measuring the time taken to yawn, provive found that a typical yawn lasts about
4……………………He also found that it is a common for people to yawn a number of times in
quick succession with the yawns usually being around 5……………………apart. When studying
whether length and rate were connected. Province concluded that people who yawn less do not
necessarily produce 6……………………to make up for this.
A form and function B long yawns C 3 seconds
D fixed action pattern E 68 seconds F short yawns
G reflex H sneeze I short duration
J 6 seconds K half-yawns
Questions 7-11
7. What did Provine conclude from his 'closed nose yawnl experiment?
A. Ending a yawn requires use of the nostrils.
B. You can yawn without breathing through your nose
C. Breathing through the nose produces a silent yawn.
D. The role of the nose in yawning needs further investigation.
8. Provine's clenched teeth yawn's experiment shows that
A. yawning is unconnected with fatigue.
B. a yawn is the equivalent of a deep intake of breath.
C. you have to be able to open your mouth wide to yawn.
D. breathing with the teeth together is as efficient as through the nose.
31
9. The nose yawn experiment was used to test weather yawning
A. can be stopped after it has stated
B. is the result of motor programing
C. involves both inhalation and exhalation.
D. can be accomplished only through the nose.
10. In people paralyzed on one side because of brain damage
A. yawning may involve only one side of the face.
B. the yawing response indicates that recovery is likely
C. movement in paralysed arm is stimulated by yawming
D. yawning can be used as an example to prevent muscle wasting.
11. In the last paragraph, the writer concludes that
A yawning is a sign of boredom.
B we yawn is spite of the development of our species
C yawning is a more passive activity than we Imagine
D we are stimulated to yawn when our brain activity is low.
Questions 12-14
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
12 Research students were initially reluctant to appreciate the value of Provine's
studies.
13 When foetuses yawn and stretch they are learning how to control
movement.
14 According to Provine, referring to only one function is probably inadequate to
explain why people yawn.
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READING PASSAGE 9
A new stage in the study and

teaching of history
For hundreds of years, historians have
relied on written or printed documents to
provide the bulk of their source materials,
and they have largely communicated with
students and the wider public by writing
books and journal articles. Today, however, the printed word is being superseded by a diversity of
forms of communication, above all moving images on video or film
A The development of this new form of communication is leading to a growing gap between the
practice of professional historians based in academia, and the practice of those aiming to
popularise the study of history among the general public, and to encourage people to create their
own records for the future. On the one hand, there are mainstream academics who continue to
use only the written word as they examine more and more fields with an ever- increasing number
of sophisticated methodologies. On the other hand, film and video, especially as broadcast on
television, are probably the major influence on the public's consciousness of history, as they see
film of events of fifty or a hundred years ago, events they had previously only read about.
B In a related development, a great many people now document local and family events in the
form of videos; many schools, too, produce video yearbooks. All these visual records may well
prove to be invaluable sources of information for future historians. The glaring contradiction is
that the two approaches-the academic and what we might term the popular - have intersected
very little: with a few notable exceptions, professional historians have tended to avoid
involvement in television programmes about history, and have even less impact on what is being
captured and preserved on video. And the potential of moving images has wielded negligible
influence on the academic study of history.
C This gulf can be seen as resulting from the willingness or otherwise of individual historians to
accept the validity of new forms of communication in the study of history. Thu is not the first time
that the question has arisen. The study of history, as conceived of today, began with the transition
from oral to literate culture, leading to the earliest written records and the earliest historical
studies. The next great shift came with the advent of printing, which transformed everything.
Today, as the printed word loses its dominance, historians are faced with a variety of forms of
communication, ranging from simple audiotape to the promising complexities of videodiscs
linked with computers. As yet, however, the use of moving images to record current events for the
benefit of future historians does not even have a commonly agreed name.
D This does not mean that mainstream historians have totally rejected the use of moving images
as sources: the majority seem intrigued by the idea, and valuable research has been carried out
into the history and analysis of films with a broad circulation, using them as a source of
information on the social and intellectual history of the twentieth century. Journals such as
American History Review have played a significant role in this field.
33
E Yet the number of historians using moving images in their research or teaching is very small. The
barrier seems to be that the profession is structured around the medium of the written word, and
is somewhat insulated in its academic setting. The use of moving images presents a substantial
challenge to this setting and its assumptions. As a result, historians have rejected the training, the
institutions, the motivations and the professional structures that would be needed in order to use
moving images effectively. Above all, they have rejected the necessity to learn complicated new
skills.
F So why should historians make this change? clearly, films or videos of events and people can be
used as solid evidence of the past, linked to the words of the narrator (whether a television
presenter/historian or a university teacher giving a lecture) but carrying information in their own
right. Film has reintroduced the oral form as a mode of research and communication for
documenting historical events. Now, with moving images, people are reminded that oral
communication is not limited to words: it also includes body language, expression and tone, and
is embedded in a context. Little of this is evident in a written transcript. A further effect of video
and film is that the narrator gives up some control and has less need to give explanations, while
the viewer becomes involved in the process of interpreting and understanding history.
G Film or videotape can also aid historians by simplifying the work of the interviewer. Instead of
trying to carry on an interview while simultaneously making notes about setting and other
unspoken data, this new kind of historian can concentrate on the interview itself, and study the
film later. The many benefits of using moving images as historical evidence easily outweigh
worries about cost, technical skills, or the effect of a camera on a person telling his or her story.
Moving images enhance the quality of historical research, and suggest new directions for
historians to explore.
34
Questions 1-9
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 an overview of the range of methods that have been used over time to document
history
2 the main reason why many historians are unwilling to use films in their work
3 a reference to some differences between oral and written communication
4 how most citizens today gain an understanding of history
5 how current student events are sometimes captured for future audiences
6 mention of the fact that the advantages of film are greater than the disadvantages
7 the claim that there is no official title for film-based historical work
8 reference to the active role the audience plays when watching films
9 a list of requirements that historians see as obstacles to their use of
film to record history
Questions 10-14
YES - if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO - if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN - if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
10 The needs of students in school have led to improvements in the teaching of history.
11 Academic and popular historians have different attitudes towards the value of
innovations in communication.
12 It is common for historians to play a major role in creating historical
documentaries for television.
13 Articles in American History Review have explored aspects of
modern history through popular films.
14 Developments in technology are influencing a range of academic subjects.
35
READING PASSAGE 10
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
pages 2 and 3.
BOOK REVIEW
John St Clair Kilby was born in 1923 in Grand Bend, Kansas, USA. His father, who ran a small
electrical company in rural Kansas, worked with amateur radio operators to communicate with
local people who, as a result of storms or floods, had lost their electricity supply or telephone
service. This gave Kilby an early interest in amateur radio and sparked his interest in electronics.
He decided to become an electronics and electrical engineer.
After finishing his schooling, Kilby tried to get into the highly respected Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, but just failed the admission examination. He went instead to the University of
Illinois, but his studies were interrupted by the Second World War and he served in the US Army
until the war ended in 1945. After resuming his studies, he received a degree in electrical
engineering from Illinois and, in 1950, a master's degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Wisconsin.
While studying for his master’s degree, Kilby worked for a manufacturer of electronic components
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 1958, he moved to Dallas, Texas, to take a job with Texas Instruments,
because it was the only company he approached that would allow him to work more or less full-
time on the miniaturisation of electronic components.
The focus of Kilby's work at Texas Instruments was the development of the integrated circuit
(commonly called the microchip). This replaced the transistors that had themselves replaced the
ordinary vacuum tubes used in the first computers. The transistor, invented at Bell Laboratories in
1947, consisted of components joined with wires. The size of transistors was, therefore, limited
because, as their size decreased, it became impossible to solder the components together.
Kilby's breakthrough was to use a single block of silicon to contain the entire circuit. His first
electronic had a surface area of about a half a square centimetre and was about a millimetre
thick. Today's electronic engineers can accommodate the equivalent of around 100 million
transistors in a circuit this size.
Kilby first demonstrated that an integrated circuit worked on September 12, 1958 - a date that is
one of the milestones in the history of technology. After proving that integrated circuits were
possible, Kilby directed the teams that built the first computer based on integrated circuits. In
1970, Kilby took time off from Texas Instruments to work independently, mainly to develop silicon
technology to generate electricity. Since then, further research has been carried out into solar
power and it is now an important way of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to reduce global
wanning.
After retiring from Texas Instruments in 1983, Kilby stayed with the company as a consultant. He
was also involved in various industry and government research projects, mostly concerning
36
semiconductors. Three years after Kilby’s death, in 2008, Texas Instruments named its new $154
million research facility in his honour.
Kilby received little financial reward for his inventions. Although he took out more than 60 patents,
he benefited very little from them, nor did he allow technology to influence his daily life. He chose
not to have a microwave oven or a calculator, continuing to use a slide rule. For all his
achievements, he was an extraordinarily modest man who was always willing to give advice and
encouragement to young people.
However, Kilby’s work did not go unrecognised. In 1995, he received the Robert N. Noyce Award,
and in 2000 he won the US National Medal of Science and was admitted to the National Inventors
Hall of Fame. He also won the US National Medal of Technology - becoming one of only 13 people
to win both national medals, the highest US awards in science and technology.
For his revolutionary developments in the field of electronics, Kilby was awarded the Nobel
Physics Prize in 2000.
In many ways, Kilby changed the world we live in. His invention of the integrated circuit
revolutionised how the world communicates and calculates, affecting the lives of us all. The
integrated circuit is the basis of information technology upon which we all depend. Integrated
circuits are important in today’s world because they allow large volumes of information to be
transferred in a very short time. They also allow electronic equipment to be small enough to fit
into a pocket.
Our environment is now flooded with electronic equipment that is portable - laptops,
minicalculators, phones, and electronic watches - and most of us depend on these things to such
an extent that we would be lost without them. Information technology controls high-tech systems,
diagnostic equipment in hospitals, appliances we use at home in our daily lives, and much more
besides.
It is widely accepted that infonnation technology has been the main driver of the economic
success that many societies have experienced since the 1990s. The performance of integrated
circuits has improved a hundredfold every ten years without their cost rising - and there is no end
to this improvement in sight. We certainly have much to thank Kilby for.
Questions 1 - 6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1 -6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the in formation
37
1 Kilby's father helped with contacting people in Grand Bend, Kansas during emergencies.
2 Kilby often met other amateur radio enthusiasts when he was growing up in Kansas.
3 Kilby's father encouraged him to apply to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4 Kilby’s first job was with a company called Texas Instruments.
5 Kilby had various job offers from companies willing to let him pursue his interest.
6 Texas Instruments agreed that Kilby needed his own laboratory in order to develop the
integrated circuit.
Questions 7-13
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
John Kilby and the development of the integrated circuit
Kilby’s career and legacy
• revolutionised electronics by creating a circuit made from 7……………………………
• also helped develop the technology used in 8……………………………energy
• became a 9……………………………to the company that formerly employed him
• had a research institute named after him
• was granted a large number of patents for his inventions and won many awards, prizes and
medals
Integrated circuits today
• used in various 10……………………………electronic devices, such as phones and laptops,
and also in things we wear such as 11……………………………
• used in machines in medical facilities for 12……………………………purposes
• their performance continues to improve, but there is no increase in 13……………………………
38
READING PASSAGE 11
SEA CHANGE FOR SALINITY

One of the most serious problems facing Australian farmers is
an increase in the salt content in the soil. However, there are
new weapons emerging in the fight against salinity
A Beneath the flat, impassive surface of Australia lie hidden
mountains, valleys and gorges - ancient traps and channels for
the deadly salt that is stealthily killing so much of the Australian
landscape. The war on salt is calling forth new weapons.
A suite of high technologies used by geologists to see
underground and prospect for gold and minerals is now being
used to pinpoint the presence of salt beneath the landscape, and predict where it might move.
B Unless this process is clearly understood, warns Chief of Exploration and Mining Dr Neil
Phillips, the hard work now underway of planning and tree-planting on the surface may be
rendered ineffective: salt can still sneak past and erupt, following one of the ancient river
channels formed millions of years ago. The use of airborne electromagnetic to detect salt hidden
beneath the landscape has been around for a decade, but the past two years have seen a major
development in its precision and powers of detection. Like the use of radar in battles, it has the
potential to turn the tide of the struggle in favour of the defence by helping to pinpoint, plot and
predict the movements of the foe.
C Angus Howell, who farms near Warrenbayne, in Southeast Australia, saw his first outbreak of
salt in 1948. Over the ensuing decades the patches spread and multiplied until they consumed
almost 100 hectares. By the late 1970s, Howell and his fellow farmers had decided it was time for
action and established a government-funded "Landcare' group in a bid to save Australia's
farmland. But despite a mounting effort by scientists, farmers and governments, the 'white death'
continued to encroach. Small successes were eclipsed by larger defeats and fresh outbreaks.
D The technical solutions just aren't there yet for dealing with broadacre salinity, nor are the social
and economic solutions. How do you introduce the land-use changes that are needed when
people still need to make a living?' Howell asks. There is no satisfactory solution yet. Part of the
problem has lain in salt's ability to mount ambushes, emerging somewhere new, sometimes
unexpected and unexplained, beating plans to intercept it. Only now are scientists starting to
really disclose its secret subterranean stores and passages.
E The need for such knowledge is pressing. Salt has already afflicted six million hectares of once -
productive country. At present rates it is predicted that, by 2050. it will have sterilised a total of 17
million hectares and the waters of Australia's Murray River will regularly exceed the World Health
Organisation's salt limits for drinking water. Defeating this assault may take centuries, not
decades.
39
F Electromagnetic surveys measure the electrical conductivity of soil to reveal the distribution of
salt and the nature and variability of the regolith - the weathered rock and sediment that may lie
above the bedrock. Magnetic surveys measure small differences in the Earth's magnetic field,
enabling scientists to probe the deep past and reconstruct ancient landscapes - rivers, basins
and faults now buried under tens of metres of sediments. These features help to reveal where
groundwater is stored, dictate the direction of groundwater movement, and are critical to
predicting or ruling out salinity hot-spots.
G Radiometric analysis is based on the detection of radiation emitted by elements contained in
rocks and soils, allowing scientists to delineate landforms. These factors influence the mobility of
salt through the soil profile and help determine where to plant particular crop species to tackle
the problem.
Using data from the Murray River region, scientists have revealed a network of ancient drainage
channels buried metres beneath the current landscape. These buried channels may carry salt
and sometimes run at right angles to channels on the surface. This implies that the salt could
move underground in quite a different direction to what one would expect by looking at surface
slope and drainage.
H One of the biggest advances in detection, says Professor Neil Phillips, has come with the
integration of different techniques such as magnetics, electromagnetics and radiomagnetics, and
ground mapping. Individually, these technologies only gave clues to what was going on
underground. Together they provide a far more revealing picture of the subsurface landscape,
several hundred metres deep. Advanced airborne electromagnetics, in particular, enables
scientists to take ‘slices’ of the landscape at depths of five metres, ten metres, fifteen metres and
so on, to determine where salt may be stored at depth. This is building up a four-dimensional
picture of the subsurface landscape, enabling researchers to understand movements of salt in
width, depth, breadth and time.
From such technologies it will be possible to locate salt stores, identify how saline they are, look
at man-made and natural changes to the landscape that may cause it to mobilise, and then
predict where it will head to and over what time span. This in turn will give the salt warriors time to
model various ways of containing or curbing the menace, see what works best and then try it out
on the ground.
Questions 1-14
Answer questions 1 - 14 by referring to Reading Passage 3 on pages 6 and 1 of the separate
booklet.
Reading Passage 3 has eight sections A- H.
Which section A - H contains the following information (Questions 1 - 7)?
For questions 1 - 7, write the correct letter A - H on your answer sheet, together with the number
of each question.
40
You may use any letter more than once.
1 a prediction of the future risk of salt to water supplies.
2 the reason why technologies must be combined to be effective
3 a reference to the recent improvements in the accuracy of airborne electromagnetics
4 the organization of concerned farmers into an official body
5 the estimated length of time salinity is likely to be a problem
6 a summary of stages in a proposed plan of action to combat the salt problem
7 the possibility that current re-vegetation practices are a waste of time
Questions 8-10
Look at the list of techniques (Questions 8 - 10) and the list of uses which follows it Match each
technique with the correct use, A, B, C or D.
For questions 8-10, write the correct letter A - D on your answer sheet, together with the number
of each question.
List of techniques
8 Electromagnetic surveys
9 Radiometric analysis
10 Airborne electromagnetics
List of uses
A can help farmers choose the best location for plants B can show the composition of the top
layer of the ground C can detect how far below ground the salt is D can determine how old the salt
is in a particular area
Questions 11-14
For questions 11 -14, choose the correct letter, A, B. C or D.
Write the correct letter A - D on your answer sheet, together with the number of each question.
11 What link does the writer make between salt and gold?
A They can both be found in the same locations.
B Both have been found to have an impact on the landscape.
C The same techniques can be used to find both.
D Neither are present in mountainous areas.
41
READING PASSAGE 12
Investment in shares versus investment in other assets - which gives

the greater gain?
How one university collected the data to tiy and answer this question
A It all began in 1958 with a phone call from Louis Engel, a banker at Merrill Lynch, a US- based
financial management company, who wanted to know how investors in shares had performed
relative to investors in other assets such as low risk investments with guaranteed returns. '1 don't
know, but if you gave me $50,000 I could find out,' replied Jim Lorie, a dean at the University of
Chicago's business school. Louis Engel soon agreed to provide the funding, and more. The result,
in 1960, was the launch of the University's Center for Research in Security Prices. Half a century
later CRSP (pronounced 'crisp') data are everywhere. They provided the foundation of at least one-
third of all empirical research in finance over the past 40 years, according to a presentation at a
symposium held this month. They probably influenced much of the rest.
B Getting the CRSP data together was a tough process in what were then the early days of
computers. Up to three million pieces of information on all the shares traded on the New York
Stock Exchange between 1926 and 1960 were transferred from paper in the exchange's archive to
magnetic tape. A lot of time was spent adjusting prices to take account of complexities in the
market.Lorie and his co-researcher, Lawrence Fisher, chose January 1926 as the start date
because they wanted the data to span at least one complete business cycle from boom to bust,
or vice versa.
C When these two economists published the first study based on the CRSP data in 1964, they
reported that the annual compound return on the shares over the entire 3 5-year period was
(depending on the tax status of the investor) between 6.8% and 9%.
Acknowledging that good data on the performance of other assets were not available, the study
claimed that the rate of return on shares was 'substantially higher than for alternative investment
media,' providing the first empirical support for the still popular idea that shares outperform other
investments over the long inn. Fisher and Lorie also observed that many people chose to invest in
assets with lower returns because they were cautious by nature, and were concerned about the
risk of loss inherent in investing in the stock market.
Economists today call the amount of extra return that investors need to compensate them for this
additional risk the 'equity risk premium', although they differ greatly on how big investors should
expect it to be.
D After Fisher and Lorie's 1964 report there was no stopping the love affair between financial
economists and the data that studying these numbers produced. Myron Scholes. now a Nobel
laureate, became director of CRSP in 1974, and ensured the database was both kept up to date
and made readily available to academic economists everywhere. In turn, this resource became
ever more useful as computing power became more affordable. The CRSP database has since
been expanded to include a frill range of different types of investments. It has been replicated
across the world.
42
E One of the earliest uses of CRSP data was by Eugene Fama, an economist at the University of
Chicago, to support his ’efficient-market hypothesis'. He found that over a lengthy period share
prices tended to rise and fall randomly, without showing much of a pattern. Markets are efficient,
he said, because all relevant information is reflected in share prices at any given moment,
meaning there are no predictable movements in prices for smart investors to exploit. Fama did
concede that there was some evidence of temporary short-term predictability in share prices,
however. That stipulation has resulted in a vast number of papers based on discovering such
'variations' through data mining. In theory, such anomalies are potentially lucrative for investors,
but as believers in efficient markets observe with satisfaction, it seems that no sooner are such
anomalies discovered and reported in journals than they typically disappear.
F However, the sheer volume of material means that financial economists are becoming
increasingly specialised, which may have costs as well as benefits.
Some economists worry that much of this statistical analysis is creating some interference that
drowns out serious thinking about the big questions, such as why the financial system nearly
collapsed in 2008 and how a repeat can be avoided. Robert Shiller. an economist at Yale
University and a long-time sceptic about the efficient-market hypothesis, feels that with the
creation of the CRSP database economists suddenly believed that finance had become scientific.
According to Shiller. conventional ideas about investing and financial markets - and about their
vulnerabilities - seemed out-of-date to the new empiricists. He worries that academic
departments are full of economists who are so specalised in data analysis that they fail to see and
understand the whole. They get a sense of authority from work that contains lots of data.
To have seen the 2008 global financial crisis coming, he argues, it would have been better to 'go
back to old-fashioned readings of history, studying institutions and laws. We should have talked
to grandpa.'
G Scholes responds to this criticism with the contention that the usefulness of this empirical
analysis is proven by the fact that demand for it continues to grow. At CRSP's 50th anniversary
symposium, plans were unveiled to publish indicators on an expanding range of investments, as
well as for growth and value stocks. These indicators. CRSP claims, will be more academically
rigorous and cheaper than existing ones. For believers in the efficiency of markets, that should be
enough to ensure CRSP's continuing success.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
on pages 7 and 8
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
43
List of Headings
i Technological developments improve CRSP data
ii Initial findings of the CRSP project
iii A request and a far-reaching result
iv Difficulties in collecting CRSP data
v What the future holds
vi Too much data for people to have an overall understanding
vii Other university departments which depend on CRSP
viii CRSP data not always being a useful basis for investment
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
Questions 21-23
Look at the following statements (Questions 21-23) and the list of economists below. Match each
statement with the correct economist, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter. A, B, C or D, in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.
21 A traditional approach may have helped predict a financial downturn.
22 Some people invest conservatively and as a result make less money.
23 It may be possible to forecast share prices but not over the long term.
List of Economists
A Fisher and Lorie
B Myron Scholes
C Eugene Fama
D Robert Shiller
44
Questions 24-26 Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26
on your answer sheet.
The beginnings of CRSP

In 1958 a 24………………. working for a financial management company telephoned Jim Lorie to ask
how well investments in shares performed in comparison to investments in lowT risk assets. Lorie
offered to find out and as a result the University of Chicago's Center for Research in Security Prices
(CRSP) was launched. Compiling the CRSP data was difficult because 25……………… were still
being developed and information that had previously been on 26……………… needed to be put onto
magnetic tape.
45
READING PASSAGE 13
THE RETURN OF MONKEY LIFE

Rain forest trees growing anew on Central American farmland are helping scientists find ways for
monkey and agriculture to benefit one another.
A. Hacienda La Pacifica, a remote working cattle ranch in Guanacaste province of northern
Costa Rica, has for decades been home to a community of mantled howler monkeys. Other native
primates- white-faced capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys were once common in this area,
too, but vanished after the Pan-American Highway was built nearby in the 1950s and most of the
surrounding land was cleared for cattle-raising. At Hacienda La Pacifica, however, an enlightened
ranch owner chose to leave some strips of native trees growing. He used these as windbreaks to
protect both cattle and their food crops from dry-season winds. In the process, the farmer
unwittingly founded a unique laboratory for the study of monkeys.
B. Ken Glander, a primatologist from Duke University in the USA, is studying La Pacifica’s
monkeys in an effort to understand the relationship between howlers and regenerating forests at
the edges of grazing lands. Studying such disturbed woodlands is increasingly important because
throughout much of the New World Tropics, these are the only forests left. In the 18th century,
tropical dry forests once covered most of Central America, but by the 1980s less than two percent
remained undisturbed, and less than one percent was protected.
C. Howlers persists at La Pacifica, Glander explains, because they are leaf-eaters. They eat
fruit when it is available but, unlike capuchin and spider monkeys, do not depend on large areas
of fruiting trees. Glander is particularly interested in howlers' ability to thrive on leaves loaded with
toxins- poisonous substances designed to protect the plants. For leaf- eaters, long-term exposure
to a specific plant toxin can increase their ability to neutralize the poisonous substances and
absorb the leaf nutrients. Watching generations of howlers at La Pacifica has shown Glander that
the monkeys keep their systems primed by sampling a variety of plants and then focusing on a
small number of the most nutritious food items. The leaves that grow in regenerating forests, like
those at La Pacifica, are actually more howler-friendly than those produced by the centuries-old
trees that survive farther south. In younger forests, trees put most of their limited energy into
growing wood, leaves, and fruit, so they produce much lower levels of toxin than do well-
established, old-growth trees.
D. The value of maturing forests to primates is also a subject of study at Santa Rosa National
Park, about 35 miles northwest of La Pacifica. Large areas of Santa Rosa’s forests had at one time
been burnt to make space for cattle ranching and coffee farming, thereby devastating local
monkey habitat. But in 1971 the government protected the area by designating it a National Park,
and species of Indigenous Lees which had been absent for decades began to invade the
abandoned pastures. Capuchins were the first to begin using the reborn forests, followed by
howlers. Eventually, even spider monkeys, fruit-eaters that need large areas of continuous forest,
returned. In the first 28 years following protection of the area, the capuchin population doubled,
while the number of howlers increased sevenfold.
46
E. Some of the same traits that allow howlers to survive at La Pacifica also explain their
population boom in Santa Rosa, Howler reproduction is faster than that of other native monkey
species. They give birth for the first time at about 3.5 years of age, compared with seven years for
capuchins, and eight or more for spider monkeys. Also, while a female spider monkey will have a
baby about once every four years, well-fed howlers can produce an infant every two years.
Another factor is diet. Howlers are very adaptable feeders, and only need a comparatively small
home range. Spider monkeys, on the other hand, need to occupy a huge home range. Also crucial
is fact that the leaves howlers eat hold plenty of water, so the monkeys can survive away from
open streams and water holes. This ability gives them a real advantage over capuchin and spider
monkeys, which have suffered during the long, ongoing drought in the area.
F. Alejandro Estrada, an ecologist at Estación de Biología Los Tuxtlas in Veracruz, Mexico, has
been studying the ecology of a group of howler monkeys that thrive in a habitat totally altered by
humans: a cacao plantation in Tabasco state, Mexico. Cacao plants need shade to grow, so 40
years ago the owners of Cholula Cacao Farm planted figs, monkeypod and other tall trees to form
a protective canopy over their crop. The howlers moved in about 25 years ago after nearby forests
were cut. This strange habitat seems to support about as many monkeys as would a same-sized
patch of wild forest. The howlers eat the leaves and fruit of the shade trees, leaving the valuable
cacao pods alone.
G. Estrada believes the monkeys bring underappreciated benefits to such plantations,
dispersing the seeds of fruits such as fig and other shade trees, and fertilizing the soil. Spider
monkeys also forage for fruit here, though they need nearby areas of forest to survive in the long
term. He hopes that farmers will begin to see the advantages of associating with wild monkeys,
which could include potential ecotourism projects, ‘Conservation is usually viewed as a conflict
between farming practices and the need to preserve nature,’ Estrada says. ‘We’re moving away
from that vision and beginning to consider ways in which commercial activities may become a
tool for the conservation of primates in human-modified landscapes.’
QUESTIONS 1-4
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once
1………………..a reason why newer forests provide howlers with better feeding opportunities than
older forests
2………………..a reference to a change in farmers’ attitudes towards wildlife
3………………..a description of the means by which howlers select the best available diet for
themselves
47
4………………..figures relating to the reduction of natural wildlife habitat over a period of time
QUESTIONS 5-8
Why do howlers have an advantage over other

Central American monkeys?
-Howler monkeys have a more rapid rate of 5………………..than either capuchin of
spider monkeys.
-Unlike the other local monkey species, howlers can survive without eating 6………………..
-and so can live inside a relatively small habitat area. Their diet is more flexible, and
they are able to tolerate leaves with high levels of 7………………..
-Howlers can also survive periods of 8………………..better than the other monkey
species can.
QUESTIONS 9-13
Look at the following features (Questions 9-13) and the list of locations below. Match each feature
with the correct location, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
List of Locations
A Hacienda La Pacifica
B Santa Rosa National Park
C Cholula Cacao Farm
9 It has seen the return of native tree species.

10 It supports only one species of native monkey.
11 Its monkey population helps the agriculture of the area.
12 It is home to populations of all three local monkey species.
13 Its landscape was altered by the construction of a transport link.
48
READING PASSAGE 14
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
MENTAL GYMNASTICS
John McCrone explains how mental exercise is being used to
boost corporate brainpower
The working day has just started at the head office of Barclays
Bank in London. Seventeen
staff are helping themselves to a buffet breakfast as young
psychologist Sebastian Bailey
enters the room to begin the morning’s training session. But this is
no ordinary training
session. He is here, not to sharpen the, finance or management
skills, but to exercise their
brains. Today’s workout, organised by a company called Mind Gym, is entitled ‘Having
Presence’.
What follows is an intense 90-minute session, in which this rather abstract concept is broken
down into a concrete set of feelings, mental tricks and behaviours. At one point, the bankers
are instructed to shut their eyes and visualise themselves filling the room and then the
building. They finish by walking around the room acting out various levels of ‘presence’,
from low-key to over-the-top.
Similar mental workouts are happening in corporate seminar rooms around the globe. Mind
Gym alone offers some 70 different sessions, including ones on mental stamina and creativity
for logical thinkers. Other outfits draw more directly on the exercise analogy, offering
‘neurobics’ courses with names like ‘brain sets’ and ‘cerebral fitness’. Whatever the style, the
companies’ sales pitch is similar: ‘Follow our routines,’ they tell us, ‘to shape and sculpt your
brain or mind, just as you might tone and train your body.’ Nearly all claim that their mental
workouts draw on serious research into how the brain works.
Gessner Geyer, from Brainergy of Cambridge, Massachusetts, puts it like this: ‘Studies have
shown that mental exercise can cause changes in brain anatomy and brain chemistry, which
49
promote increased mental efficiency and clarity. The neuroscience behind this is cuttingedge.’
Mind Gym trades on a quote from Susan Greenfield, one of Britain’s best-known
neuroscientists: ‘It’s a bit like going to the gym: if you exercise your brain, it will grow.’
In practice, the training can seem mundane. Take ‘Creativity for logical thinkers’, one of
Mind Gym's eight different creativity workouts. One of the mental strategies taught is to make
a sensible suggestion, then pose its opposite. Asked to spend five minutes inventing a new
pizza, a group soon comes up with no topping, sweet topping, cold topping, price based on
time of day, Flat-rate prices and so on.
The trick is simple but Bailey points out how few such tricks people have to call upon when
suddenly asked to be creative: ‘They tend to just label themselves as uncreative, realising that
there are techniques every creative person employs.’ Bailey says the aim is to introduce
people to half a dozen such strategies, so that what at first seems like a dauntingly abstract
mental task becomes a set of concrete, learnable behaviours. He admits this is not a short cut
to genius. Neurologically, some people do start with quicker circuits or greater handling
capacity. However, the right kind of training he believes can dramatically increase brain
efficiency.Though it is hard to prove that the training itself is effective – how do you measure a
change
in creativity levels, or memory skills? – staff certainly report feeling that such classes have
opened their eyes. For example, they may have felt the only way to solve a difficult problem
is to bang away at it as hard as possible. Then they learn that creative thinkers advise taking a
break and letting ideas incubate. A simple tactic, yet one rarely taught in normal life. Which,
according to educational psychologist Guy Claxton, Mind Gym’s academic adviser, is exactly
the point.
Claxton, who dismisses most neurological approaches as ‘neuro-babble’, insists creativity,
mental flexibility, even motivation are all thought habits that can be learned. The problem, he
claims, is that most of us never receive proper training. We develop mental strategies for
tackling tasks haphazardly and soon lose sight of the very thought habits we are relying upon.
Claxton believes we must return our thought patterns to a conscious level, becoming aware of
how we usually think. Only then can we start to practise better thought patterns, until
eventually these become our new habits.
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Russian psychologists Lev Vygotsky and Aleksandr Luria put forward similar arguments in
the 1930s and various attempts have been made to put them into practice. The business world
familiar with both ‘better thinking’ gurus such as Edward de Bono and Tony Bunn, and
habitbreaking techniques such as neurolinguistic programming. Modern companies will seize on
anything that claims to create flexible, bright thinkers, without scrutinising the facts. But are
neurobic workouts underpinned by scientific fact?
Certainly the brain adapts to demands placed on it. Neurologists have proved time and again
that people who lose brain cells suddenly during a stroke often sprout new r the connections
to compensate – especially if they undergo therapy. Rats raised in cages with and toys sprout
more neural connections than rats raised in bare cages. Brain scans suggest that people use
more of their grey matter to carry out new tasks than well-rehearsed ones.
So the general basis of neurobics looks sound: the brain really is inherently alterable or
‘plastic’. The problem is in the specifics. Qualities such as creativity are too subjective to rate,
forcing psychologists to rely on the easy-to-score spatial and verbal reasoning tasks involved
in IQ tests. This creates a problem for neurobics. Time and again, psychologists have found
that neither mental exercises nor any other type of brain-boosting regime, including so-called
smart pills designed to improve blood flow to the brain, reliably improve our ability to do
these basic tasks.
Nevertheless, Claxton for one believes there is no reason why schools and universities should
not spend more time teaching analysis and problem-solving techniques, rather than trying to
stuff heads with facts and hoping that effective thought habits are somehow absorbed by
osmosis.
Questions 1 – 5
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
51
1. Bailey asks his participants to imagine they are buildings.
2. Brain training is used by business people all over the world.
3. The organisations that sell mental exercise all promote it in much the same way.
4. Companies offering mental workouts say that their practice has a scientific basis.
5. Susan Greenfield was one of the founders of Mind Gym.
Questions 6 – 13
Look at the following statements (Questions 6-13) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.
6. People rarely take time to stand back from a problem before taking a decision.
7. Most people underestimate their potential to be creative.
8. Most ways of looking at mental development are unconvincing.
9. Exercising the brain can be compared to exercising the body.
10. Training can actually modify the structure of the brain.
11. Effective mental training begins with a close examination of how we ordinarily think
12. People who think that they are uncreative may be unaware of techniques used by creative
people
13. Educators should place greater emphasis on developing students' thinking skills.
List of People
A. Sebastian Bailey
B. Gessner Geyer
C. Susan Greenfield
D. Guy Claxton
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READING PASSAGE 15
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2
MAMMOTH KILL
What led to the disappearance of the giant mammals? Kate Wong
examines the theories
Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and automobiles,
North America
once belonged to huge, elephant-like mammoths, camels, bear-sized beavers and other giant
beasts, collectively known as ‘megafauna’. Some 11,000 years ago, however, these largebodied
mammals – about 70 species in all – disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly
with the arrival of humans in this region and dramatic climate change – factors that have
inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the
exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of these controversial
hypotheses: that human hunting drove these huge ‘megafaunal’ species to extinction.
This belief resulted in the overkill model which emerged in the 1960s, when it was put forth
by Paul S Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no
archaeological remains exist to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent
necessary to cause these extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate
Paleontology in Mexico City in October 1999, specialist John Alroy of the University of
California at Santa Barbara argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only
plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using a computer simulation, that even a
very modest amount of hunting would have wiped out these animals.
Assuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than two per cent
annually, Alroy determined that, if each band of, say, 50 people killed 13 to 20 large animals
a year, humans could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large
mammals in particular would have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer
gestation periods than smaller mammals and their young require extended care.
However, not everyone agrees with Alroy’s assessment. For one thing, the results depend on
population size estimates for the extinct animals – estimates that are not necessarily reliable.
But a more specific criticism conies from mammal expert Ross D E MacPhee of the American
53
Museum of Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological
record contains barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and
none, it should be noted, are known from other megafaunal remains) – hardly what one might
expect if hunting drove these animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had a
vast range, covering the whole continent – the Jefferson’s Ground Sloth, for example, lived as
far north as the Yukon and as far south as Mexico – which would have made hunting them in
numbers sufficient to cause their extinction rather unlikely, he says.
MacPhee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others
around the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather than through
hunting, he suggests that people may have introduced a deadly disease, perhaps through their
dogs or accompanying vermin, which then spread wildly among the native species because of
their low resistance to the new introductions. Repeated outbreaks of a deadly disease could
thus quickly drive them to the point of no return. So far, MacPhee does not have empirical
evidence for this theory, and it will not be easy to come by: such disease would kill far tooquickly to
leave its signature on the bones themselves. But he hopes that analyses of tissue
and DNA from the most recent animal remains will eventually reveal the microbes
responsible.
The third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve
human beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the climate. The Pleistocene epoch in
question witnessed considerable climate instability, explains Russell W Graham of the Denver
Museum of Nature and Science. As a result, their regular habitats disappeared, and species
that had once formed communities split apart. For some animals, this brought opportunity.
For much of the megafauna, however, the increasingly uniform terrain left them with
shrinking geographical ranges – a death sentence for large animals, which need
correspondingly large ranges. Although these creatures managed to maintain viable
populations through most of the Pleistocene period, the final major climate fluctuation pushed
them over the edge, Graham says.
For his part, Alroy is still convinced that human hunters were the destroyers of the giant
animals. The overkill model explains everything the disease and climate scenarios explain, he
asserts, and in addition makes accurate predictions about which species would eventually
become extinct.
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Questions 14 – 20
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Three theories have been put forward to explain the disappearance of the different species of
large mammals that inhabited 14 ……………. 11,000 years ago. The 15 ……………
proposed around fifty years ago by Paul S Martin, blames 16 …………… by people for mass
extinction. Computer calculations seem to support this explanation, but critics question the
reliability of the figures they are based on.
The second theory suggests that humans introduced a 17 ……………. which wiped out the
large mammals. However, so far this theory also lacks any 18 ……………. .
The final theory suggests that this period experienced significant 19 …………….. which
eventually led to the loss of habitat and to the division of the 20 ……………. that some of the
large mammals had organised.
Questions 21 – 26
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.
21. Too little evidence exists to support the hunting theory.
22. The bigger the animal, the bigger the territory it requires for survival.
23. Globally, humans have been indirectly responsible for the elimination of many species.
24. Population estimates can be used to understand how large mammals become extinct.
25. Scientific examination of fossil remains may provide some proof for one of the theories.
26. Environmental changes negatively affected the social groupings of some large species.
55
READING PASSAGE 16
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3
We Have Star Performers

Most organisations are looking for talent. But what if they’ve got it wrong, asks Jeffrey Pfeffer
A. One widely held assumption about talent is that it is a reasonably fixed characteristic and it is
therefore the job of organisations to identify, recruit and retain star performers. This belief affects
the way people are managed in the workplace. Most recruitment decisions are influenced by the
skills and abilities of an individual rather than their aptitude and attitude. In terms of career
development, organisations invest in staff who have been selected to reach higher-level
positions, while ignoring front-line employees and people with less perceived potential. This idea,
that talent is a fixed, identifiable characteristic – and that those firms with the best people do the
best – is both flawed and harmful to people and organisations. There is a lot of evidence on this
point, and it is useful to highlight some of the most pertinent arguments.
B. First, are there stars? There is no question that in every field, from sports to computer
programming to music, there are people who are better than the rest. As psychologist Dean Keith
Simonton, who has spent his career studying greatness, has said, ‘Wherever you look, the same
story can be told. Identify the ten per cent who haveachieved the most in a certain endeavour.
Count the accomplishments they have to their credit. Now tally the accomplishments of the
remaining 90 per cent. The first tally will equal or surpass the second.’ For instance, in music, 16
individuals have produced about 50 per cent of the Western classical music that is performed and
recorded today, while another 235 composers have produced the remaining half. The more
interesting questions concern not the existence of stars, but whether these stars can be reliably
identified and, even more importantly, whether their talent is a fixed aspect or can be altered.
C. Identifying the best people is tricky. Quality of performance changes over time and this is true
whether we are talking about professors or footballers. If performance naturally varies, any
measurement taken at a single point in time, such as when someone is being hired, will have error
and imprecision. Therefore, single assessments of talent are likely to contain mistakes in their
categorisation of people. Also, judgements about performance and ability depend on the
standards used to judge what is good and bad. It should surprise no-one that for Bach to be
considered a great musician, standards of music needed to change to embrace the qualities that
his compositions possessed. Similarly, artists and art come in and out of fashion, which means
that what is genius depends not only on a person’s ability, but on the prevailing standards used to
evaluate output.
D. Finally, it is difficult to evaluate people and their abilities with precision. In the domain of work,
research shows that the best predictors of job performance tend to be measures of intelligence.
But even these measures correlate only loosely withperformance, which means that more than 80
per cent of the variation in performance is unexplained by even the best predictors. Even in the
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sports arena, where one would think natural ability would be readily assessed because sports
teams spend lots of resources on identifying talent, mistakes get made. Basketball star Michael
Jordan wasdropped by his high-school basketball coach and a number of top American football
quarterbacks were available early in their careers because they were not considered good enough
by various teams.
E. This leads on to the next question: is talent born or made? Should organisations assume that
almost anyone can become a star performer, which implies that thereought to be a greater
emphasis on motivation and development, or do they just figure out who is good and who isn’t?
Here the evidence is clear: talent is at least as much ‘created’ as inherent and, more importantly,
the customary way companies think about identifying talent almost certainly works to destroy a
lot of untapped potential. Decades of research by K Anders Ericsson, professor of psychology at
Florida State University, show that exceptional performance doesn’t happen without around ten
years of nearly daily, deliberate practice for about four hours a day, by people who with the
assistance of their coaches have access to the best techniques. Once achieved, exceptional
performance can’t be maintained without relentless effort. So performance may be as much a
consequence of training as it is of innate ability, which suggests that performance can be altered
by how people are managed.
F. Further research by Stanford psychology professor Carol Dweck shows that the tendency of
organisations to see performance results as an opportunity for an ‘assessment’ of ability, results
in lower performance and poor motivation. Dweck identified two sets of goals that people bring to
a performance context: ‘performance goals, where the purpose is to validate one’s ability or avoid
demonstrating a lack of ability, and learning goals, where the aim is to acquire new knowledge
and skills’. People with performance goals have been shown to be more prone to helpless
behaviour and debilitation after a setback, while people with learning goals strive for higher
performance. The implications for managing people and talent are clear. Seeing talent as fixed
and job performance as a way of classifying people creates a selffulfilling prophecy in which
ability and intelligence do become fixed. By contrast, seeing ability as malleable leads to a
different sort of self-fulfilling prophecy, in which individuals and their employers may invest in
ways to enhance performance.
Questions 27 – 32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.
27 disagreement with the view that employing talented people enables companies to
achieve top performance
28 a description of what individuals have to do on a regular basis to improve their
performance
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29 the evidence that exceptional talent exists in all areas of life
30 how different ways of evaluating achievement at work can cause different reactions in
employees
31 the belief that the time when an assessment is carried out affects its accuracy
32 the extent to which different talented individuals have contributed to their particular
area of achievement
Questions 33 – 35
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer.
33 How many Western classical composers are identified as exceptionally talented?
34 Which composer initially received little recognition for his work?
35 Who can help improve the performance of people practising daily?
Questions 36 – 40
36 Companies usually hire people on the basis of their character.
37 There are some areas of sport that have a greater proportion of talent than others.
38 Measures of intelligence accurately predict performance at work.
39 There are cases in which talented sportspeople have been overlooked.
40 Newly formed organisations have the most highly motivated staff.
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READING PASSAGE 17
1 on pages 2 and 3.
Bovids
A The family of mammals called bovids belongs to the
Artiodactyl class, which also includes
giraffes. Bovids are a highly diverse group consisting of
137 species, some of which are
man’s most important domestic animals.
Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia and
South-east Asian islands, but they
are by far the most numerous and diverse in the latter. Some species of bovid are solitary, but
others live in large groups with complex social structures. Although bovids have adapted to a
wide range of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species
favour open grassland, scrub or desert. This diversity of habitat is also matched by great
diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal antelope of West Africa, which stands a
mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the massively built bisons of North America and
Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2 m.
Despite differences in size and appearance, bovids are united by the possession of certain
common features. All species are ruminants, which means that they retain undigested food in
their stomachs, and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids are almost exclusively herbivorous*.
Typically their teeth are highly modified for browsing and grazing: grass or foliage is
cropped with the upper lip and lower incisors** (the upper incisors are usually absent), and
then ground down by the cheek teeth. As well as having cloven, or split, hooves, the males of
all bovid species and the females of most carry horns. Bovid horns have bony cores covered
in a sheath of horny material that is constantly renewed from within; they are unbranched and
never shed. They vary in shape and size: the relatively simple horns of a large Indian buffalo
may measure around 4 m from tip to tip along the outer curve, while the various gazelles
have horns with a variety of elegant curves.
Five groups, or sub-families, may be distinguished: Bovinae, Antelope, Caprinae,
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Cephalophinae and Antilocapridae. The sub-family Bovinae comprises most of the larger
bovids, including the African bongo, and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle. Unlike most other
bovids they are all non-territorial. The ancestors of the various species of domestic cattle –
banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo – are generally rare and endangered in the wild, while
the auroch (the ancestor of the domestic cattle of Europe) is extinct.
The term ‘antelope’ is not a very precise zoological name – it is used to loosely describe a
number of bovids that have followed different lines of development. Antelopes are typically
long-legged, fast-running species, often with long horns that may be laid along the back when
the animal is in full flight. There are two main sub-groups of antelope: Hippotraginae, which
includes the oryx and the addax, and Antilopinae, which generally contains slighter and more
graceful animals such as the gazelle and the springbok. Antelopes are mainly grassland
species, but many have adapted to flooded grasslands: pukus, waterbucks and lechwes are
allgood at swimming, usually feeding in deep water, while the sitatunga has long, splayed
hooves that enable it to walk freely on swampy ground.
The sub-family Caprinae includes the sheep and the goat, together with various relatives such
as the goral and the tahr. Most are woolly or have long hair. Several species, such as wild
goats, chamois and ibex, are agile cliff- and mountain-dwellers. Tolerance of extreme
conditions is most marked in this group: barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid
deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive high up in mountains and musk oxen in arctic
tundra.
The duiker of Africa belongs to the Cephalophinae sub-family. It is generally small and
solitary, often living in thick forest. Although mainly feeding on grass and leaves, some
duikers – unlike most other bovids – are believed to eat insects and feed on dead animal
carcasses, and even to kill small animals.
The pronghorn is the sole survivor of a New World sub-family of herbivorous ruminants, the
Antilocapridae in North America. It is similar in appearance and habits to the Old World
antelope. Although greatly reduced in numbers since the arrival of Europeans, and the
subsequent enclosure of grasslands, the pronghorn is still found in considerable numbers
throughout North America, from Washington State to Mexico. When alarmed by the
60
approach of wolves or other predators. hairs on the pronghorn’s rump stand erect, so showing
and emphasising the white patch there. At this signal, the whole herd gallops off at speeds of
over 60 km per hour.
Questions 1 – 3
White the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1. In which region is the biggest range of bovids to be found?
A. Africa
B. Eurasia
C. North America
D. South-east Asia
2 Most bovids have a preference for living in
A. isolation.
B. small groups.
C. tropical forest.
D. wide open spaces.
3 Which of the following features do all bovids have in common?
A Their horns are short.
B They have upper incisors
C They store food in the body
D Their hooves are undivided
Questions 4 – 8
Look at the following characteristics (Questions 4-8) and the list of sub-families below.
Match each characteristic with the correct Sub-family, A, B, C or D.
4 can endure very harsh environments
5 includes the ox and the cow
6 may supplement its diet with meat
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7 can usually move at speed
8 does not defend a particular area of land
List of sub-families
A .Antelope
B .Bovinae
C .Caprinae
D .Cephalophinae
Questions 9 – 13
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
9. What is the smallest species of Bovid called?
10. Which species of Bovinae has now died out?
11. What facilitates the movement of the sitatunga over wetland?
12. What sort of terrain do barbary sheep live in?
13. What is the only living member of the Antilocapridae sub family?
62
READING PASSAGE 18
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 , which are based on Reading
passage on pages 7 and 8.
Question 14-19
Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of heading below.
White the correct number , i-ix, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
I Experimenting with an old idea
I i Life cycle of Madeagascar spiders
Iii Advances in the textile industry
Iv Resources needed to meet the project’s demands
V The physical properties of spider silk
Vi A scientific analysis of spider silk
Vii A unique work of art
Viii Importance of the silk textile market
Ix Difficulties of raising spiders in captivity
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
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A unique golden textile
A two-man project to use spider silk is achieved after 4 years
A A rare textile made from the silk of more than a million wild spiders has been on
display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. To produce this
golden cloth, 70 people spent four years collecting golden orb spiders from telephone poles in
Madagascar, while another dozen workers carefully extracted about 80 feet of silk filament
from each of the arachnids. The resulting 11-foot by 4-foot textile is the only large piece of
cloth made from natural spider silk existing in the world today.
B Spider silk is very elastic and strong compared with steel or Kevlar, said textile expert
Silom Peers, who co-led the project. Kevlar is a lightweight synthetic fabric which is
chemically related to nylon. It is very tough and durable and used in bullet-proof vest. Kevlar
is also resistant to wear, tear, and heat and has absolutely no melting point. But the tensile
strength of spider silk is even greater than Kevlar's aramid filaments, and greater than that of
high-grade steel. Most importantly, spider silk is extremely lightweight: a strand of spider
silk long enough to circle the Earth would weigh less than 500 grams (18 oz). Spider silk is
also especially ductile, able to stretch up to 140 per cent of its length without breaking. It can
hold its strength below-40c. This gives it a very high toughness, which equals that of
commercial fibers.
C Researchers have long been intrigued by the unique properties of spider silk.
Unfortunately, spider silk is extremely hard to mass produce. Unlike silk worms, which are
easy to raise in captivity, spiders have a habit of chomping off each other’s heads when
housed together. According to Peers, there's scientific research going on all over the world
right now trying to replicate the tensile properties of spider silk a apply it to all sorts of areas
in medicine and industry, but no one up until now has succeeded in replicating 100 per cent
of the properties of natural spider silk.
D Peers came up with the idea of weaving spider silk after learning about the French
missionary Jacob Paul Camboue, who worked with spiders in Madagascar during the 1880s
and 1890s. Camboue built a small, hand-driven machine to extract silk from up to 24 spiders
at once, without harming them. The spiders were temporarily restrainer their silk extracted,
and then let go, Peers managed to build a replica of this 24-spider silking machine that was
used at the turn of the century, said Nicholas Godley, who co-led the project with Peers. As
an experiment, the pair collected an initial batch of about 20 spiders. When we stuck them in
the machine and started turning it, lo and behold, this beautiful gold-colored silk started
coming out’, Godley said.
E But to make a textile of any significant size, the silk experts had to drastically scale up
their plan. Fourteen thousand spiders yield about an ounce of silk, Godley said, and the textile
weighs about 2.6 pounds. The numbers are overwhelming. To get as much silk as they
needed, Godley and Peers began hiring dozens of spider handlers to collect wild arachnids
and carefully harness them to the silk-extraction machine. We had to find people who were
willing to work with spiders, Godley said, because they bite ' By the end of the project,
Godley and Peers extracted silk from more than 1 million female golden orb spiders, which
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are abundant throughout Madagascar and known for the rich golden color of their silk,
Because the spiders only produce silk during the rainy season , workers collected all the
spiders between October and June. Then an additional 12 people used hand-powered
machines to extract the silk and where it into 96-filament thread. Once the spiders had been
silked, they were released back into the wild, where Godley said it takes them about a week
to regenerate their skill. We can go back and re-silk the same spiders, he said. It’s like the gift
that never stops giving.
F Of course, spending four years to produce a single textile of spider silk isn’t very
practical for scientists trying to study the properties of spider silk, or companies that want to
manufacture the fabric for the use as a biomedical product, or an alternative to Kevlar armor.
Several groups have tried inserting spider genes into bacteria or even cows and goats to
produce silk, but so far, the attempts have been only moderately successful. Part of the reason
it’s so hard to generate spider silk in the lab is that it starts out as a liquid protein that’s
produced by a special gland in the spider’s abdomen. Using their spinneret, spiders apply
force to rearrange the protein’s molecular structure and transform it into solid silk. When we
talk about a spider spinning silk, we’re talking about how the spider applies forces to produce
a transformation from liquid to solid, said spider silk expert Todd Blackledge of the
University of Akron , Ohio , US, who was not involved in creating the textile. Scientists
simply can’t replicate the efficiency with which a spider produces silk. Every year we’re
getting closer and closer to being able to mass-produce it, but we’re not there yet. For now, it
seems we’ll have to be content with one incredibly beautiful cloth, graciously provided by
more than a million spiders
Questions 20-23
Look at the following statements (Questions 20-23) and the list of researchers below
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A ,B or C
Write the correct letter A, B or C in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet
20 It takes a tremendous number of spiders to make a small amount of silk
21 Scientists want to use the qualities of spider silk for medical purposes
22 Scientists are making some progress in their efforts to manufacture spider silk
23 Spider silk compares favourably to materials known for their strength
List of Researchers
A. Simon Peers
B. Nicholas Godley
C. Todd Blackledge
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Questions 24-26
Complete the summary below
Choose ONE WORD ONL Y from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet
Producing spider silk in the lab

Both scientists and manufacturers are interested in producing silk for many different
purposes. Some researchers have tried to grow silk by introducing genetic material into
24…………………………and some animals. But these experiments have been somewhat disappointing.
It is difficult to make spider silk in a lab setting because the silk comes from a liquid protein
made in a 25………………………..inside the spiders body. When a spider spins silk, it causes a
26 …………………..that turns this liquid into solid silk Scientists cannot replicate this yet.
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READING PASSAGE 19
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
pages 2 and 3.
CATEGORIZING SOCIETIES
When research scholars, including
archaeologists and anthropologists,
study societies past or present, it can
be very useful to have a system of
ranking against which to test their
ideas. A four-fold categorizing system
was developed by the American
anthropologist Elman Service; each
grouping is associated with certain
types of site and settlement. The four
types are known as bands, tribes,
chiefdoms and early states.
Bands
These are small-scale societies, generally of fewer than 100 people, who live by hunting and
gathering, moving seasonally to take advantage of wild (undomesticated) food sources. Most
groups who live in this way today, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa,
would be classified as bands. The members of one band are generally related to each other, either
by descent or by marriage, Bands lack formal leaders, so that there are no clear economic
differences or other differences in status among the members, Because bands are composed of
mobile groups, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and some other sites,
such as work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities are carried out
Archaeological sites associated with this type of society may show evidence of insubstantial
dwellings, along with the debris of residential occupation, Most sites from the Paleolithic
period(more than 12,000 years ago) seem to be associated with groups of this type.
Tribes
These are generally larger than bands, but rarely number more than a few thousand people,
whose diet is mainly based on plants or domestic animals. Typically, these people are settled
farmers, but for some groups life is nomadic, with a mobile economy based on herds of animals.
Although some tribes have officials, these lack the economic base necessary for effective use of
power. The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of permanent agricultural homesteads or
villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead,
the archaeologist often finds evidence of isolated, permanently occupied houses, or permanent
villages. These latter may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses like those of the first
farmers of the Danube Valley in Europe, or their houses may be grouped together, as in the
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pueblos of the American southwest, or the early farming village of Catalhoyiik in what is now
Turkey.
Chiefdoms
These operate on the principle of ranking - differences in social status between people. Different
lineages (groups claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige,
and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank
are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no true stratification into
classes. The role of the chief is crucial
Often, there is local specialization in craft products such as pottery, cloth and leatherware, and
any surplus of these and of foodstuffs is periodically paid to the chief, He uses these to pay his
retainers, and may also redistribute them to his subjects as rewards. The chiefdom generally has
a centre of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft
specialists, Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between 5,000and 20,000
persons Chiefdoms give indications that some sites were more important than others, and may
have operated as permanent ritual and ceremonial centres, although they were not centres with
an established bureaucracy. Examples are Moundville in Alabama USA, or the late Neolithic
monuments of Wessex in southern Britain, including the famous ceremonial centre of
Stonehenge.
Early states
These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler, perhaps a king or queen, has
explicit authority to establish laws and to enforce them by the use of a standing army. The society
no longer depends on kin relationships, but is stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers
and the poorer urban dwellers make up the base of the pyramid, with the craft specialists above
them and the priests and relatives of the ruler higher still. The society is regarded as a territory
owned by the ruling lineage, and populated by tenants who have the obligation to pay taxes. The
central capital houses the officials of a bureaucratic administration, One of their main functions
is to collect revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and
craft specialists. Many early states developed complex distribution systems to support these
essential services.
Early state societies show a characteristic settlement pattern in which cities play the
predominant part, The city is typically a large population centre, often of more than 5,000people,
with major public buildings, and often there is a pronounced settlement hierarchy with the capital
city as the major centre, and subsidiary or regional centres as well as local villages.
Certainly, it would be wrong to overemphasize the importance of the four types of society given
above, or to spend too long agonising as to whether a particular society should be classified in
one category or another, However, in seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and
hence concepts to do so, Elman Service's categories provide us with a good framework to
organize our thoughts. They should not, however, deflect us from focusing on changes over time in
the different institutions of a society, whether in the social sphere, the organisation of the food
quest, technology, contact and exchange, or the spiritual life
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Questions 1-7
In boxes.1-7 on your answer sheet, write
1 There is usually little difference in wealth between the various members of a band.
2 In tribes, farmers typically grow a wide range of food plants.
3 A typical tribe has one settlement which is.more important than others.
4 in a chiefdom, social status usually depends on the amount of land a person owns
5 A chiefdom typically contains some workers who are engaged in making goods.
6 An early state may depend on military power to maintain law and order
7 Bureaucratic officials in early states receive higher salaries than any other workers.
Questions 8-13
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer
8 What items do bands produce at work sites?
9 Which way of life, apart from settled farming, may be followed by people in tribes?
10 How were houses arranged in the village of Catalh&yak?10
11 Which items, apart from craft goods, may be given by a chief to members of his chiefdom?
12 What is usually the maximum number of people living in a society which has a chief?
13 Apart from less wealthy inhabitants of cities, which group forms the lowest class in an
early state?
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READING PASSAGE 20
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
on pages 5 and 6.
UNDOING OUR EMOTIONS

A Three generations ago, 180 young women wrote essays describing why they wanted to join a
convent (a religious community of nuns), Years later, a team of psychological researchers came
across these autobiographies in the convent’s archives, The researchers were seeking material to
confirm Earlie studies hinting at a link between having a good vocabulary in youth and a low risk of
Alzheimer's disease in old age What they found was even more amazing The researchers found
that, although the young women were in their early twenties when they wrote their essays, the
emotions expressed in these writings were predictive of how long they would live: those with
upbeat autobiographies lived more than ten years longer than those whose language was more
neutral, Deborah Danner, a psychologist at the University of Kentucky who spearheaded the
study, noted that the results were particularly striking because all members of the convent lived
similar lifestyles, eliminating many variables that normally make it difficult to interpret longevity
studies. 'It was a phenomenal finding’ she says. "A researcher gets a finding like that maybe once
in a lifetime.' However, she points out that no one has been able to determine why positive
emotions might have such life-extending effects.
B Barbara Fredrickson, Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan, believes that part of
the answer is the 'undo effect'. According to this theory positive emotions help you live longer by
shutting down the effects of negative ones. Fredrickson's theory begins with the observation that
negative emotions, like fear and stress, enhance our flight-or-fight response to very real threats,
However, even when the emergency is gone, negative emotions produce lingering effects. Brooks
Gump, a stress researcher at the State University of New York, explains that one of these effects is
excessive cardiovascular reactivity. Behaviorally, Gump says, this reactivity is related to excessive
vigilance: the state of being constantly on guard for potential dangers. Not only is it physically
draining to live in a perpetual state of high vigilance, but high cardiovascular reactivity could be
linked to increased chances of heart attack.
C Fredrickson believes positive emotions work their magic by producing a rapid unwinding of
pent- up tension, restoring the system to normal. People who quickly bounce back from stress
often speed the process by harnessing such emotions as amusement, interest, excitement, and
happiness, she says.
To test her theory, Fredrickson told a group of student volunteers that they had only a few minutes
to prepare a speech that would be critiqued by experts, After letting the students get nervous
about that, Fredrickson then told them they wouldn't actually have to deliver their speeches. She
monitored heart rates and blood pressure, Not surprisingly, all students got nervous about their
speeches, but those who viewed the experiment with good-humoured excitement saw their heart
rates return to normal much more quickly than those who were angry about being fooled. In a
second experiment, Fredrickson reported that even those who normally were slow to bounce
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back could be coached to recover more quickly by being told to view the experiment as a
challenge, rather than a threat.
D Fredrickson believes that positive emotions make people more flexible and creative, Negative
emotions, she says, give a heightened sense of detail that makes us hypersensitive to minute
clues related to the source of a threat. But that also produces 'tunnel vision' in which we ignore
anything unrelated to the danger, Fredrickson speculated that just as positive emotions can undo
the cardiovascular effects of negative ones, they may also reverse the attention-narrowing effects
of negative feelings: broadening our perspectives.
E To verify her theory, Fredrickson showed a group of students some film clips- some saw
frightening clips, some saw humorous ones or peaceful ones. They then did a matching test in
which they were shown a simple drawing and asked which of two other drawings it most
resembled, The drawings were designed so that people would tend to give one answer if they
focused on details, and another answer if they focused on the big picture. The results confirmed
Fredrickson's suspicion that positive emotions affect our perceptions. Students who had seen the
humorous or peaceful clips were more likely to match objects according to broad impressions.
F This fits with the role that positive emotions might have played in early human tribes,
Fredrickson says Negative emotions provided focus, which was important for surviving in life-or-
death situations, but the ability to feel positive emotions was of long-term value because it
opened the mind to new ideas. Humour is a good example of this, She says: The emotions are
transient, but the resources are durable. If you build a friendship through being playful, that
friendship is a lasting resource.' So while the good feelings may pass, the friendship remains. On
an individual level, Fredrickson’s theory also says that taking time to do things that make you feel
happy isn't simply self-indulgent, Not only are these emotions good for the individual, but they are
also good for society. G Other researchers are intrigued by Fredrickson's findings. Susan Folkman,
of the University of California, has spent two decades studying how people cope with long-term
stresses such as bereavement, or caring for a chronically ill child. Contrary to what one might
expect, she says, these people frequently experience positive emotions. These emotions aren't
thereby accident', she adds, 'Mother Nature doesn't work that way. I think that they give a person
time out from the intense stress to restore their resources and keep going. This is very consistent
with Fredrickson's work.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
14 a conclusion that it is possible to train people to deal with anxiety
15 conclusive evidence that lifespan can be influenced by emotions
16 an explanation of the way negative emotions affect what people concentrate on
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17 an experiment that showed how a positive outlook can help people adjust to a stressful
situation faster than others
18a discovery beyond what researchers were investigating
19 an experiment where the nature of material seen by participants affected the way they
performed a task
Questions 20- 23
Look at the following statements (Questions 20-23) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D.
20 People whose daily lives are stressful often have surprisingly positive emotions.
21 The body's reaction to a crisis may trigger a life-threatening event.21
22 It is unusual to have a study group whose circumstances were very alike.
23 The reasons for a link between positive emotions and a longer life have not been
established.
List of Researchers
A Deborah Danner B Barbara Fredrickson
C Brooks Gump D Susan Folkman
Questions 24 - 26 Complete the sentences below.

24 In early tribes, negative emotions gave humans the …………… that they needed to deal with
emergencies.
25 Fredrickson believes that a passing positive emotion can lead to an enduring asset such as
a……………………., which is useful in times to come.
26 Fredrickson also believes that both individuals and…………benefit from positive emotions.
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READING PASSAGE 21
3on pages 9 and 10.
THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT

The starkly modern Beinecke Library at Yale University is home to some of the most valuable
books in the world: first folios of Shakespeare, Gutenberg Bibles and manuscripts from the early
Middle Ages, Yet the library's most controversial possession is an unprepossessing vellum
manuscript about
the size of a hardback book, containing 240-odd pages of drawings and text of unknown age and
authorship. Catalogued as MS408, the manuscript would attract little attention were it not for the
fact that the drawings hint at esoteric knowledge, while the text seems to be some sort of code -
one that no-one has been able to break. It's known to scholars as the Voynich manuscript, after
the American book dealer Wilfrid Voynich, who bought the manuscript from a Jesuit college in
Italy in 1912.
Over the years, the manuscript has attracted the attention of everyone from amateur dabblers to
top codebreakers, all determined to succeed where countless others have failed. Academic
research papers, books and websites are devoted to making sense of the contents of the
manuscript, which are freely available to all "Most other mysteries involve secondhand reports,'
says Dr Gordon Rugg of Keele University, a leading Voynich expert. But this is one that you can see
for yourself.
It is certainly strange: page after page of drawings of weird plants, astrological symbolism and
human figures, accompanied by a script that looks likesome form of shorthand, What does it say-
and what are the drawings about? Voynich himself believed that the manuscript was the work of
the 13th-century English monk Roger Bacon, famed for his knowledge of alchemy, philosophy and
science. In 1921 Voynich's view that Bacon was the writer appeared to win support from the work
of William Newbold, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, who claimed to
have found the key to the cipher system used by Bacon. According to Newbold, the manuscript
proved that Bacon had access to a microscope centuries before they were supposedly first
invented, The claim that this medieval monk had observed living ceils created a sensation. It soon
became clear, however, that Newbold had fallen victim to wishful thinking. Other scholars
showed that his 'decoding' methods produced a host of possible interpretations. The Voynich
manuscript has continued to defy the efforts of world-class experts. In 1944, a team was
assembled to tackle the mystery, led by William Friedman, the renowned American codebreaker.
They began with the most basic codebreakinq task: analysing the relative frequencies of the
characters making up the text, looking for signs of an underlying structure. YetFriedman's team
soon found themselves in deep water. The precise size of the ‘alphabet' of the Voynich manuscript
was unclear: it's possible to make out more than 70 distinct symbols among the170,000-
character text. Furthermore, Friedman discovered that some words and phrases appeared more
73
often than expected in a standard language, casting doubt on claims that the manuscript
concealed a real language, as encryption typically reduces word frequencies.
Friedman concluded that the most plausible resolution of this paradox was that "Voynichese' is
some sort of specially created artificial language, whose words are devised from concepts, rather
than linguistics. So, could the Voynich manuscript be the earliest known example of an artificial
language? Friedman’s hypothesis commands respect because of the lifetime of cryptanalytical
expertise he brought to bear,' says Rob Churchill, co-author of 7heVoynich Manuscript, that still
leaves a host of questions unanswered, however, such as the identity of the author and the
meaning of the bizarre drawings. 'It does little to advance our understanding of the manuscript as
a whole,' says Churchill. Even though Friedman was working more than 60 years ago, he
suspected that major insights would come from using the device that had already transformed
codebreaking: the computer. In this he was right - it is now the key tool for uncovering clues about
the manuscript's language.
The insights so far have been perplexing. For example, in 2001 another leading Voynich scholar, Dr
Gabriel Landin of Birmingham University in the UK, published the results of his study of the
manuscript using a pattern-detecting method called spectral analysis. This revealed evidence
that the manuscript contains genuine words, rather than random nonsense, consistent with the
existence of some underlying natural language. Yet the following year, Voynich expert Ren
Zandbergen of the European Space Agency in Darmstadt, Germany showed that the entropy of
the text (a measure of the rate of transfer of information) was consistent with Friedman's
suspicions that an artificial language had been used.
Many are convinced that the Voynich manuscript isn't a hoax. For how could a medieval hoaxer
create so many telltale signs of a message from random nonsense? Yet even this has been
challenged in new research by Rugg. Using a system, first published by the Italian mathematician
Girolamo Cardano in 1150in which a specially constructed grille issued to pick out symbols from
a table, Rugg found he could rapidly generate text with many of the basic traits of the Voynich
manuscript. Publishing his results in 2004Rugg stresses that he hadn't set out to prove the
manuscript a hoax. 'I simply demonstrated that it's feasible to hoax something this complex in a
few months, he says. Inevitably, others beg to differ. Somescholars, such as Zandbergen, still
suspect the text has genuine meaning, though believe it may never be decipherable. Others, such
as Churchill, have suggested that the sheer weirdness of the illustrations and text hint at an
author who had lost touch with reality. What is clear is that the book-sized manuscript kept under
lock and key at Yale University has lost none of its fascination. “Many derive great intellectual
pleasure from solving puzzles,' says Rugg.
The Voynich manuscript is as challenging a puzzle as anyone could ask for.
74
Questions 27-30
27 It is uncertain when the Voynich manuscript was written.
28 Wilfrid Voynich donated the manuscript to the Beinecke Library.
29 Interest in the Voynich manuscript extends beyond that of academics and professional
codebreakers.
30 The text of the Voynich manuscript contains just under 70 symbols
Questions 31 - 34
Match each statement with the correct person, A-H.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.
31 The number of times that some words occur make it unlikely that the manuscript is based
on an authentic language.
32 Unlike some other similar objects of fascination, people can gain direct access to
the32Voynich manuscript.
33 The person who wrote the manuscript may not have been entirely sane.33
34 It is likely that the author of the manuscript is the same person as suggested by Wilfrid
Voynich
Questions 35- 39 Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.
75
Voynich Researchers
William Newbold believed that the author of the Voynich manuscript had been able to look at
cells through a 35…………, Other researchers later demonstrated that there were flaws in his
argument. William Friedman concluded that the manuscript was written in an artificial language
that was based on 36……….., He couldn't find out the meaning of this language but he believed
that the 37…………. would continue to bring advances in codebreaking.
Dr Gabriel Landini used a system known as 38 ………….. in his research, and claims to have
demonstrated the presence of genuine words.
Dr Gordon Rugg's system involved a grille, that made it possible to quickly select symbols that
appeared in a 39…………..Rugg's conclusion was that the manuscript lacked genuine meaning.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
The writer's main aim in this passage is to
A explain the meaning of the manuscript.
B determine the true identity of the manuscript's author.
C describe the numerous attempts to decode the manuscript.
D identify which research into the manuscript has had the most media coverage.
76
READING PASSAGE 22
WHAT MAKES A MUSICAL EXPERT?

How does someone become expert in music? And IS it really possible to
have a talent' for music?
Does that class of people acknowledged to be musical experts just have
more of the same basic skills we are all endowed with, or do they have a
set of abilities - or neural structures - that are totally different from those
of the rest of US? Are high levels of musical achievement simply the
result of training and practice, or are they based on innate brain structure
- what we refer to as talent’? Talent can be defined as something that
originates in genetic structures and that is identifiable by trained people who can recognize its
existence before a person has achieved exceptional levels of performance The emphasis on early
identification means that to investigate it, we study the development of skills in children.
It is evident that some children acquire skills more rapidly than others the age of onset for walking
and talking varies widely, even between children in the same household There may be genetic
factors at work, but these are closely linked with other factors - with a presumably environmental
component - such as motivation and family dynamics Similar factors can influence musical
development and can mask the contribution of genetics to musical ability.
Brain studies, so far, haven't been of much use in sorting out the issues Gottfried Schlaug at
Harvard collected brain scans of individuals with absolute pitch (AP) and showed that a region in
the brain called the planum temporale is larger in these people than in others This suggests that
the planum is involved in AP, but it’s not clear if it starts out larger in people who eventually
acquire AP. or if the acquisition of AP makes the planum increase in size.
Results of research into the areas of the brain involved in skilled motor movement are more
conclusive Studies of violin players have shown that the region of the brain responsible for
controlling the movement of the left hand (the hand that requires greater precision in violin
playing) increases in size as a result of practice We do not know yet if the propensity for increase
pre-exists in some-peopled not others.
The evidence against talent comes from research on how much training the experts do Like
experts in mathematics, chess, or sports, experts in music require lengthy periods of instruction
and practice In several studies, the very best music students.
Were found to have practiced more than twice as much as the others In another study, students
were secretly divided into two groups based on teachers’ perceptions of their talent Several years
later, it was found that the students who achieved the highest performance ratings had practiced
the most, irrespective of which talent’ group they had been assigned to, suggesting that practice
does not merely correlate with achievement, but causes it.
Anders Ericsson, at Florida state University, approaches the topic of musical expertise as a
general problem in cognitive psychology He takes as a starting point the assumption that there
are certain issues involved in becoming an expert at anything: that we can learn about musical
77
expertise by studying expert chess players, athletes, artists, mathematicians, as well as the
musicians themselves The emerging picture from such studies is that ten thousand hours of
practice is required to achieve the level of mastery associated with being a world-class expert - in
anything In study after study: of composers, ice skaters, concert pianists, chess players and
master criminals, this number comes up again and again Someone would do this amount of
practice if they practiced, for example, roughly 20 hours a week for ten years Of course, this does
not address why some people do not seem to get anywhere when they practice, and why some
people get more out of their practice sessions than others But no-one has yet found a case in
which true world-class expertise was accomplished in less time It seems that it takes the brain
this long to assimilate all that it needs to know to achieve true mastery
The ten-thousand-hour theory is consistent with what we know about how the brain learns
Learning requires the assimilation and consolidation of information in neural tissue The more
experiences we have with something, the stronger the memory/learning trace for that experience
becomes Although people differ in how long it takes them to consolidate information neutrally, it
remains true that increased practice leads to a greater number of neural traces, which create
stronger memory representation
The classic rebuttal to this theory goes something like this 'What about Mozart? I hear that he
composed his first symphony at the age of fourl’ First, there is a factual error here Mozart did not
write it until he was eight, still, this is unusual, to say the least However, this early work received
little acclaim and was not performed very often In fact, the only reason we know about it is
because the child who wrote it grew up to become Mozart And Mozart had an expert teacher in his
father, who was renowned as a teacher of musicians all over Europe We do not know how much
Mozart practiced, but if he started at age two and worked thirty- two hours a week (quite possible,
given that his father was a stern taskmaster) he would have made his ten thousand hours by the
time he composed his first symphony This does not mean that there are no genetic factors
involved in Mozart's greatness, but that inborn traits may not be the only cause.
Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B, cor D.
1 In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that a musician who IS talented someone
A who is aware of being set apart from other people
B whose brain structure is unlike that of other people,
C who can perform extremely well in early childhood D whose essential skills are more varied
than those of ordinary people
2 According to the writer, what is unclear about the findings of Gottfried Schlaug?
A which part of the brain is linked to a particular musical skill
B which type of musical skill leads to the greatest change in the brain
78
C whether a feature of the brain is a cause or an effect of a musical skill
D whether the acquisition of a musical skill is easier for some people than others
3 According to the writer, what has been established by studies of violin players?
A Changes may occur in the brain following violin practice
B Left-handed violinists have a different brain structure from other people,
C A violinist’s hand size is not due to practice but to genetic factors D Violinists are born with
brains that have a particular structure
4 According to the writer, findings on the amount of practices done by expert musicians
suggest that
A. talent may have little to do with expertise
B. practice may actually prevent the development of talent
C. talent may not be recognised by teachers
D. expertise may be related to quality of instruction.
Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In boxes 5-10
on your answer sheet, write

NOT GIVEN if It is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
5 Anders Ericsson's work with cognitive psychology has influenced other researchers
6 Different areas of expertise seem to have one specific thing in common
7 In order to be useful, practice must be carried out regularly every day
8 Anyone who practices for long enough can reach the level of a world-class expert
9 Occasionally, someone can become an expert at global level with fewer than 10,000 hours'
practice
10 Existing knowledge of learning and cognitive skills supports the importance of practice.
Questions 12-14
Complete the summary using the list of words. A-J, below
Write the correct letter. A-J, in boxes 12-14 on your answer sheet
79
MOZART
The case of Mozart could be quoted as evidence against the 10.000-hour-practice theory
However, the writer points out that the young Mozart received a lot of 11…………………from
his father, and that the symphony he wrote at the age of 12………………………………..was not
13…………………………and may be of only academic interest The case therefore supports the
view that expertise is not solely the result of 14……………………….characteristics.
A popular B artistic C completed
D eight E tuition F encouragement
G inherited H four I practice
J two
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READING PASSAGE 23
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13. which arc based on Reading Passage I on
pages 2 and 3.
CLARENCE BIRDSEYE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FROZEN FOOD
Bom in 1886 in New York, the American naturalist Clarence Birdscvc had an instinctive curiosity, a
love of food, and a strong entrepreneurial streak. At the age often, he was hunting, selling live
animals and teaching himself taxidermy, the art of preserving and mounting the skins of animals.
He studied science m college, but had to drop out because tuition was too expensive. Forced to
support himself, he moved west, where he worked in Montana as an assistant naturalist,
capturing small mammals to study the parasites that they often carried in their fur. Eventually,
partly as a result of this research, (he source of a prevalent disease was isolated.
Within a few years. Birdseye moved to the arctic tundra of Labrador, in what is now northern
Canada, where he worked for several years as a fur trader. He spent much of his time among the
local trappers w ho w orked year-round in the icy w ilderness, and he rode long journeys with a
nine- dog sled to purchase goods that were exported to a company in New York. It appeared that
Birdseye relished the challenge that came w ith the cold climate and rugged landscape of
Labrador.
However, the food in l abrador left a great deal to be desired. The bleak climate meant that
everything he ate during the winter was either from cans or frozen. When the frozen food was
thawed. Birdscvc found it to be tasteless. What’s more, the texture of the food became mushy and
unappealing. Other than fish, there were no :resh sources of food, so the naturalist took up ice
fishing w ith some of the local Inuit people, carving holes in frozen lakes and casting a line for
tmut. With air temperatures so far below zero, a fish pulled out of the lake would freeze solid in a
matter of seconds. But when he thawed out the frozen trout. Birdseve found it tasted far fresher
than the usual food he was used to eating. Unwittingly. the young adventurer had made a powerful
discovery. He would come to realize that the dramatic difference in taste was all due to the speed
of the freezing process, or w hat w e call 'flash freezing’, and that by recreating the science, he
could make high quality frozen food.
In the first decades of the 20th century, the frozen-food business was considered to be the very
bottom of the barrel. Frozen food was terrible. In fact, it was even banned in New- York State
prisons for being beneath the culinary’ standard of convicts. A key problem was that the food w as
being frozen a: relatively high temperatures, often just a few degrees below freezing. A slow freeze
allowed ice to form larger crystals that broke the membranes surrounding and protecting each of
the cells w ithin the food. When the food was defrosted, the ice cry stals melted and the juice
would leak out. But Hash freezing asoided this problem, plus scientific advances had made it
possible to artificially produce temperatures that were much like Birdseye had experienced in
Labrador. By the early 1920s. Birdseye had created a Hash-freezing process using cartons of fish,
stacked and frozen at minus 40 degrees Celsius.
81
Birdseye was also concerned about eliminating the little air pockets that in whole fish could
harbor bacteria and lead to decomposition. So a key pan of his original 1924 process called for
remov ing the bones, which allowed the fish parts to be tightly packed into rectangular fiberboard
boxes. Birdseye hud to pioneer almost everything else in his process as well. This included
inventing a glue for the packaging boxes, to withstand the changes in temperature, as well as a
wateipioof ink foi the labels. He found that just about anything he fio/e with his method — fruit,
meat, vegetables — would be remarkably fresh after thawing.
Frozen food was still more than a decade away from becoming common in the average diet across
the United States. This required a critical mass of freezers — in supermarkets and home kitchens
that wouldn't be available until the late 1940s. But Birdseye’s experiments were so promising that
in 1929, his company. General Seafood, was acquired by the Postum Cereal Company. His
adventures in ice fishing had made him a multimillionaire.
In our current age of locally sourced fi»od production, frozen food has fallen out of favor w ith the
public. But the adv ent of flash-frozen food had a positive impact on the American economy and
the health of every day people. It extended distribution across the entire country' so that fish
caught in the North Atlantic could be eaten in distant cities like Denver or Dallas. And produce
harvested in summer could be consumed months later. By the mid-20th century, frozen food w as
a worldwide phenomenon.
In fact, while nutritionists today would prefer we eat fresh food grown locally, they acknow ledge
the value of frozen food. And scientists at the University of Chester in England came to the same
conclusion after performing tests on the nutritional value of frozen produce. They found in many
cases that frozen fruits and vegetables are more nutritious and healthier than the regular unfrozen
variety sold in stores. This is because the minute a fruit or vegetable is harvested, it begins to
decay. But, as most frozen fruits and vegetables are flash-frozen within hours of their harvest, at
their peak of ripeness, this locks in many of the important nutrients. Meanwhile, the unfrozen
produce can undergo change w hile being transported thousands of kilometers over several days.
In one report, the v itamin C content in raspberries frozen for a year w as compared to that of
unfrozen raspberries stored in a refrigerator for three days. Their levels of vitamin C were nearly
the same.
Questions I - 7 Complete the notes below.
Write your answers in boxes I-7 on your answer sheet.
Clarence Birdseve and the Frozen Food Industry
Early adventures
• Birdseye grew up hunting and selling animals
• he left 1………………….for financial reasons
• his work in Montana was a factor in finding the cause of a widespread 2………………
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• he moved to Labrador, where he bought furs for a New York company
• lie enjoyed the 3……………… of living in such a liaish cnviioilmen!
A better way to freeze food
• Birdseye realised that the process of freezing and thaw ing food changed its taste and
texture
• while fishing with the Inuit. he made a 4………………that could improve frozen food
• in the early 20th century, the quality of frozen food was so poor that even some 5
couldn't serve it
• Birdseye found that w hen food w as flash-frozen, the 6………………of the cells w ere kept
intact
• taking out bones from w hole fish minimised the air content of the packaging
• Birdseye also created a new kind of 7………………and glue for packaging
• because supermarkets and kitchens lacked freezers, frozen food was not part of the
typical American diet before the late 1940s.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage I?
8 The public today has a positive view of frozen foods.
9 Most North Atlantic fish arc caught dunng the summer.
10 Nutritionists and university scientists disagree about whether frozen food is beneficial.
11 Produce can lose nutrients soon after being picked.
12 Most produce that is going to be frozen is picked when it's perfectly ripe.
13 Raspberries arc among the best sources of vitamin C.
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READING PASSAGE 24
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which ate based on Reading Passage 2
on pages 6 and 7.
The Rise of Telecommuting

Telecommuting, or ’remote work', is an arrangement in which
employees do not commute to a
place of work
A The most complete definition of a 'telecommuter* is
someone employed full time at a private, nonprofit or government organization who works at hast
half the time at home By one estimate, telecommuting rose 79 percent between 2005 and 2012
and by 2014 made up 26 percent of the work force in the United States, or 3.2 million workers,
according to the American Community Survey.
However, the scope of telecommuting has at tin es been expanded to include the self-employed;
those whose work has to be done outside an office, such as taxi drivers, plumpers and
construction workers: companies where everyone works remotely, so there is no centralized
office: and those who work at heme one dav or less a week If all ot those workers are me laded,
the number of Americans who work remotely can reach as high as 30 percent
Jenn ler Glass, a professor ol sociology at the University of Texas in the United States, has studied
teleworking lor two decades, and says mush ol whjl managers and professionals call
telecommuting occurs alter a 40-hour week spent in the office. People check email, return calls
and write reporls from home, but in the evenings and weekends. This is not strictly telecommuting
as the general population would understand it.
B There is a widespread perception that telecommuting is usually done by someone in their 20s.
or a mother with small children .In fact, according to numbers from the Census Bureau's annual
American Community Survey, the typical telecommuter is a 49-ycar-old college graduate man or
woman who belongs to a company with more than 100 employees The phenomenon appears to
he grow mg: the annual survey last year by the Society for Human Resource Management found a
greater increase in the number of companies planning to offer telecommuting than those offering
any other new benefit. And it seems that w inter conditions might push the trend even faster.
Federal employees in Washington who worked from hone recently during four official snow days.
saved the government an estimated S3Z million, according to Kale I. islet, president of Global
Workplace Analytics.
C Kipp Jarecke-Cheng fits the typical teleworker profile he is 44. and for the last year has been
director of global public relations and communications lor a design and technology consulting
company based in Montrea in Canada At hi sold job. he coir muted about 45 minutes to
Manhanan from his home tn New Jersey, but he chose to telecommute to he closer to his wife and
children. Jarecke-Cheng found that it took some time to get used to working at hone Like many
teleworkers, he found that communicating with his colleagues and subordinates was more
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difficult, at least initiall) 'Probably one of the biggest transitions was that in a physical office, you
can stroll by and ask questions.' says Jarecke-Cheng Mere . Here I have to accumulate a list of
questions. But it helped tremendously, he said, that after he was hired, his employer sent him to
its national and international offices to sec people face-to- face. Tie not just a name on an email.*
he explains.
D David Haddad of New York City began w orking remotely as chief executive of a nonprofit start-
up in 2011. His start-up is made up solely of telecommuters, with no centrali/cd location. Haddad
likes the flexibility, but there are downsides 'It's difficult to keep tabs of what everyone is doing, as
well as keep myselff motivated to constantly report on my goals.' he said
While technology can't replace the human connection. Haddad says it makes communicating
easier. Video conferencing is used, as arc communications apps which provide virtual places for
people to drop in and 'visit'. For some people, virtual connections arc enough, while for others
nothing takes the place of bang able to chat w ith a colleague ova an office cubicle divider
E Nicholas Bloom, a professor of economics at Stanford L’mv ersity in the US. teamed up
With China’s largest travel agency to test some ideas about telecommuting Ova nine months,
about 250 workers volunteered for the experiment, half were randomly chosen to work at home
and half in the office. At the end of the experiment, employers found that the home-based
employees worked more than office workers 9.5 paccnt longer and were 13 percent more
productive. Also, by reducing office space, the company saved what would amount to USS2.000
pa employee annually Bloom reports that the home-based workers also were judged to be
happier, as quitting rates woe cut in half. Howeva. those working at home were also promoted at
half the rate of their colleagues working in the office. 'It may be a case of "out of sight, out of
mind”' Professor Bloom said. 'Or it might be that you're not drinking in the bar with your boss Or it
could be you're not managing your employees as well if you're not around them
F Interestingly, at the end of the experiment. 50 percent of those who worked at home asked to
come back to the office. They said they were lonely and didn't like being passed over for
promotion. It does seem that most people like to have some combination of home and office
wort' according to Lista. 'that’s the
Reading Passage 2 has six sections. A-F.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F. in boxes 14-19 or your answer sheet.
SB You mav use any letter more than once.
14 an example of a company w here all of the employees w ork remotely
15 an explanation of why some workers chose to stop telecommuting once they had tned it
16 a discussion of the kinds of working arrangements that qualify as telecommuting
17 a comparison between telecommuters and other workers in terms of efficiency
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18 an example of a person who is telecommuting for family reasons
19 reasons w hy teleworkers may have fewer career opportunities than workers in offices
Questions 20 — 23
Match each statement w ith the correct person. A. B. C or D
Write the correct letter. A. B. C’ or l>. in boxes 20-23 on >our answer sheet.
20 Finding out information from co-workers is a less casual process for a telecommuter.
21 Telecommuters were less likely than office workers to leave their jobs
22 Bad weather proved cost-effective for an employer.
23 Meeting people initially in person is beneficial for someone w ho works from home.
List of People
A Jennifer Glass
B Kate Lister
C Kipp Jareckc-Chcng
D Nicholas Bloom
Questions 24 26
Wnte your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet
DAVID HADDAD. CEO

David Haddad leads an organisation that does not have a 24………… workplace. For
Haddad. 25……………is an advantage of telecommuting. However, he finds it challenging to
keep track of w orkers' activities and to keep informing people about his 26……………………….
Although it is not the same as live personal contact. Haddad finds that technology helps people
interact.
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READING PASSAGE 25
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40. which arc based on Reading Passage 3
on pages 10 and 11.
An enterprise education programme in Hong Kong
The Teen Entrepreneurs Competition (TEC) is an enterprise education programme developed by

the Business Studies Division at the Hong Kong Institute of Education (HKIEd) the major training
body for school teachers in Hong Kong. It has the following key objectives: to enable secondary
school business students to integrate their conceptual learning with real business practices; to
promote a collaborative approach to enterprise education; and to build up formal links between
HKIKd. schools and entrepreneurs.
Among the various enterprise programmes in Hong Kong, TEC is unique as it is principally
organised by pre-sen ice teachers on their B.Ed course. At the beginning of the academic year,
these pre-service teachers form an executive committee, ihev are advised bv tutors in the
Business Studies Division and some of them are selected to act as TEC instructors. These
instructors attend a senes of training sessions that cover the concepts of entrepreneurship and
practical skills for business start-ups. They are then sent to the schools to co-work with teachers
and meet the competition teams.
Over a three-month penod, the teams are required to brainstorm an innovative business start-up
that is suitable for the Chinese New Year. They then draft a business proposal, turn this into a real
business by sourcing or creating their products, and set up a market stall at the IIKIEd campus.
The teams' business ideas and sales performance are assessed by an adjudicating panel that is
made up of entrepreneurs, school principals, teachers, students and customers.
TEC has run annually for three years and has received favourable responses from both the
education and local communities. In a recent evaluation survey, most participants ranked
themselves in the satisfactory performance category and considered they had gamed practical
skills to run a small business. A typical response was: 'I understand enterprise better and have
developed a good team spirit.' Moreover, positive views were obtained from some participants
despite the fact that they had not had a good experience. For example, one participant reflected:
“I initially received a lot of criticism and even thought about giving up However. I eventually
learned to work in a systematic way.” The positive evaluation outcomes came not only from
participants but from other stakeholders as well. The adjudicators commented that most of the
business plans demonstrated an adequate understanding and application of entrepreneurship in
the context of seasonal sales. In addition, the school teachers stated that TEC was a good
platform in that it enabled their students to engage in business. They felt the zero drop-out rate
strongly supported their views on the promising future of TEC.
The positive post-activity evaluations were indications of the programme's success, but an
assessment of how well TEC met its objectives will clarify how sustainable it is as an enterprise
education programme. One objective was to provide participants with the opportunity to integrate
87
conceptual learning with real business situations. The research studies that were carried out
indicated that the school students taking part in TEC were able to apply entrepreneurial
knowledge gained in their studies to the authentic business situations created by the programme.
In fact, participants not only succeeded in doing this, but also increased their overall
understanding of business enterprise.
However, the financial and manpower support required by this kind of practical experience is
beyond the resources of many schools. In fact, most teachers ha\c little choice but to adopt a
limited range of teaching methods, mostly based around traditional ones. Moreover, the dominant
examination-orientated culture leads teachers to concentrate on written tests rather than explore
practical experiences. TEC. however, is able to empower participants to be active learning agents,
and prov ides a feasible means of filling the gap in educational provision.
The research studies also demonstrated that the objective of promoting a collaborative approach
to enterprise education was met. From the very start of the programme considerable emphasis
was placed on collaboration and teamwork. The participants had to cope in a learning
environment which was full of ever-changing challenges, and this meant they had to find way's to
deal with events as they occurred. This involved participants taking responsibility for their
assigned role within the team and working closely w ith other team members. Moreover, at certain
points, participants had to collaborate with other TEC stakeholders such as entrepreneurs and
members of the local community.
The third aim was to develop a network between business and the business education field Local
entrepreneurs acted as sponsors and had an important role in ensuring the programme financially
viable. The network broadly consisted of three tiers. The first tier was made up of key players,
including the participants, the teachers, the instructors and the executive committee. There was
close collaboration amongst these groups: members of the committee communicated regularly
with instructors to disseminate information to participants, and the school teachers and
instructors met often to provide suitable guidance to participants. The second tier was an
organisational level that mainly consisted of the participating schools and the HKIEd. The
contribution of the teacher training institute was to provide logistical support for implementing
the programme, including the provision of a venue and a credible point of contact between the
schools and the committee. Finally, the third tier consisted of the entrepreneurs who served as
judges or sponsors, community groups, the local press and the customers themselves The
positive responses of all these stakeholders and their continuing support is a vote of confidence
for the sustainability of TEC in Hong Kong.
88
Questions 27-32
Complete the summary using the list of words. A-K. below
Write the correct letter. A-K. in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet
The Teen Entrepreneurs Competition — an outline

The Teen Entrepreneurs Competition (TK'I is an enterprise education initialise deseloped by the
Hong Kong Institute of Education (HKIEd). The executive committee that organises the event is
made up of pre-service teachers who receive 27……………from HKIEd staff
The 28 …………….. of the programme include giving secondary school students the
opportunity to get involved in authentic business tasks and developing a 29 ……………consisting
of the institute, local business people and schools The teams that take part receive practical
support
from a group of instructors Before meeting the teams The instructors go to 30 ……………
where they develop practical skills and are taught a range of entrepreneurial 31……………
The competition requires teams to come up with a new business 32……………for the
Chinese New Year The teams also write business plans and purchase or make their products .
The judges, who include business people and education professionals consider their business
performance and sales.
A management B venture C resources
D w orkshops E companies F guidance
G finance H theories I outcomes
J aims K network
Questions 33-36
Do the following statements agree w ith the elaims of the water in Reading Passage 3? In boxes
33-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees vith the claims of the writer
NO if the statement coat raduts the clams of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossile to say what the writer thinks about this
33 The questionnaire results indicated that relatively few participants were satisfied with their
performance in TEC
34 One participant was initially tempted to withdraw from the competition
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35 School teachers believed that some of their students were better suilod to taking part in
the competition than ethers
36 School teachers thought that participants' sustained interest in the programme confirmed
their positive opinion of it..
Questions 37 — 40
Choose the correct letter. A. B. C or D
Write ihe correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet
37 In the sixth paragraph, what point does the writer make about the TEC programme?
A The programme enabled participants to put theory into practice.
B There is little agreement on how >ustainablc the programme is.
C The participants' evaluations of the programme were inconsistent.
D The p'ogramme showed how little part eiparts knew about business.
38 What does the writer say about the «»bjeclive of promoting a collaborative approach?
A Different participants adopted different strategies.
B The results of the research studies were inconclusive.
C The nature of the situations ensured that participants co-operated
D Some participants were unable to develop the relevant skills.
39 What docs the writer say about TEC’s connections with the business world?
A Entrepreneurs offered v aluanle professional adv ice.
B There were a few communication problems with the entrepreneurs.
C Some entrepreneurs were urwilling to provide a suitable venue
D Entrepreneurs helped to make the programme workable in terms of costs.
40 Accordmg to the final paragraph, the Hong Kong Institute of Education
A has voted to continue offering the programme.
B was central in securing support from community groups
C has improved its reputation as a result of the programme
D was a useful link between the other contributors
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READING PASSAGE 26
Flower power
Alexandria in Virginia, USA, and particularly its well-tended

Old Town section, is the sort of upscale suburb that rings
most major American cities. From the array of pubs, sushi-
restaurant chains and pasta joints that line its streets, you
would never guess that within 20 minutes you can find
some of the best Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pakistani
or Bolivian food in America. Its 18th-century homes have
been carefully maintained; now that the nasty, dirty
business of living in them is done, they are at last free to house upscale boutiques selling ornate
pepper-shakers, local wine, birthday cakes for dogs and other essentials. Yet this suburb was a
city before cars existed, making it especially dense, walkable and charming. It has also turned an
instrument of war into an instrument of art.
The day after the armistice that ended the first world war in 1918, the United States Navy began
building the US Naval Torpedo station on the waterfront across the Potomac and just downriver
from the Naval Research Laboratory in south-west Washington, DC. After a brief period of
production, it stored munitions between the wars. When the second world war broke out, it built
torpedoes for submarines and aircraft; when that war ended, the building was again used for
storage. In 1969, the local Alexandria government bought the site, which had grown to comprise
11 buildings, from the federal government.
Five years later, after all the debris was removed and walls erected, the main building was refitted
to house artists' studios. A quarter-century, and several extensive renovations, later the artists are
still there: over 160 of them sharing 82 studios, six galleries and two workshops. The Art League
School and the Alexandria Archaeology Museum also share the space, bringing in thousands
more aspirants and students. All of this makes the Torpedo Factory, as it is now called, a low-key,
family-friendly and craft-centred alternative to the many worthy galleries across the river.
The building is three-storeys tall; on the first floor the studios and galleries are laid out along a
single long hall. The arrangement grows more warrenlike, and the sense of discovery
concomitantly more pleasant, as you ascend. Artists work in a variety of media, including
painting, fibre, printmaking, ceramics, jewellery, stained glass and photography.
91
Don't anticipate anything game-changing or jaw-dropping here. Expect plenty of cats and cows in
different media, as well as watercolours of beach houses, ersatz Abstract Expressionist paintings,
stained glass made for the walls of large suburban houses, baubles and knick-knacks and
thingummies galore. All of it is skilfully done; most of it is pleasant.
The photography is an exception: the Multiple Exposures Gallery is first-rate, displaying not merely
beautiful pictures but inventive techniques as well. On a recent visit the gallery showcased
landscapes, including an especially arresting wide-angle aerial shot of a field in Fujian after a
storm. Crops glinted in the rising sun like rows of wet sapphires, the scalloped grey clouds
echoing the terraced farming beneath.
The Torpedo Factory's biggest draw, however, particularly for visitors with children, is not on what
is sold but in the demystifying access visitors have to artists. While the galleries function
traditionally, the artists work and sell out of the same studio; their raw materials and works in
progress, the artistry behind the art, are all on display. Many of them are happy and eager to talk;
one was soliciting the help of passers-by to complete a work, she wished to know how to say and
write a certain phrase in Hebrew vernacular, a quest that might take time to complete in a yachty
southern suburb. A metal sculptor sat on a stool patiently working a piece of metal back and forth
in his hands. The centre of his studio was filled with a huge hollow sphere made from hundreds of
cylinders of perhaps anodised aluminium. It seemed we were witnessing the first step in a
thousand-mile march.
Questions 1-7
Write True, False or Not Given.
1 Alexandria was a fairly unpleasant place to walk around.

2 The US Naval Torpedo station was used to store weapons.
3 The artists enjoy sharing the 82 studios of the Torpedo Factory.
4 The layout of the Torpedo Factory is open-plan.
5 Most of the art on display is very unusual.
6 The photography in the Multiple Exposures Gallery is of very high quality.
7 Some of the art work is on a very large scale.
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Questions 8-13
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
8 When the second world war had finished, the US Naval Torpedo station was used as
9 A number of were required over the last 25 years to make the Torpedo Factory what it is
today.
10 The layout of the building becomes as you get higher.
11 The photograph of the Fujian field caught the writer's attention.
12 One artist was asking visitors for with a Hebrew phrase.
13 The studio filled with reminded the writer of starting a long march.
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READING PASSAGE 27
How Well Do We Concentrate?
A. Do you read while listening to music? Do you like to

watch TV while finishing your homework? People who
have these kinds of habits are called multi-taskers.
Multitaskers are able to complete two tasks at the
same time by dividing their focus. However, Thomas
Lehman, a researcher in Psychology, believes people
never really do multiple things simultaneously. Maybe a person is reading while listening to music,
but in reality, the brain can only focus on one task. Reading the words in a book will cause you to
ignore some of the words of the music. When people think they are accomplishing two different
tasks efficiently, what they are really doing is dividing their focus. While listening to music, people
become less able to focus on their surroundings. For example, we all have experience of times
when we talk with friends and they are not responding properly. Maybe they are listening to
someone else talk, or maybe they are reading a text on their smart phone and don’t hear what you
are saying. Lehman called this phenomenon “email voice”.
B. The world has been changed by computers and its spin-offs like smart-phones or cellphones.
Now that most individuals have a personal device, like a smart-phone or a laptop, they are
frequently reading, watching or listening to virtual information. This raises the occurrence of
multitasking in our day to day life. Now when you work, you work with your typewriter, your
cellphone, and some colleagues who may drop by at any time to speak with you. In professional
meetings, when one normally focuses and listens to one another, people are more likely to have a
cell phone in their lap, reading or communicating silently with more people than ever. Even
inventions such as the cordless phone has increased multitasking. In the old days, a traditional
wall phone would ring, and then the housewife would have to stop her activities to answer it.
When it rang, the housewife will sit down with her legs up, and chat, with no laundry or sweeping
or answering the door. In the modem era, our technology is convenient enough to not interrupt our
daily tasks.
C. Earl Miller, an expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied the prefrontal
cortex, which controls the brain while a person is multitasking. According to his studies, the size
of this cortex varies between species. He found that for humans, the size of this part constitutes
one third of the brain, while it is only 4 to 5 percent in dogs, and about 15% in monkeys. Given that
this cortex is larger on a human, it allows a human to be more flexible and accurate in his or her
multitasking. However, Miller wanted to look further into whether the cortex was truly processing
information about two different tasks simultaneously. He designed an experiment where he
presents visual stimulants to his subjects in a way that mimics multi-tasking. Miller then attached
94
sensors to the patients’ heads to pick up the electric patterns of the brain. This sensor would
show if the brain particles, called neurons, were truly processing two different tasks. What he
found is that the brain neurons only lit up in singular areas one at a time, and never
simultaneously.
D. Davis Meyer, a professor of University of Michigan, studied the young adults in a similar
experiment. He instructed them to simultaneously do math problems and classify simple words
into different categories. For this experiment, Meyer found that when you think you are doing
several jobs at the same time, you are actually switching between jobs. Even though the people
tried to do the tasks at the same time, and both tasks were eventually accomplished, overall, the
task took more time than if the person focused on a single task one at a time.
E. People sacrifice efficiency when multitasking. Gloria Mark set office workers as his subjects.
He found that they were constantly multitasking. He observed that nearly every 11 minutes
people at work were disrupted. He found that doing different jobs at the same time may actually
save time. However, despite the fact that they are faster, it does not mean they are more efficient.
And we are equally likely to self-interrupt as be interrupted by outside sources. He found that in
office nearly every 12 minutes an employee would stop and with no reason at all, check a website
on their computer, call someone or write an email. If they concentrated for more than 20 minutes,
they would feel distressed. He suggested that the average person may suffer from a short
concentration span. This short attention span might be natural, but others suggest that new
technology may be the problem. With cellphones and computers at our sides at all times, people
will never run out of distractions. The format of media, such as advertisements, music, news
articles and TV shows are also shortening, so people are used to paying attention to information
for a very short time.
F. So even though focusing on one single task is the most efficient way for our brains to work, it is
not practical to use this method in real life. According to human nature, people feel more
comfortable and efficient in environments with a variety of tasks. Edward Hallowell said that
people are losing a lot of efficiency in the workplace due to multitasking, outside distractions and
self-distractions. As a matter of fact, the changes made to the workplace do not have to be
dramatic. No one is suggesting we ban e-mail or make employees focus on only one task.
However, certain common workplace tasks, such as group meetings, would be more efficient if
we banned cell-phones, a common distraction. A person can also apply these tips to prevent self-
distraction. Instead of arriving to your office and checking all of your e-mails for new tasks, a
common workplace ritual, a person could dedicate an hour to a single task first thing in the
morning. Self-timing is a great way to reduce distraction and efficiently finish tasks one by one,
instead of slowing ourselves down with multi-tasking.
95
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
14 a reference to a domestic situation that does not require multitasking
15 a possible explanation of why we always do multitask together
16 a practical solution to multitask in work environment
17 relating multitasking to the size of prefrontal cortex
18 longer time spent doing two tasks at the same time than one at a time
Questions 19-23
Look at the following statements (Questions 19-23) and the list of scientists below.
Match each statement with the correct scientist, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
List of Scientists
A Thomas Lehman
B Earl Miller
C David Meyer
D Gloria Mark
E Edward Hallowell
19 When faced multiple visual stimulants, one can only concentrate on one of them.
20 Doing two things together may be faster but not better.
21 People never really do two things together even if you think you do.
22 The causes of multitask lie in the environment.
23 Even minor changes in the workplace will improve work efficiency.
96
Questions 24-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
24 A term used to refer to a situation when you are reading a text and cannot focus on your
surroundings is …………………………..
25 The ……………………… part of the brain controls multitasking.
26 The practical solution of multitask in work is not to allow use of cellphone in …………………….
97
READING PASSAGE 28
THE IMPACT OF THE POTATO

A The potato was first cultivated in South America between
three and seven thousand years ago, though scientists believe
they may have grown wild in the region as long as 13,000 years
ago. The genetic patterns of potato distribution indicate that the
potato probably originated in the mountainous west-central
region of the continent.
B Early Spanish chroniclers who misused the Indian word batata (sweet potato) as the name for
the potato noted the importance of the tuber to the Incan Empire. The Incas had learned to
preserve the potato for storage by dehydrating and mashing potatoes into a substance called
Chuchu could be stored in a room for up to 10 years, providing excellent insurance against
possible crop failures. As well as using the food as a staple crop, the Incas thought potatoes
made childbirth easier and used it to treat injuries.
C The Spanish conquistadors first encountered the potato when they arrived in Peru in 1532 in
search of gold, and noted Inca miners eating chuchu. At the time the Spaniards failed to realize
that the potato represented a far more important treasure than either silver or gold, but they did
gradually begin to use potatoes as basic rations aboard their ships. After the arrival of the potato
in Spain in 1570. a few Spanish farmers began to cultivate them on a small scale, mostly as food
for livestock.
D Throughout Europe, potatoes were regarded with suspicion, distaste and fear. Generally
considered to be unfit for human consumption, they were used only as animal fodder and
sustenance for the starving. In northern Europe, potatoes were primarily grown in botanical
gardens as an exotic novelty. Even peasants refused to eat from a plant that produced ugly,
misshapen tubers and that had come from a heathen civilization. Some felt that the potato plant’s
resemblance to plants in the nightshade family hinted that it was the creation of witches or devils.
E In meat-loving England, farmers and urban workers regarded potatoes with extreme distaste. In
1662, the Royal Society recommended the cultivation of the tuber to the English government and
the nation, but this recommendation had little impact. Potatoes did not become a staple until,
during the food shortages associated with the Revolutionary Wars, the English government began
to officially encourage potato cultivation. In 1795, the Board of Agriculture issued a pamphlet
entitled “Hints Respecting the Culture and Use of Potatoes”; this was followed shortly by pro-
potato editorials and potato recipes in The Times. Gradually, the lower classes began to follow the
lead of the upper classes.
F A similar pattern emerged across the English Channel in the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
While the potato slowly gained ground in eastern France (where it was often the only crop
remaining after marauding soldiers plundered wheat fields and vineyards), it did not achieve
widespread acceptance until the late 1700s. The peasants remained suspicious, in spite of a
1771 paper from the Facult de Paris testifying that the potato was not harmful but beneficial. The
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people began to overcome their distaste when the plant received the royal seal of approval: Louis
XVI began to sport a potato flower in his buttonhole, and Marie-Antoinette wore the purple potato
blossom in her hair.
G Frederick the Great of Prussia saw the potato’s potential to help feed his nation and lower the
price of bread, but faced the challenge of overcoming the people’s prejudice against the plant.
When he issued a 1774 order for his subjects to grow potatoes as protection against famine, the
town of Kolberg replied: “The things have neither smell nor taste, not even the dogs will eat them,
so what use are they to us?” Trying a less direct approach to encourage his subjects to begin
planting potatoes, Frederick used of reverse psychology: he planted a royal field of potato plants
and stationed a heavy guard to protect thk field from thieves. Nearby peasants naturally assumed
that anything worth guarding was worth stealing, and so snuck into the field and snatched the
plants for their home gardens. Of course, this was entirely in line with Frederick’s wishes.
H Historians debate whether the potato was primarily a cause or an effect of the huge population
boom in industrial-era England and Wales. Prior to 1800 , the English diet had consisted primarily
of meat, supplemented by bread, butter and cheese. Few vegetables were consumed, most
vegetables being regarded as nutritionally worthless and potentially harmful. This view began to
change gradually in the late 1700s. The Industrial Revolution was drawing an ever increasing
percentage of the populace into crowded cities, where only the richest could afford homes with
ovens or coal storage rooms, and people were working 12-16 hour days which left them with little
time or energy to prepare food. High yielding, easily prepared potato crops were the obvious
solution to England’s food problems.
I Whereas most of their neighbors regarded the potato with suspicion and had to be persuaded to
use it by the upper classes, the Irish peasantry embraced the tuber more passionately than
anyone since the Incas. The potato was well suited to the Irish the soil and climate, and its high
yield suited the most important concern of most Irish farmers: to feed their families.
J The most dramatic example of the potato’s potential to alter population patterns occurred in
Ireland, where the potato had become a staple by 1800. The Irish population doubled to eight
million between 1780 and 1841 . this without any significant expansion of industry or reform of
agricultural techniques beyond the widespread cultivation of the potato. Though Irish landholding
practices were primitive in comparison with those of England, the potato’s high yields allowed
even the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food than they needed with scarcely any
investment or hard labor. Even children could easily plant, harvest and cook potatoes, which of
course required no threshing, curing or grinding. The abundance provided by potatoes greatly
decreased infant mortality and encouraged early marriage.
99
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
1 The early Spanish called potato as the Incan name ‘Chuchu’
2 The purposes of Spanish coming to Peru were to find out potatoes
3 The Spanish believed that the potato has the same nutrients as other vegetables Answer:
4 Peasants at that time did not like to eat potatoes because they were ugly
5 The popularity of potatoes in the UK was due to food shortages during the war
Questions 6-13
Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each
answer.
6. In France, people started to overcome their disgusting about potatoes because the King
put a potato in………………..his button hole.
7. Frederick realized the potential of potato but he had to handle the………………..against
potatoes from ordinary people.
8. The King of Prussia adopted some………………..psychology to make people accept
potatoes.
9. Before 1800. the English people preferred eating………………..with bread, butter and
cheese.
10. The obvious way to deal with England food problems were high yielding potato………………..
11. The Irish………………..and climate suited potatoes well.
12. Between 1780 and 1841, based on the………………..of the potatoes, the Irish population
doubled to eight million.
13. The potato’s high yields help the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food almost
without………………..
100
READING PASSAGE 29
FLYING THE COAST
The development of an air service on the west coast of New

Zealand’s South Island
Cut off from the rest of the country by a range of mountains, the west coast of New Zealand’s
South Island – or the “Coast” as it is commonly known – was the country’s “wild west frontier”. But
unlike Fiordland to the south, which was and still is an uninhabitable wilderness, the Coast in the
1930s was not only habitable, it was also potentially rich.
Settlers hunted and fished, logged, milled and mined. They farmed where they managed to clear
the forest and drain the swamps. It was pure survival at times. The isolation was inescapable, not
so much because of the great distances that travellers had to cover, but rather due to the
topography of the place – the mountains, gorges, glaciers, rivers and headlands – which
necessitated long detours and careful timing with regard to weather and tides. Bridges were few
and far between in the early years, and even ferry crossings were often impossible after heavy
rains. Each river had its attendant ferryman or woman whose attention a traveller would attract
with a rifle shot. It was the kind of country where one would greatly benefit from a pair of wings.
Maurice Buckley, a World War I pilot, was the first to give Coasters, as the residents of the region
were called, such wings, by establishing the Arrow Aviation Company in 1923. That year he bought
an Avro biplane on the east coast, which he transported across the country by rail, wings off,
before reassembling it in a local garage. When he opened for business the following year, the
colourful Avro was an instant crowd-pleaser and Coasters queued up for joyrides. For the first
major flight, Buckley invited Dr Teichelmann, a local mountaineer, to join him. They flew over the
Franz Josef Glacier and landed at Okarito. Afterwards, Teichelmann wrote about how
extraordinary it was to look at the world from the air, ” like taking the roof off the house and
watching the performances from above.
Next came an aviator named Bert Mercer, who made a reconnaissance flight to the Coast in
August 1933 and started Air Travel (NZ) the following year, Mercers aircraft of choice was a DH83
Fox Moth. By comparison with the regular open-air aircraft of the day, the Fox Moth was a plane
that offered considerable luxury, housing four passengers in an enclosed forward area fully
protected from the weather. Mercer opened for business in December 1934, picking up the
airlines first passengers and, on the last day of that year, commenced a regular delivery of mail,
101
carrying 73kg of letters to Haast and Okuru. From that day on, the Fox Moth became a much-
anticipated sight on the coast.
Mercer got on with everyone and won their respect by anticipating, then meeting their needs. One
of those was setting up the first aerial shipping route to help transport a kind of small fish known
as whitebait. Starting in 1935 Mercer would put the plane down where there was no airstrip,
instead using remote beaches such as the one at the mouth of the Paring River, collect the
whitebait and whisk them off to the night train and waiting city markets in perfectly fresh
condition, Mercer relied on his senses -what he could see and hear – to navigate, flying around the
weather and contours of the land. Although often warned to do so by aviation authorities, he
refused to develop the skills necessary to navigate the plane “blind, using just its instruments on
the console in front of him. The old habits were too hard to change.
With the outbreak of World war II, mercer’s aircraft were considered so essential to the remote
Coast that they were not militarised. In fact, the business continued to grow in the early years,
thanks in large part to a government issued subsidy, which allowed him to expand into
neighbouring areas. Despite the war in far-off lands, life on the Coast was business as usual. The
settlers were always in need of mail and transportation. In time, though, this presented Mercer
with a pressing issue: with so many now joining the Air Force, he no longer had enough pilots. In
1942 he wrote in his diary, I am back to where I started eight years ago- on my own.
The only solution to keep the airline going was to pack as much into every plane as possible and
make every flight count. But some of mercer’s newly formed team objected to the amount of
cargo they had to carry, which for a small rural airline was a fact of life. One man, Norm Suttle, left
the airline after a few months in protest about carrying more than was appropriate for the aircraft.
This marked another decline in the airline’s fortunes, When Bert Mercer died in 1944, the airline
was taken over by Fred Lucas, a man who shared mercer’s pioneering spirit. Under Lucas s
leadership the newly formed West Coast Airways saw Another decade of profitable returns. But in
the following decade, times changed fast. Helicopters were soon found to be ideal machines for
the Coast terrain, and quickly took over the vast majority of the local air transport business.
102
Questions 1-6
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
1 In the 1930s, the Coast and Fiordland had populations of a similar size.
2 Most settlers on the Coast were migrants from overseas
3 The coast’s geographical features made moving around the region difficult
4 The first bridges to be built on the Coast were swept away by floods
5 Maurice Buckley flew his Avro biplane to the Coast in 1923
6 Coasters were unwilling to fly at first
Questions 7-13
Bert Mercer and aviation on the Coast
Early Years
• Mercer set up Air Travel (NZ) in 1934

• The Fox Moth was noted for its 7……. compared to other planes
• in 1934 mercer’s company started to transport 8………….. and passengers
• from 1935 planes landed on 9……………to pick up fresh produce
World War lI
• the airline expanded at first because it got a 10…………
• there was a shortage of 11.……….from the state by 1942.
103
Final Years
• there were disputes at the airline about the quantity of 12……….in each plane
• 1950s: 13………became popular and the airline suffered
104
105
R1.Radio Automation R2. Art in Iron and Steel
1 chip 14 C
2 grit 15 E
3 molten zinc 16 H
4 milling machine 17 B
5 Robot hands 18 A
6 valves 19 G
7 loudspeakers 20 Abraham Darby 111
8 cheaper 21 timber
9 components 22 Severn River
10 lighter 23 Coalbrookdale museum
11 cost 24 B
12 A 25 D
13 C 26 G
R3. Consecutive and Simultaneous R4. FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN
Translation 1. F
1 B 2. A
2 D 3. C
3 C 4. B
4 C 5. E
5 A 6. G
6 2-3 seconds 7. F
7 10 seconds 8. TRUE
8 100-120 9. NOT GIVEN
9 200 10. FALSE
10 95-164 11. TRUE
11 B 12. C
12 C 13. A
13 E 14. D
14 F
R5. PACIFIC NAVIGATION AND R6. Fishbourne Roman Palace
VOYAGING 1. FALSE
1. YES 2. TRUE
2. NO 3. FALSE
3. YES 4. TRUE
4. YES 5. FALSE
5. NOT GIVEN 6. NOT GIVEN
6. A 7. Roman army
7. C 8. gardens
8. B 9. floors
9. D 10. wall
10. B 11. 93
11. C 12. gold ring
12. A 13. modern museum
13. D
14. E
106
R7. THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF R8. YAWNING
BEES 1. K 8. C
1. ii 2. H 9. D
2. v 3. D 10. C
3. i 4. J 11. B
4. iv 5. E 12. YES
5. viii 6. B 13. NOT GIVEN
6. insects 7. B 14. YES
7. nectar
8. one third
9. cross-pollination
10. energy costs
11. tree species
12. trap-lining
13. A
R9. A NEW STAGE IN THE STUDY AND R10. BOOK REVIEW
TEACHING OF HISTORY 1 TRUE
27. C 2 NOT GIVEN
28. E 3 NOT GIVEN
29. F 4 NOT GIVEN
30. A 5 FALSE
31. B 6 NOT GIVEN
32. G 7 silicon
33. C 8 solar
34. F 9 consultant
35. E 10 portable
36. NG 11 watches
37. Y 12 diagnostic
38. N 13 cost
39. Y
40. NG
R11. SEA CHANGE FOR SALINITY R12. Investment in shares versus
1.E investment in other assets - which gives
2.H the greater gain?
3.B 14. iii
4.C 15. iv
5.E 16. ii
6.H 17. i
7.B 18. viii
8.B 19. vi
9.D 20. V
10.C 21. D
11.C 22. A
12.A 23. C
13.B 24. banker
14.D 25. computers
26. paper
107
R13. THE RETURN OF MONKEY LIFE R14. MENTAL GYMNASTICS
1.C 1. NO
2.G 2. YES
3.E 3. YES
4.B 4. YES
5. Reproduction 5. NOT GIVEN
6. Fruits 6. D
7. Toxins 7. A
8. Drought 8. D
9.B 9. C
10.C 10. B
11.C 11. D
12.A 12. A
13.A 13. D
R15. MAMMOTH KILL R16. WE HAVE STAR PERFORMERS
14. North America 27. A
15. overkill model 28. E
16. hunting 29. B
17. deadly disease 30. F
18. empirical evidence 31. C
19. climate instability 32. B
20. communities 33. 16
21. B 34. Bach
22. C 35. coaches
23. B 36. FALSE
24. A 37. NOT GIVEN
25. B 38. FALSE
26. C 39. TRUE
40. NOT GIVEN
R17. Bovids R18. A unique golden textile
1. D 14. VII
2. D 15. V
3. C 16. IX
4. C 17. I
5. B 18. IV
6. D 19. VI
7. A 20. B
8. B 21. A
9. ROYAL ANTELOPE 22. C
10. THE AUROCH 23. A
11. LONG,SPLAYED HOOVES 24. BACTERIA
12. ARID DESERTS 25. GLAND
13. PRONGHORN 26. FORCE
108
R19. Categorizing societies R20. UNDOING OUR EMOTIONS
1 True 14 C
2 Not Given 15 A
3 False 16 D
4 True 17 C
5 True 18 A
6 True 19 E
7 Not given 20 D
8 tools 21 C
9 nomadic 22 A
10 grouped together 23 A
11 foodstuffs 24 focus
12 20.000 25 friendship
13 agricultural workers 26 society
R21. THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT R22. WHAT MAKES A MUSICAL EXPERT?

27 NG 1.C
28 F 2. C
29 True 3. A
30 False 4. A
31 D 5. NOT GIVEN
32 A 6. YES
33 E 7. NOT GIVEN
34 C 8. NO
35 microscope 9. NO
36 concepts 10. YES
37 computer 11. E
38 spectral analysis 12. D
39 table 13. A
40 C 14. G
R23. CLARENCE BIRDSEYE AND THE R24. The Rise of Telecommuting
DEVELOPMENT OF FROZEN FOOD 14. D
1. college 15. F
2. disease 16. A
3. challenge 17. E
4. line 18. C
5. prisons 19. E
6. membranes 20. C
7. ink 21. D
8. FALSE 22. B
9. NOT GIVEN 23. C
10. FALSE 24. centralised
11. TRUE 25. flexibility
12. FALSE 26. goals
13. NOT GIVEN
109
R25. An enterprise education R26. Flower power
programme in Hong Kong 1 False
27. F 2 Trite
28. J 3 Not Given
29. K 4 False
30. D 5 False
31. H 6 True
32. B 7 True
33. NO 8 storage
34. YES 9 extensive renovations
35. NOT GIVEN 10 more warrenlike
36. YES 11 aerial
37. A 12 help
38. c 13 aluminium cylinders
39. D
40. D
R27. How Well Do We Concentrate? R28. THE IMPACT OF THE POTATO
14 B 1. FALSE
15 E 2. FALSE
16 F 3. NOT GIVEN
17 C 4. TRUE
18 D 5. TRUE
19 B. Earl Miller 6. flower
20 D. Gloria Mark 7. prejudice
21 A. Thomas Lehman 8. reverse
22 E. Edward Hallowell 9. meat
23 E. Edward Hallowell 10. crop
24 email voice 11. soil
25 prefrontal cortex 12. cultivation
26 group meetings 13. investment
R29. FLYING THE COAST

1. FALSE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. luxury
8. mail
9. beaches
10. subsidy
11. pilots
12. cargo
13. helicopters
110
111
112

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1

READING PASSAGE 2 : Art in Iron and Steel .............................................. 8

READING PASSAGE 3 : Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation ............... 12

READING PASSAGE 4 : Fear of the unknown. .......................................... 16

READING PASSAGE 5 : pacific navigation and voyaging. ............................. 19

READING PASSAGE 6 : Fishbourne Roman Palace. ................................... 23

READING PASSAGE 7 : the ecological importance of bees … ....................... 26

READING PASSAGE 8 : YAWNING ....................................................... 29

READING PASSAGE 10 : Book review!................................................... 36

READING PASSAGE 11 : sea change for salinity ...................................... 39

READING PASSAGE 12 : Investment in shares versus investment in other assets 42

READING PASSAGE 13 : the return of monkey life .................................... 46

READING PASSAGE 14 : mental gymnastics. .......................................... 49

READING PASSAGE 15 : mammoth kill ................................................ 53

READING PASSAGE 16 : we have star performers .................................... 56

READING PASSAGE 17 : Bovids ......................................................... 59

READING PASSAGE 19 : Categorizing societies ....................................... 67

READING PASSAGE 20 : UNDOING OUR EMOTIONS. ................................ 70

READING PASSAGE 21 : THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT ............................... 73

READING PASSAGE 22 :. WHAT MAKES A MUSICAL EXPERT? ....................... 77

READING PASSAGE 23 : CLARENCE BIRDSEYE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ... 81

READING PASSAGE 24 : The Rise of Telecommuting.................................. 84

READING PASSAGE 25 : An enterprise education programme in Hong Kong ..... 87

READING PASSAGE 26 : Flower power ................................................. 91

READING PASSAGE 27 : How Well Do We Concentrate? ............................. 94

READING PASSAGE 28 : The Impact of the potato .................................... 98

READING PASSAGE 29 : Flying the coast ..............................................101

ANSWER KEY :. ................................................................................105

Radio Autom ation

Art in Iron and Steel

Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation

PACIFIC NAVIGATION AND VOYAGING

Fishbourne Roman Palace

THE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BEES

A new stage in the study and

SEA CHANGE FOR SALINITY

Investment in shares versus investment in other assets - which gives

The beginnings of CRSP

THE RETURN OF MONKEY LIFE

Why do howlers have an advantage over other

9 It has seen the return of native tree species.

We Have Star Performers

Producing spider silk in the lab

UNDOING OUR EMOTIONS

Questions 24 - 26 Complete the sentences below.

THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT

WHAT MAKES A MUSICAL EXPERT?

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

CLARENCE BIRDSEYE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FROZEN FOOD

The Rise of Telecommuting

DAVID HADDAD. CEO

An enterprise education programme in Hong Kong

The Teen Entrepreneurs Competition (TEC) is an enterprise education programme developed by

The Teen Entrepreneurs Competition — an outline

Alexandria in Virginia, USA, and particularly its well-tended

Write True, False or Not Given.

1 Alexandria was a fairly unpleasant place to walk around.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

How Well Do We Concentrate?